WATER TANK LEVEL DETECTOR

A Project Report

Submitted by

Rahul Bharti (12000510031)

Kumar Ashutosh (12000510058)

Rajnish Kumar (12000510016)

Samir Saurabh (12000510034)

As a partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering of West Bengal

University of Technology

Under supervision of

Prof. Chandan Das

Department of Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering

Dr. B. C. Roy Engineering College

Durgapur-713 206

(Affiliated to West Bengal University of Technology)

16th May, 2014

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Department of Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering

Dr. B. C. Roy Engineering College, Durgapur

Certificate of approval

Date: May 16, 2014

The report is hereby approved as a bonafide and creditable project work “WATER TANK LEVEL DETECTOR” carried out and presented by Samir Saurabh (12000510034), Rahul Bharti (12000510031), Rajnish Kumar (12000510016), Kumar Ashutosh (12000510058) in a manner to warrant its acceptance as a prerequisite for award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering. However, the undersigned do not necessarily endorse or take responsibility for any statement or opinion expressed or conclusion drawn there in, but only approve the report for the purpose for which it is submitted.

(Prof. Chandan Das)

Project Supervisor

Countersigned

Head of

Department of Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The satisfaction and euphoria that accompany the successful completion of any task would be incomplete without the mention of the people, who made it possible, whose constant guidance and encouragement aided me in the completion of my project.

I consider it my privilege to express voice of gratitude and respect to all those who guided me and inspired me in the completion of this project.

I would like to express my thank to Prof. Chandan Das, Dept. of EIE, Dr. B. C. ROY Engineering College, Durgapur, for his precious guidance & effectually care which happens to be the psyche of this thesis report.

I would also like to express my heartfelt gratitude to S. K. Chatterjee, HOD of EIE Department, Dr. B. C. Roy Engineering college, Durgapur, for his continuous encouragement and valuable guidance.

And of course, nothing could have come true without the support of my family and friends for their constant external support.

Date: 16.05.2014

Place: Durgapur

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ABSTRACT

Use of microcontroller will allow to control the whole circuitry and to change the analog input into digital output. The circuit is fully based on Sensor and Industrial Instruments so we can apply whole knowledge that we got in 4 years. It detects the level of the tank immediately and gives the fast response. It uses the transmitter part that transmit the signal in 2-3 km range.

So our circuit is best suited for industrial use and also for home appliances.

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PREFACE

We are the students of EIE 8thsemester are having Technical Report Writing as a part of our curriculum and have undertaken a project on the “Water Tank Level Detector” . Through this project we have tried to highlight the importance of “Sensor and Transducer and Industrial Instruments” .A Sensor is a device that sense the physical quantity and Transducer change it into electrical one.

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CONTENTS

Topics Page No.

Certificate of Approval....................................................................................1

Acknowledgement...........................................................................................2

Abstract...........................................................................................................3

Preface.............................................................................................................4

Contents...........................................................................................................5

List of Figures.................................................................................................6

Flow of the main body of the Project

a.Introduction.............................................................................................7 b. Previous Work.........................................................................................8c.Problem Area............................................................................................9d.Our Contribution....................................................................................10e.Project Details.......................................................................................11 f.Results.....................................................................................................28g.Conclusion and future scope..................................................................31

References.....................................................................................................33

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LIST OF FIGURE

Topic Page

1. Block Diagram of 16F88...............................................................152. Internal Memory diagram.............................................................173. Block Diagram MPX 2010 Sensor................................................184. Output vs Pressure Differential.....................................................195. Unibody Package Cross-section Diagram.....................................206. Linearity Specification Comparison.............................................217. Block Diagram of LM35 with Pin Configuration.........................228. Pin Configuration of LM 35..........................................................239. Graph of LM35.............................................................................2410. Circuit Diagram of Project............................................................2511. Result of Shoot of Project.............................................................2812. Observation Table of Output.........................................................2913. Result in Multimeter Figure..........................................................30

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INTRODUCTION

The water level sensor detector is created for measuring the water level easily and sends the signal to the control room for long range.This has very simple circuit takes less area.The circuitry consists of 1.5V to 5V voltage step up circuit, an instrumentation amplifier to read the pressure sensor, a PIC16F88 I/P microcontroller to convert the analog signal from the pressure sensor to a digital reading, and a 433MHz RF transmitter to transmit the water level and battery voltage to a remote base station and computer.

