First Aid and Medical Services

Waqar Jan

Presentat ion Content

Presentat ion Content

1. History2. Statistics3. First Aid4. Securing the Site5. First Aid Kit6. Fundamental of First Aid

• A-B-C (Airway-Breathing-Circulation)• Control of Bleeding• Burns• Snakes and Spider Bites• Eyes

7. First Aid & Medical Services – OSHA & Site Requirement8. Trainings

Histor ica l BackgroundH istor ica l

Background

First Aid For AllIt All Began in Solferino ...

A battle in northern Italy sparked an idea that has since changed the world. On 24 June1859, Henry Dunant, a young Geneva businessman, witnessed horrifying suffering andagony following the battle of Solferino. He mobilized the civilian population, mainlywomen and girls, to care for the wounded irrespective of their role in the conflict. Hesecured them with the necessary materials and supplies and helped in the establishmentof temporary hospitals. His book “A memory of Solferino” inspired the establishment ofthe International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) in 1863.

Stat ist icsStat ist ics

Non-Fatal Injuries

Year MichiganRate

NationalRate

2013 3.7 3.3

2012 4.0 3.4

2011 3.8 3.4

2010 4.2 3.5

2009 4.2 3.6

2008 4.4 3.9

2007 4.9 4.2

2006 5.0 4.4

Rate per 100 workers

2013

Total

Violence and other injuries by

persons or animals

Transportation

incidents

Fires andexplosions

Falls, slips, trips

Exposure to harmfulsubstances or environments

Contact with objectsand equipment

18 -- 5 1 6 -- 4

2012

Total


persons oranimals

Transportation

incidents

Fires andexplosions

Falls, slips, trips



19 4 6 -- 5 -- 4

2011

Total


persons oranimals

Transportation

incidents

Fires andexplosions

Falls, slips, trips



23 -- 5 -- 13 3 1

Fatal Injuries

Fatal Injuries Non-fatal Injuries

Michigan

Nation-wide

Prompt, properly administered first aid may mean the difference between rapid or prolonged recovery, temporary or permanent disability, and even life or death.

FIRST AID = FIRST HELP

What is First Aid?According to OSHA First Aid is an emergency care provided for injury or illness:

• Immediately after it occurs

• At the location where it occurred

• Often consists of a onetime short term treatment

• Requires little technology or training to administer

Fi rs t A idF i rs t A id


Basic First AidTraining List

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)

Sever Bleeding

Broken Bone & Fractures

Burns

Chocking on An Obstruction

Head Injuries And Concussion

Cuts and Abrasions

Electric Shock

Heart Attack

Stroke Recognition

Moving an Injured Person

Drug Overdose

Unconscious Victim

Eye Injuries

Chemical Burns

Rescue

Site Specific Topics


Training Course Outline for first aid class – Page 123, Fig. 4PEARSON CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY – Page 123


First Aid can Include• cleaning minor cuts, scrapes, or scratches; • treating a minor burn; • applying bandages and dressings; • the use of non-prescription medicine; • draining blisters; • removing debris from the eyes; • massage; • drinking fluids to relieve heat stress • and more….


Fi rst A idF i rst A id


This gap in time is when First Aid proves itself.

To when medical care can be administered

From the momentWhen injury happens

First Aid Importance

Response T ime

Response T ime

4 to 6 minutes

= difference between life and death

CPR, BLEEDING AT PRESSURE POINTS, OR CHOKING

IMMEDIATE RESPONSE IS ESSENTIAL

Before emergency medical treatment is available.

Secur ing the Scene

Secur ing the Scene

• Electrical hazards

• Chemical hazards

• Noxious & Toxic gases

• Ground hazards

• Fire

• Unstable equipment

Before performing any First Aid, Check for:Securing the scene

First aid kits are to be:• Easily accessible to employees;• Clearly marked;• Stored in containers that protect kit items from damage, deterioration, or contamination;• Easily moved to the location of an injured or acutely ill person, and• Placed on vehicles in the absence of readily-accessible first aid kits in a fixed location.

Selection Criteria:• How many people will the kit be servicing?• What sort of injuries are likely where the kit is to be available?• Does it need to be portable or will it be kept in a fixed location?• How much space do you have to keep the kit?• How much training the first aiders got?

Fi rst A idK i t

F i rst A idK i t

1910.266 App A

First Aid supplies as recommended by National Safety Council (NSC).

Minimum recommended content of workplace firstaid.PEARSON CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY – Page 125, fig. 5

Fundamenta l o f F i rst A idFundamenta l o f F i rst A id

ABC’sABC’s

A-B-C is the condition when a person airwayis blocked, and not capable to breath. Thiscondition stops oxygen to reach the lungsand be circulated around the body in theblood, which will result in hypoxia andcardiac arrest.

What is A-B-C (Airway-Breathing –Circulation)?

open

closed

obstructed

Tongue

ABC’sABC’s

Electrical

Drowning Toxic - Noxious gases Suffocation

Heart Attack

Trauma

Drugs Allergic reactions

Causes of Respiratory/Cardiac Arrest

Cardiac Arrest happens due to the health condition or environmental exposure.

