Earth Resources - EOR presentation

FranciscoBassano

RiccardoPago/o

April7,2015

EnhancedOilRecovery:Engineeringideasforge9ngthemostoutofprovenoilreserves

KernRiver,California(US)

EnhancedOilRecovery(EOR)1/18

•  WhatisEORandhowdoesitwork?

•  Whatparameters(reservoirandsurface)mustbetakenintoaccountbeforeapplyingEOR?

•  OverviewofthefourmainEORmethods:

! Gasflooding!  ChemicalinjecPon!  SteaminjecPon! Microbialenhancedoilrecovery(MEOR)

•  Fieldcaseexamples

Aims


! Enhancedoilrecovery(EOR)methodsprovideaddiPonalenergytoimprovetherecoveryoftheremainingoilreserves

! Mechanicalform,byinjecPngafluidwhichdisplacesthosealreadyinplace

! TheefficiencyofanEORmethodwilldependon:

a)  thereservoircharacterisPcsb)  thenatureofthedisplacingand

displacedfluids

c)  thearrangementofproducPonandinjecPonwells

hVps://ugmsc.wordpress.com/2010/09/15/eor-enhanced-oil-recovery/

Water or gas injection

Natural Flow Artificial Lift

Primary

Secondary

Pressure maintenance

Chemical

Surfactant Polymer Caustic

WhatisEOR?

InjectedCO2meetstrappedoil

CO2andoilmix

OilexpandsandmovestowardsproducPonwell

Drivewater CO2 water CO2

MiscibleZone

OilBank

InjecPonwell

ProducPonwell


InjecPonofHCornon-HCcomponents,usuallyvapors(gasphase)atatmosphericT-P

SupercriPcalfluidsatreservoirT-P"liquid-likeproperPes

HC:! methane! propane

Non-HC:! carbondioxide(CO2)! nitrogen(N)! hydrogensulfide(H2S)!  sulfurdioxide(SO2)

GasFlooding

hVp://energy.gov/fe/science-innovaPon/oil-gas-research/enhanced-oil-recovery

Masstransferofcomponentsbetweentheflowinggasandoilphases"increaseswhengas-oilbecomemoremiscible(mix)duetoIFTreducPonbetweenthefluids


Subsurfaceheterogeneity"Permeabilitycontrastleadstoapoorsweepefficiency(highcapillarypressure)

WestTexasSanAndresdolomite(misciblefloodpilot)

! Primary+Secondaryrecovery(waterflood)≈50%OOIP

! TerParyrecovery≈19.6%OOIP,asaresultofgoodWAGmanagementandtheuseofH2Sinthegas

! TotalRFforthepilotisexpectedtobearound70%OOIP,wellabovetheaverageformostfields

Steinetal.(1992).SlaughterestateunitCO2flood:comparisonbetweenpilotandfield-scaleperformance


CO2(supercriPcalphase):highdensity&viscosity,solessgravitysegrega?onandviscousfingering

WhyinjectCO2asfoams?"thepresenceofthinfoamfilmsimprovebothaerialandverPcalsweepefficienciesbyreducinggasmobility

CO2-foamSAGprocesscomparedtowater-floodingandCO2-waterWAGprocess(EMUunit,Texas)

HoefnerandEvans(1995).CO2foam:resultsfromfourdevelopmentalfieldtrials

CO2-FoamInjec]onintheRangelyWeberSandUnit,NWColorado

! OOIPinthefield:1.6BBO/~332MMBO(21%OOIP)iniPallyproducedfrom1ryR.

! Waterflood(1958)added789MMBO(50%OOIP)

! As3ryR.,amiscibleCO2floodona1:1WAG(Oct1986)"~9.2MMBOofincremental(throughJune1989)

Frost&Sullivan

1

ChemicalInjec]on• Polymerso  synthePc"hydrolyzedpolyacrilamyde(HPAM)o  bio-polymer"xanthan

• Surfactantso organiccompounds"HCchains

• Mixtureso  Polymerflooding

o  Surfactant-Polymerflooding

o  Alkalineflooding

o  Alkaline-Polymerflooding

o  Alkaline-Surfactantflooding


Revenue%bychemicalflooding-USandEU

hVp://www.chemanager-online.com/en/topics/chemicals-distribuPon/enhanced-oil-recovery-chemicals-market-trends