Apart from the use of an 18X PICAXE microcontroller, the circuit is essentially the same as the “Telemetry” version of the Silicon Chip project.

The transmitted water level and battery voltage is received and displayed on an indoor base station, as well as being received by another RF receiver and 08M PICAXE built on a breadboard and connected to a PC, which stores the level in a database for displaying the water level.

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PREVIOUS WORK

ln the presence of our mentor Prof. Chandan Das, we have shown our keen interest in the project. Regarding the project, we have completed 80% of the circuitry and almost got the output. Some what we faced a few problems, but we have taken it just as an escalater that gives us a way to get the result.

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PROBLEM AREA

It is the history that when any person working on some typical matter then he faced some or more problems as per the matter. Our project is also a typical one that consist of :-

1. Sensors like MPX2010DP means differential pressure sensor.

2. Microcontroller chip PIC16F88.

3. Comparators.

4. Inductance, Capacitor, Transistor, Resistors, Switches etc.

5. Temperature sensor LM335.

6. BCD switches.

All this components are needed for our project, but availability of all this things may or may not be possible at a time.

The list of problems and the solution are as:

1. Pressure sensor MPX2010DP is not available in the market. So just applying the 4-20 mA current as an input we check out the result. Pressure sensor converts the differential pressure into 4-20 mA current.

2. Unavailability of BCD switch is enhance the complexity.

3. LM335 is not available in the market. So we replace it with LM35. The substitute LM35 work like LM335 if we connect a 80 k resistance in parallel.

4. Programming part of our project is not cleared for us, so this also arises problems for us.

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OUR CONTRIBUTION

We have almost completed our project its our contribution, devotion and shows dutiful nature. We have tried a lot to bagged at the destination and almost we got it. We are here pointing out some points that shows the keen interest , great contribution in our project work with our mentor sir.:-

1. After searching out for components, we got 90% of the components and spent some money to bought all of these.

2. We make a good relationship with our mentor sir Mr. Chandan Das and also with the whole instrumentation department.

3. We apply our theoretical knowledge in our project that we gain in the last 4 years. We introduced with no. of instruments and applied theories for individuals.

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PROJECT DETAILS

It includes:-

1. Operating principle.

2. Operating environment.

3. Circuit diagram.

4. Circuit component.

5. Cost.

6. Safety and security.

7. Assumption.

We are just dealing with all in details one by one.

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Operating Principle

This circuit mainly operates on the principle of Sensor and Transducers and Industrial Instrumentation. In our project we use MPX20100P differential pressure transmitter that works on the principle of “measuring the differences between two or more pressure applied on the input”. Then that differential pressure is applied on the input of IC LM324 which is the operational amplifier whose output is many times the input.

Temperature sensor LM335Z is also used in our circuit for temperature compensation. The temperature sensing range of this sensor is -40 to 100 degree Celsius.

The 433Mhz transmitter module is also used in the circuit that transmit the final signal to the receiver module.

In this way our project is working.

Operating environment

This circuit should be able to work on the normal temperature and pressure as per the season. Our device also needs to be able to stand up against wildlife who may take an

interest in it as well as heavy thunderstorms.

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Circuit Components:

1. MPX20100P Differential Pressure Transmitter.

2. LM335Z Temperature Sensor.

3. LM324 Operational Amplifier IC.

4. BCD Switches.

5. PIC 16F88 Microcontroller IC.

6. IN4004, IN 5819 Diode IC.

7. BC 327 Transistor.

8. RGB-CK.

These all are the major parts of our project.

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We are here describing the components of our project:

The PIC16F87/88 belongs to the Mid-Range family of the PICmicro® devices. Block diagrams of the devices are shown in Figure 1-1 and Figure 1-2. These devices contain features that are new to the PIC16 product line:

• Low-power modes: RC_RUN allows the core and peripherals to be clocked from the INTRC, while SEC_RUN allows the core and peripherals to be clocked from the low-power Timer.

• Internal RC oscillator with eight selectable frequencies, including 31.25 kHz, 125 kHz, 250 kHz, 500 kHz, 1 MHz, 2 MHz, 4 MHz and 8 MHz. The INTRC can be configured as a primary or secondary clock source.