321If CPR/Artificial respiration is

administered, chance of brain

damage:0 to 4 minutes –

4 to 6 minutes –

6 to 10 minutes –

10 minutes + –

Recovery rate of victim if has artificial respiration done immediately

Oxygenated blood flow must get to brain

45678910React ion

T ime to ABCReact ion

T ime to ABC

Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation

ABC’sABC’s

Chain of Survival

The 5 links in the adult Chain of Survival are:1. Immediate recognition of cardiac arrest and activation of the

emergency response system

2. Early cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) with an emphasis on chest compressions

3. Rapid defibrillation

4. Effective advanced life support

5. Integrated post-cardiac arrest care Automated External Defibrillator (AED)

Early Access

”911”Early CPR

You

Early

Defibrillation

You

Early Advanced Care

Hospital

Early

EMS on scene

Fi rst A idCPR

Fi rst A idCPR

• Look listen-feel for breathing

• Check cavity for oral obstruction

Attempt to Ventilate

Establish responsivenessRecovery position

Use chin lift/head tilt30 CompressionsTo 2 Breaths

• Ask are you OK?• Call 911

Check pulse

- First or recurrent heart attack 1.25

million

- 70% deaths from heart attack occur

before victim reaches hospital

- Strokes 3rd leading cause to death.

Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation

Chock ingChock ing

also called Conscious Airway Obstruction.

Heimlich Maneuver

2. Give abdominal thrusts:

• Place a clenched fist above the belly button.

• Grasp your fist with your other hand.

• Pull inward and upwards up to 5 times.

• Check the mouth for dis lodged objects.

.

3. Give 3 full cycles of 1 (back blows) and 2 (abdominal thrust).

4. Call 911 if the victim is still choking and repeat 1 and 2 until help arrives.

How can choking be prevent?

In adults:

•Cut food into small pieces.

•Chew food slowly and thoroughly, especially if wearing dentures.

•Avoid laughing and talking while chewing and swallowing.

•Avoid excessive intake of alcohol before and during meals

If you are alone and choking, perform thrusts on yourself, or thrust your abdomen against a chair back, sink edge, or railing.

1. Give back blows with the heel of the hand:

• Bend the person forward.

• Give up to 5 sharp blows between the shoulder blades with the heel of the hand.

• Check the mouth for dislodged objects.

Contro l o f B leed ing


Temporal

Facial

Carotid

Sub-clavian

Brachial

Radial

Ulnar

Femoral

Popliteal

Pedal

Where the artery passes over a bone close to the skin

Pressure Points

Human body contains ≈10 pints of blood, 1 pints may result in shock, 5-6 pint usually in death.

Veins

Capillary

Steady flow

Oozing

Artery

Types of Bleeding

Direct Pressure Elevation

Cold Applications

Control of Bleeding

Spurting

Pressure bandage

Internal InjuriesUntil emergency help arrives, try to controlbleeding. If possible, first put on rubber orlatex gloves before touching any blood. Ifthese are not available, a clean plastic bagcan be used to cover your hands. It isimportant not to come in contact withblood because of the health risks.

Do NOT breathe, blow, or cough on the burn.Internal InjuryInternal Injury



TourniquetAbsolute last resort in controlling bleeding Life or limb

Once a tourniquet is applied, it is not to be removed , only by a doctor.TourniquetTourniquet

Shock affects all major functions of the body

loss of blood flow to the tissues and organs

Symptoms

•Lie victim down if possible

•Face is pale-raise the tail

•Face is red-raise the head

•Loosen tight clothing

•Keep victim warm and dry

•Do not give anything by mouth

•No stimulants

First Aid

What is Shock?

Shock is the failure of the circulatory system to provide oxygen rich blood to all parts of the body.

ShocksShocks

Shock is caused by severe blood and fluid loss, such as from traumatic bodily injury, which makes the heart unable to pump enough blood to the body, or severe anemia where there is not enough blood to carry oxygen through the body.

1st Degree orSuperficial Burns

2nd Degree orPartial Thickness Burns

3rd Degree orFull Thickness Burns

BurnsBurns

Chemical Burns to Eye

Is an injury that results from heat, chemical agent or radiation. It may vary in: depth, size and severity

Scalds – is a burn caused by a liquid

Do Not

•Do NOT apply ointment, butter, ice, medications, cream, oil spray, or any household remedy to a severe burn.•Do NOT breathe, blow, or cough on the burn.•Do NOT disturb blistered or dead skin.•Do NOT remove clothing that is stuck to the skin.•Do NOT give the person anything by mouth, if there is a severe burn.•Do NOT immerse a severe burn in cold water. This can cause shock.•Do NOT place a pillow under the person’s head if there is an airways burn. This can close the airways.

Call 911 if:

•The burn is extensive (the size of your palm or larger).•The burn is severe (third degree).•You aren’t sure how serious it is.•The burn is caused by chemicals or electricity.•The person shows signs of shock.•The person inhaled smoke.•Physical abuse is the known or suspected cause of the burn.•There are other symptoms associated with the burns

First Aid – 1st Degree Burns

BurnsBurns

Snake & Sp ider B i tes


Rattlesnake Copperhead

FIRST AID

Black Widow Brown Recluse

• Call medical help immediately if possible.