We/ability

• AdropofoilonH20–wetsurface"θ≈0°

oil=non-wenngfluid,H20=wenngfluid

• Oil–wetsurface"θ≈180°

oil=wenngfluid,H20=non-wenngfluid

• Oil/H20/wetsurface"0°<θ<180°


hVp://www.ramehart.com/glossary.htm

Balanceofforcesbetweenliquidsonasolidsurface

hVp://www.slb.com

θ≈180°θ=arccos[(γsv-γsl)/γlv]

Solidsurface

Solidsurface

Waterwet

hVp://www.eor-alliance.com/soluPons/foam/Oil Brine(water) Rockgrains

Water-wet Oil-wetMixed-wet

0°<θ<180°

Shengetal.(2013).EnhancedOilRecoveryFieldCaseStudies

ShearratevsHPAMsolu]onviscosity

Oilrecoveryvsoilviscosity

Chemicaleffects


• 1stphase:27wellsinstalled.H20treatmentplant≈80km3/day,polymertreatment+H20≈17,5km3/day.ProducPon=+8kb/day

• 2ndphase:added19wells,opPmizaPonofmin.capitalexpenditure

• 3rdphase:currentlyworkingonthefeasibilitystudy

PDO–MarmulPolymerProject

EnhancedOilRecovery(EOR)9/18 hVp://www.Porco.com/Po/products/asp-sp.htm hVp://www.2b1stconsulPng.com

PetroleumDevelopmentOman(PDO)-$1billioninvestmentinchemicalEOR

Alkali-surfactant-polymer(ASP/AP)

Marmul

OMAN

0 600

km


! ReducPonofoilviscosity(highertemperature)

!  Increasedreservoirpressure(energy)! PhysicaldisplacementofoilinasimilarmannertoWF

•  SteamFlooding(SF)

•  CyclicSteamInjecPon(CSI)

•  Steamassistedgravitydrainage(SAGD)

SteamInjec]on

Mainmechanisms: www.ogj.com/


•  oilgravitydegree:12API•  oilviscosity:700-1200cp•  reservoirdepth:915m

Bachaquero,WesternVenezuela

1.  SteaminjecPon"daystoweeks

2.  Wellisshutin/soak" days

3.  WellreturnstoproducPon" weekstomonths

ReservoirparametersforbothSFandCSI:! RelaPvelyhighΦandKvalues(~>0.2and>100-200mD)! Shallowdepths(nothigherthan~1,000m)! Preferablynoaquiferorgascap! Lowshalecontent

BachaqueroField,WesternVenezuela

•  RF:16.2%•  776wells•  1600steamcycles

CyclicSteamInjec]on(CSI)

!  UninterruptedverPcalpermeabilityisamust

!  UnderstandingofthedistribuPonofsedimentaryfacies

!  RFcanbeashighas70%-80%ofOOIPinsuitablereservoirs

•  Provenoilreserveshaveincreasedto179BBO

•  RaisedCanada'soilreservestothe3rdhighestintheworld(azerVenezuelaandSaudiArabia)

•  Asof2011,theoilsandsreservesstandataround169BBO

www.energy.alberta.ca

Steamassistedgravitydrainage(SAGD)

SAGDDevelopmentofAlbertaoilsands-Canada

EORmethodusedforproducingheavycrudeoiland

bitumen,whichflowdowntotheproducPonwellviagravity


MicrobialEnhancedOilRecovery

Shengetal.(2013).EnhancedOilRecoveryFieldCaseStudies

Coresamplesfromtestproduc]onwell

MicrobialInjec]onScheme

• Geotogasuterranea• Geotogapetraea• Petrotogamiotherma


2,00µm

2,00µm

hVp://theenergycollecPve.com

GuoqiangLietal.,(2014).MicrobialAbundanceandCommunityComposi?onInfluenceProduc?onPerformanceinaLow-TemperaturePetroleumReservoir

Karamayoilfield,China


Selec]vepluggingandIFTreduc]on

Produc]onimprovementduetoMEOR-UpperShaunavonsandreservoir(P.ofSaskatchewan,Canada)

! oilproducPon:350%increase

! water-cut:8%decrease

EnhancedOilRecovery(EOR)

Conclusions# MainmechanismsofEORmethodsfocusonabeVerdisplacement(sweepefficiency)oftheoiltowardsproducPonwells,andtheyarebasedon:

! reducPonofoilviscosity! reducPonofIFTbetweenfluidsformiscibleresults

! reducPonofgravitysegregaPonandfingeringTheulPmategoalbeingincreasingoilproduc]onand/orreducingwater-cuts

# Inordertobesuccessfullyapplied,adetailedgeological-petrophysical(orevenmicrobial)characteriza]onofthefieldmustbeinplace,aswellasrelevantinformaPonontheexisPngfluidsinthereservoir

# SomeEORmethodsreallystandout,namelygasflooding(e.g.WAGusingCO2)andsteaminjecPon(SFandSAGD)" MatureoilfieldsaroundtheworldcanreachRFashighas70%OOIP

# EORprocessesplayamajorroleinrevitalizingmatureoilfieldsbyextendingtheirservicelifeorevengeneraPngnewoilreserves,suchasintheoutstandingcaseoftheAlbertaoilsandsinCanada



References

18/18

Chourio,G.,Bracho,J.,Mohtad,M.,2011.EvaluaPonandApplicaPonoftheExtendedCyclicSteamInjecPonasaNewConceptforBachaquero-01ReservoirinWestVenezuela.SPE148083-MS.

Davey,M.E.,Wood,W.A.,Key,R.,Nakamura,K.,Stahl,D.A.,1993.IsolaPonofThreespeciesofGeotogaandPetrotoga:TwoNewGenera,RepresenPngaNewLineageintheBacterialLineofDescentDistantlyRelatedtothe“Thermotogales”.System.Appl.Microbiol.16,191-200(1993).

GuoqiangLi,Pei-KeGao,Hui-MeiTian,Xue-ChengDai,Yan-SenWang,andQing-FengCui,2014.MicrobialAbundanceandCommunityComposi?onInfluenceProduc?onPerformanceinaLow-TemperaturePetroleumReservoir.EnvironmentalScience&Technology.04/2014;48(9).DOI:10.1021/es500239w.

Hoefner,M.L.,Evans,E.M.,Buckles,J.J.,Jones,T.A.,1995.CO2foam:resultsfromfourdevelopmentalfieldtrials.SPEReserv.Eng.10(4),273281.

LaPl,M.,1980.EnhancedOilRecovery.InsPtutFrancaisduPetrole(IFP).GulfPublishingCo,EdiPonsTechnip,246pages.

Sheng,JamesJ.J.,Herd,B.,2013.EnhancedOilRecoveryFieldCaseStudies.DepartmentofPetroleumEngineering,TexasTechUniversity,Lubbock,TX79409-3111USA.

Stein,M.H.,Frey,D.D.,Walker,R.D.,1992.SlaughterestateunitCO2flood:comparisonbetweenpilotandfield-scaleperformance.JPTSeptember.

Taber,J.J.,MarPn,F.D.,Seright,R.S.,1997.EORscreeningcriteriarevisited—part2:applicaPonsandimpactofoilprices.SPERE12(3),199-206.

Webpagesh/p://www.]orco.com/]o/products/asp-sp.htm-AlkalineSurfactantPolymer/SurfactantPolymerTechnologies.

h/p://www.energy.alberta.ca/OilSands/pdfs/FS_SAGD.pdf-TalkaboutSAGD(PDF),EnergyAlberta,November2013.

h/p://www.theenergycollec]ve.com-InaLowOilPriceEnvironment:IncreasingOilFieldProducPvityviaMicrobiallyEnhancedOilRecovery(MEOR).PostedJanuary7,2015.

h/p://www.chemanager-online.com/en/topics/chemicals-distribu]on/enhanced-oil-recovery-chemicals-market-trends-PiegraphfromFrost&Sullivan

h/p://www.ogj.cougmsc.wordpress.com/2010/09/15/eor-enhanced-oil-recovery/-AAPGUniversitasGadjahMada–StudentChapter.GeologicalEngineeringDept.GadjahMadaUniversityJl.

h/p://www.2b1stconsul]ng.com

h/p://www.eor-alliance.com/solu]ons/foamm/oil-drilling-and-produc]on/produc]on-opera]ons/ior-eor.html-Oil&GasJournal.EOR2012Survey

h/p://www.ramehart.com/glossary.htm

h/p://www.slb.com