• The Timer1 module current consumption has been greatly reduced from 20 μA (previous PIC16 devices) to 1.8 μA typical (32 kHz at 2V), which is ideal for real-time clock applications.

• Extended Watchdog Timer (WDT) that can have a programmable period from 1 ms to 268s. The WDT has its own 16-bit prescaler.

• Two-Speed Start-up: When the oscillator is configured for LP, XT or HS Oscillator mode, this feature will clock the device from the INTRC while the oscillator is warming up. This, in turn, will enable almost immediate code execution.

• Fail-Safe Clock Monitor: This feature will allow the device to continue operation if the primary or secondary clock source fails by switching over to the INTRC.

• The A/D module has a new register for PIC16 devices named ANSEL. This register allows easier configuration of analog or digital I/O pins.

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BLOCK DIAGRAM of 16F88:

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AVAILABLE MEMORY IN PIC16F88 DEVICE:

There are 16 I/O pins that are user configurable on a pin-to-pin basis. Some pins are multiplexed with other device functions. These functions include:

• External Interrupt

• Change on PORTB Interrupt

• Timer0 Clock Input

• Low-Power Timer1 Clock/Oscillator

• Capture/Compare/PWM

• 10-bit, 7-channel A/D Converter

• SPI™/I2C™

• Two Analog Comparators

• AUSART

• MCLR (RA5) can be configured as an input

MEMORY ORGANIZATION of PIC16F88:

There are two memory blocks in the PIC16F88 devices. These are the program memory and the data memory. Each block has its own bus, so access to each block can occur during the same oscillator cycle. The data memory can be further broken down into the general purpose RAM and the Special Function Registers (SFRs). The operation of the SFRs that control the “core” are described here. The SFRs used to control the peripheral modules are described in the section discussing each individual peripheral module.

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The data memory area also contains the data EEPROM memory. This memory is not directly mapped into the data memory but is indirectly mapped. That is, an indirect address pointer specifies the address of the data EEPROM memory to read/write. The PIC16F88 device’s 256 bytes of data EEPROM memory have the address range of 00h-FFh.

MPX 2010DP PRESSURE SENSOR:

The MPX2010 series silicon piezo resistive pressure sensors provide a very accurate and linear voltage output — directly proportional to the applied pressure. These sensors house a single monolithic silicon die with the strain gauge and thin–film resistor network integrated on each chip. The sensor is laser trimmed for precise span, offset calibration and temperature compensation.

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BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Features

Temperature Compensated over 0°C to +85°C. Ratio metric to Supply Voltage. Differential and Gauge Options.

Application Examples

• Respiratory Diagnostics.

• Air Movement Control.

• Controllers.

• Pressure Switching.

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MPX 2010 SERIES RATINGS:

ON–CHIP TEMPERATURE COMPENSATION and CALIBRATION:

Figure 2 shows the output characteristics of the MPX2010 series at 25°C. The output is directly proportional to the differential pressure and is essentially a straight line.

The effects of temperature on full scale span and offset are very small and are shown under Operating Characteristics.

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Figure 3 illustrates the differential/gauge die in the basic chip carrier. A silicone gel isolates the die surface and wire bonds from the environment, while allowing the pressure signal to be transmitted to the silicon diaphragm.

The MPX2010 series pressure sensor operating characteristics and internal reliability and qualification tests are based on use of dry air as the pressure media. Media other than dry air may have adverse effects on sensor performance and long term reliability. Contact the factory for information regarding media compatibility in your application.

LINEARITY

Linearity refers to how well a transducer’s output follows the equation: Vout = Voff + sensitivity x P over the operating pressure range. There are two basic methods for calculating nonlinearity: (1) end point straight line fit(2) a least squares best line fit. While a least squares fit gives the “best case” linearity error (lower numerical value), the calculations required are burdensome. Conversely, an end point fit will give the “worst case” error (often more desirable in error budget calculations) and the calculations are more straightforward for the user. Motorola’s specified pressure sensor linearity are based on the end point straight line method measured at the midrange pressure.

