Industrial Ergonomics…..[EMM 5710 ]

Lecturer : DR. Eris Elianddy Bin Supeni

Presented by

Group No.5 Name Matric No. 1) Ghassan Maan Salim……………………GS429302) Zaid Kh. Saadon………..…………………GS40746

Biomechanics and Work Physiology

61% of all occupational illnesses are associated with repetitive motions15 to 20% of workers in key industries are at potential risk for MSD.Because of the slow onset and relatively mild nature of the trauma, the condition is often ignored until the symptoms become chronic and more severe injury occurs

Cervical

Thoracic

Lumbar

The Back and Material Handling Issues The Spinal Column

BACK PAIN• Back pain is a common problem that affects

most people at some point in their life. It usually feels like an ache, tension or stiffness in your back.

• Back ache is more prevalent between the age of 35 and 55.

CausesThe most frequently cause of our back pain are:1. Heavy physical work,2. Frequent bending,3. Twisting, 4. Lifting,5. Pulling and pushing,6. Repetitive work, 7. Static postures,8. Vibrations.

Example:Labour work

Pick and place from low to higher place

Office work

Working in lath machine for a long period

Causes:-• Heavy work

• Many repetitive task that need bending the body

• Sitting for a very long time

• Working in an uncomfortable posture

If persistent for more than a week it might result in :• tension, soreness or stiffness of back muscles. • pain may aggravate with slightest of movement

or even with coughing and sneezing.• numbness and tingling in the arms or legs.

Signs & Symptoms• Structurally backache (these includes muscles, cartilage, bones or spinal

cord.)• Psychosocial risk factors -includes stress, depression, pain threshold, job

dissatisfaction, and mental stress at work.

Example of the symptoms that the person will face are:- Feel pain in the spinal cord when the person stands for long

time. When the person in the same posture for long period of

hour the person will feel the pain in the spinal cord The person will not be able to walk or jog for long timeHe/She might not even able to walk a short distancePerson will feel pain in his back when he bend his bodyFeel pain when the person carry heavy thingsThe person will be stressed and have strong migraine

How to Prevent?

Exercise. Regular low-impact aerobic activities Build muscle strength and flexibility. Abdominal and back muscle exercisesMaintain a healthy weight. Being overweight puts strain on your back muscles.

Stand smart. Maintain a neutral pelvic position.

Sit smart. -good lower back support, arm rests and a swivel base. -a pillow -keep your knees and hips level

Lift smart. Let your legs do the work. Move straight up and down. Keep your back straight and bend only at the knees. Hold the load close to your body.

Do not stand for a long timeDo not sit for a long timeDo not carry thingsWhen carry heavy things, you must do in correct postureDo not walk for a long timeSwimmingGo to physiotherapy for proper exercise counselingLay down on the hard groundWhile sleeping put a pillow between the legsUse pillow and mattress which is comfortable for the person

Advices

Joint System

Joints known as articulations, are strong connections that join the bones, teeth and cartilage of the body to one another.

Each joint is specialized in its shape and structural components to control the range of motion between parts that it connects.

• A joint that permits no movement is known as a synarthrosis. The sutures of the skull and the gomphoses that connect the teeth to the skull are examples of synarthroses.

• An amphiarthrosis allows a slight amount of movement at the joint. Examples include the intervertebral disks of the spine and the pubic symphysis of the hips.

• The third functional class of joints is the freely movable diarthrosis joints. Diarthroses have the highest range of motion of any joint and include the elbow, knee, shoulder, and wrist.

Types of jointJoints may be classified functionally based upon how much movement they allow.

Types of shoulder pain• Pain that worsens when arm is moved.• Pain that doesn’t worsen when arm is moved.

Example of Joint Problem

Symptoms

• Stiffness• Experiencing slight pain when arm is moved• Bruises around shoulder area• Usual full motion of arm is limited

TYPES OF SHOULDER PAIN

Frozen shoulder

Rotator cuff disorder

Shoulder instability

Broken bone (fracture)

Frozen shoulder - a painful condition that reduces normal movement in the joint and can sometimes prevent movement in the shoulder.

Rotator cuff disorders – the rotator cuff is a group of muscles and tendons that surround the shoulder joint and help to keep it stable

Shoulder instability – where the shoulder is unstable and has an unusually large range of movement (hypermobility)

Broken bone (fracture) - Shoulder fractures commonly involve the clavicle (collarbone), humerus (upper arm bone), and scapula (shoulder blade).

Fractures often cause severe pain, swelling, and bruising about the shoulder.

SYMPTOMS /SIGNS OF SHOULDER PAIN

Frozen shoulder - the joint becomes so tight and stiff that it is nearly impossible to carry out simple movements, such as raising the arm.

Rotator cuff disorder - pain will occur in the front or side of the shoulder and may travel down to the elbow and forearm. Pain may also occur when the arm is forcefully pushed upward overhead.

SYMPTOMS /SIGNS OF SHOULDER PAIN

Broken bone (fracture) - A shoulder fracture that occurs after a major injury is usually accompanied by severe pain. Within a short time, there may be redness and bruising around the area.

HOW TO PREVENT?

Vary your activities to change your posture and the muscles you are using

Perform simple stretching exercises to reduce muscular discomfort

Muscular System The muscular system is responsible for the

movement of the human body.

Attached to the bones of the skeletal system are about 700 named muscles that make up roughly half of a person’s body weight.

Muscle Types

There are three types of muscle tissue: Visceral, cardiac, and skeletal. Visceral Muscle. Visceral muscle is found inside of organs like the stomach,

intestines, and blood vessels. The weakest of all muscle tissues, visceral muscle makes organs contract to move substances through the organ. Because visceral muscle is controlled by the unconscious part of the brain, it is known as involuntary muscle—it cannot be directly controlled by the conscious mind.

Cardiac Muscle. Found only in the heart, cardiac muscle is responsible for pumping blood throughout the body. Cardiac muscle tissue cannot be controlled consciously, so it is an involuntary muscle. While hormones and signals from the brain adjust the rate of contraction, cardiac muscle stimulates itself to contract.

Skeletal Muscle. Skeletal muscle is the only voluntary muscle tissue in the human body—it is controlled consciously. Every physical action that a person consciously performs (e.g. speaking, walking, or writing) requires skeletal muscle.

ConclusionBiomechanics is generally the study of the biological structure of human body.

Includes things related to Muscuskeletal.

Muscuskeletal disorder (MSD) was explained with examples.

Backbone, Joint system, and muscle system is muscuskeletal.