• Remain calm.

• Minimize movement if possible.

• Remove any rings, bracelets or watches. Loosen any tight clothing in case swelling occurs.

• Apply a pressure bandage to the bitten area.

• Splint or use a sling above the bitten part to restrict movement.

• If possible, lie down and keep the bitten extremity at body level. Raising it can cause venom to travel through the body quicker. Holding it down, can increase swelling.

• When possible arrange for transport to the nearest hospital emergency room, where anti-venom for snakes common to the area will often be available and given if required.

Day 3 Day 4 Day 5

Day 6 Day 8 Day 9

Brown Recluse



EyesEyes

The most prevalent sources of eye injuries include the following:

• Scrap materials, waste, and windblown dust

• Flying material particles or slivers from wood, metal, plastic, and cement

• Chemicals or chemical products

• Falling or misdirected objects

• UV light from welding torches

Caring for Eye Injuries Common Causes of Eye InjuriesKnowing what to do in an emergency may save your vision and/or the vision of your coworkers.

• Know the locations of eyewash stations in

your workplace.

• Keep emergency sterile eyewash solutions

accessible to you, your coworkers, and employees.

• Understand basic first-aid techniques.

There are 700,000

work related eye

injuries each year,

90% are preventable

with proper safety

eyewear.

EyesOSHAEyesOSHA

Hazard Assessment

Hazard type Examples of Hazard Common Related Tasks

Impact Flying objects such as large chips, fragments, particles, sand, and dirt

Chipping, grinding, machining, masonry work, wood working, sawing, drilling, chiseling, powered fastening, riveting, and sanding

Heat Anything emitting extreme heat Furnace operations, pouring, casting, hot dipping, and welding

Chemicals Splash, fumes, vapors, and irritating mists Acid and chemical handling, degreasing, plating, and working with blood

Dust Harmful dust Woodworking, buffing, and general dusty conditions

Optical Radiation Radiant energy, glare, and intense light Welding, torch-cutting, brazing, soldering, and laser work

EyesFirst Aid

EyesFirst Aid

Cuts, Punctures Object Imbedded• DO NOT flush the eye.• DO NOT try to remove an object stuck in an eye.• Stabilize the eye with a rigid shield, with no

pressure. Also, bandage the other eye.• Seek medical assistance immediately.

Chemical Burns• Immediately flush the eye(s) with water while

hold the eye open as wide as possible.• Water for 15 minutes. If caustic is involved, flush

for 15 minutes and while in route to ER.• Seek medical assistance immediately

Particles in the Eye• DO NOT rub the eye.• Gently lift and pull upper eye lid over bottom eye

lid.• Irrigate the eye with water or eye solution.• If speck does not come out see a doctor.

Blows to the eye• Apply a cold compress without pressure. • Tape a plastic bag containing crushed ice to the

forehead and let it rest gently on the injured eye. • See a doctor at once in cases of continued pain,

reduced vision, blood in the eye, or discoloration, which can mean internal eye damage.

First Aid

Safety At WorkIs Everyone’s Business.

EyesSafetyEyes

Safety

First Aid & Medical ServicesOSHA Standards

First Aid & Medical ServicesOSHA Standards

General Industry • 1910.269(b), Medical services and first aid

o 1910.266(d)(2), First-aid kitso Appendix A, First-aid kits (Mandatory)o Appendix B, First-aid and CPR training (Mandatory)

• 1910.269, Electric power generation, transmission, and distribution• 1910.269(b), Medical services and first aid

Shipyard Employment• 1915.87, Medical services and first aid

Marine Terminals • 1917.26, First aid and lifesaving facilities

Long shoring • 1918.97, First aid and lifesaving facilities

Construction Industry• 1926.23, First aid and medical attention• 1926.50, Medical services and first aid

Standards

Site First Aid and Medical ServicesSite First Aid and Medical Services

Site First Aid is part of the Emergency Plan and it must address:

• How an injury will be treated?

• If transportation is required how will that occur?

Emergency Plan

29 CFR 1926.35

First AidRequirement

First AidRequirement

Most jurisdiction requires ONE person on each crew to have a full updated First Aid training.

Most contractors requires ALL field management personal to have current first aid card.

First AidTrainingFirst AidTraining

1050 Fuller Ave NEGrand Rapids, MI(616) 456-8661

OSHA recommends the following courses as an orientation to occupational safety and health for workers. Each student who successfully passes receives an “OSHA card” which is required for many work sites, insurance and job bids.

The 10 hour program provides a broad overview of the role OSHA plays in the workplace and their roles and responsibilities regarding safety.•Construction•General Industry

The 30 hour supervisor program provides more in-depth coverage of hazard recognition, abatement and prevention as well as worker rights.•Construction•General Industry

Refresher courses are available for Construction.•5 hour•15 hour (supervisor)

29420 Fuller Ave NEGrand Rapids, MI(616) 447-2650

Use PPEBe SafeUse PPEBe Safe

Engineering

First Aid and Medical Services