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LM 35 TEMPERATURE SENSOR:

The LM35 series are precision integrated-circuit 2 temperature sensors, with an output voltage linearly proportional to the Centigrade temperature. Thus the LM35 has an advantage over linear temperature sensors calibrated in ° Kelvin, as the user is not required to subtract a large constant voltage from the output to obtain convenient Centigrade scaling. LM35 does not require any external calibration of trimming to provide typical accuracies of ±¼°C at room temperature and ±¾°C over a full −55°C to +150°C temperature range. Low cost is assured by trimming and calibration at the wafer level. The low output impedance, linear output, and precise inherent calibration of the LM35 make interfacing to readout or control circuitry especially easy. The device is used with single power supplies, or with plus and minus supplies. As the LM35 draws only 60 micro A from the supply, it has very low self-heating of less than 0.1°C in still air. The LM35 is rated to operate over a −55°C to +150°C temperature range, while the LM35C is rated for a −40°C to +110°C range (−10° with improved accuracy). The LM35 series is available packaged in hermetic TO transistor packages, while the LM35C, LM35CA, and LM35D are also available in the plastic TO-92 transistor package. The LM35D is also available in an 8-lead surface-mount small outline package and a plastic TO-220 package.

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BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Both the above figure is of LM 35.

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OP AMP LM 324:

The LM124-N series consists of four independent, high gain, internally frequency compensated operational amplifiers which were designed specifically to operate from a single power supply over a wide range of voltages. Operation from split power supplies is also possible and the low power supply current drain is independent of the magnitude of the power supply voltage.

BLOCK DIAGRAM:

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GRAPH OF LM 324:

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Circuit Diagram:

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COST

Since different water sensors are already in use but most of them have higher costs. So our projects must have cost effective.

The total expenditure is about 1500/- Rs. on our project.

Safety and security

This device shall not transmit harmful electromagnetic radiation and shall protect against any materials considered harmful to the environment. Batteries and other components without harmful chemicals have been a requirement of this project.All components placed directly in the river or well shall not interfere with safe navigation of said river or stream by paddlers or boaters.

All components shall be protected from the environment and shall be contained in waterproof, environmentally robust, structures. Any external wiring or cables shall be shielded as appropriate and frayed or damaged cables shall not be used. Since the device will be placed outside in a natural environment, the system shall not make any impact on the local habitat which it is placed.

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Assumption

One assumption the team has made is that the device will not be tampered with after it is installed except by the owner.

Another assumption is that the device will be installed in an area that has cell coverage with a directional antenna. The device will not work in the most remote areas where there is no cell coverage.

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RESULTAfter completion of our project, we got enumeras wind up from this. Lack of pressure sensor increase our complexity but giving the input 4-20 mA current we notched at the important result, that we are going to discuss here:

Our ckt gives good response for the current range 4-20mA.

When changing the input, ckt respond well. For the sake of complexiety, we used 3 LED's namely red, green and blue. Red glows for 20 mA current, Blue for 12 mA and Green for 4mA.

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OBSERVATION TABLE

We got the output voltage(mV) of the selfmade circuit when we provide the input current(mA):-

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When we change the input current, multimeter shows deflection across comparator circuit:

In this way we got the result.

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FUTURE TRENDS

Considering the advantages and disadvantages of this circuit, characteristics of the project limited the use in industries in the future:-

1. In the industrial area this circuit reduces the complexity of the system because this is wireless.

2. Home appliances: our circuit has the limited range. That is why this circuit can better be suited in our home.

3. This circuit does not works in the remote area. So in our future we will try to overcome of this difficulties.

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CONCLUSION

After applying the basic ideas in our project, we found out some typical and noteworthy pionts that are given as:

1. This circuitry only works for small or limited range.

2. The circuit consists of a temperature sensor that can work for the range -40-100 degree C.

3. All components shall be protected from the environment and shall be contained in waterproof, environmentally robust, structures.

4. The team’s largest risk is that our pressure sensor will not be able to measure the water level accurately enough. This could be due to tubing getting damaged when frozen over winter or pressure leaking from the pressure chamber. To mitigate this risk we have chosen a backup way of measuring the water level. This way if the pressure sensor doesn’t work, we will not have to start from scratch.

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References

1.http://www.google.co.in2

2.http://www.ceb.utk.edu

3.http://www.wikkipedia.com

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