JULY, 2012I

CONSTRUCTION OF DIGITAL CUSTOMERCOUNTER

ND PROJECT REPORT

BY

ENGR AHMAD RUFAI ONIMISIKPT/COE/09/6596

SUBMITTED TO

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERINGCOLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

SCHOOL OF INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERINGKADUNA POLYTECHNIC

KADUNA, NIGERIA.

I

CONSTRUCTION OF DIGITAL CUSTOMER COUNTER

ND PROJECT

BY

SHEIDU RUFAI ONIMISI KPT/COE/09/6596

THIS PROJECT IS SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING, KADUNA POLYTECHNIC IN PARTIAL

FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN COMPUTER ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING, SCHOOL OF INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING,

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KADUNA POLYTECHNIC.

KADUNA NIGERIA.

JULY 2012

II

DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this project has been conducted solely by me under the

guardian of Mallam A.T Suleiman, a lecturer in the Department of computer

engineering, Kaduna polytechnic, Kaduna. I have neither copied someone work

nor has someone else done it for me. Authors whose works have been referred to

in this project have been duly acknowledged.

__________________ ______________

SHEIDU RUFAI ONIMISI DATE

KPT/COE/09/6596

III

APPROVAL PAGE

This project write-up “DIGITAL CUSTOMER COUNTER” was solemnly carried out

by SHEIDU RUFAI ONIMISI of Registration No: KPT/COE/09/6596 both the project

construction and the write up. It was approved by the following signatories.

___________________ ___________________ Engr. M. Ahmed MNSE, COREN Date Head of Department Computer Engineering ___________________ __________________ Mall. A.T SULEIMAN Date Project Supervisor

IV

DEDICATION

I dedicated this project to Almighty Allah who grants me the strength, ability to

execute this project. And also to my Beloved parents Madam Hawawu Aliyu and

Ibrahim Sheidu Otaru.

V

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

All praise is due to Allah, the most gracious, merciful, master of the Day of

Judgment. I thank Him for granting me the strength, wisdom, knowledge and

success for the execution of this project.

I also acknowledge the effort of my supervisor Mallam A.T Suleiman for

putting me through and also my able H.O.D in person of Engr. Ahmed Mariam

for her concern about me.

I appreciate the effort of my parents Madam Hawawu Aliyu, Ibrahim

Sheidu Otaru and my Brother Sheidu Mutari, Sister Wosilat and others who

gave their full support morally and financially may Allah reward them abundantly

(Amin).

Finally, I am also grateful for the encouragement and guardians’ from my

able Mentor’s Engr. Haruna Ibrahim, Ahmed Haruna, Aliyu Bararebe and

my lovely friends Jamilu Abdullahi, Kendo, Yusuf ITopa and also my well

wishers.

VI

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Cover Page:…………………………………………………………………………………………..I

Title Page:…………………………………………………………………………………….………II

Declaration:…………………………………………………………………………………….….III

Approval:……………………………………………………………………………………….…..IV

Dedication:……………………………………………………………………………………….…V

Acknowledgement:………………………………………………………………………..…..VI

Table of Content:……………………………………………………………………………..VII

Abstract:…………………………………………………………………………………………....X

Contents CHAPTER ONE ........................................................................................................ 1

GENERAL INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................... 1

1.0 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................ 1

1.2 Aims and Objectives ................................................................................. 3

1.3 Motivation ................................................................................................. 4

1.4 Methodology................................................................................................ 4

1.5 Project Outline ............................................................................................. 6

CHAPTER TWO ....................................................................................................... 7

LITERATURE REVIEW .............................................................................................. 7

2.0 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................ 7

VII

2.1 GENERAL REVIEW OF PEOPLE COUNTER ................................................... 7

2.1.1 Technologies ........................................................................................... 7

2.2. COMPONENTS REVIEW ........................................................................... 13

2.2.1 PHOTO RESISTOR .................................................................................. 13

2.2.2 Capacitor .......................................................................................... 15

2.2.3 Resistors ............................................................................................... 18

2.2.4 Diodes ................................................................................................... 18

2.2.5 Buzzer ................................................................................................... 20

CHAPTER THREE ................................................................................................... 22

3.0. DESIGN PROCEDURE ................................................................................ 22

3.2.1 Power Supply ........................................................................................ 22

3.2.2 The Counter ....................................................................................... 24

3.2.3 The Decoder.......................................................................................... 25

3.3 Circuit Construction ................................................................................ 28

3.4 SOLDERING ............................................................................................. 29

CHAPTER FOUR .................................................................................................... 34

TESTING, RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS. .................................................................. 34

4.1 TESTING; ..................................................................................................... 34

4.2 RESULT..................................................................................................... 34

4.3 PROBLEM ENCOUNTERED........................................................................ 35

VIII

CHAPER FIVE ..................................................................................................... 36

SUMMARY, RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION ........................................ 36

5.1 SUMMARY ............................................................................................... 36

5.2 CONCLUSION ........................................................................................... 36

5. REOMMENDATIONS ...................................................................................... 36

REFERENCES......................................................................................................... 38

APPENDIX 1: PROJECT CIRCUIT ............................................................................ 40

APPENDIX 2: BILL OF QUANTITIES ........................................................................ 41

IX

ABSTRACT

This project is based on the construction of Digital Customer Counter. Which

count the number of Customer that enter a particular shop and provide the data

in a readable format. It works on the operation of the light dependent resistor

(LDR) whose change as light falling when the customer interrupt, which alter to

clocked the counter and decode by the decoder and display it in 7-segment

format.

1

CHAPTER ONE

GENERAL INTRODUCTION

1.0 INTRODUCTION A customer counter is a device used to measure the number and

direction of people traversing a certain passage or entrance per unit

time. The resolution of the measurement is entirely dependent on

the sophistication of the technology employed. Device is often used

at the entrance of a building so that the total number of visitors can

be recorded. Many different technologies are used in people counter

devices, such as infrared beams, computer vision, thermal imaging

and pressure-sensitive mats.

There are various reasons for counting people;

Firstly, in retail stores, counting is done as a form of intelligence-

gathering. The use of people counting systems in the retail

environment is necessary to calculate the conversion rate, i.e., the

percentage of a store's visitors that makes purchases. This is the key

performance indicator of a store's performance and is superior to

traditional methods, which only take into account sales data.

Together, traffic counts and conversion rates how a store arrived at

sales, e.g., if year-over-year sales are down, did fewer people visit

the store, or did fewer people buy? Accurate visitor counting is also

2

useful in the process of optimizing staff shifts; Staff requirements are

often directly related to density of visitor traffic and services such as

cleaning and maintenance are typically done when traffic is at its

lowest. More advanced People Counting technology can also be

used for queue management and customer tracking. Although traffic

counting is widely accepted as essential for retailers, it is estimated

that less than 25% of major retailers track traffic in their stores.

Secondly, public locations are often rated to hold a certain

number of people. Accurate people counting are used to ensure that

the building is below the safe level of occupancy. Although, no

people counting system is 100% accurate and therefore must not be

entirely relied upon for the purposes of health & safety, an

electronic people counting system offers a relatively accurate means

of managing capacity.

Thirdly, many non-profit organizations use visitor counts as

evidence when making applications for finance. In cases where

tickets are not sold, such as in museums and libraries, counting is

either automated, or staff keep a log of how many clients use

different services.

Shopping mall marketing professionals rely on visitor statistics to

measure their marketing.

3

Fourthly, shopping mall owners measure marketing

effectiveness with sales, and the also use visitor statistics to

scientifically measure marketing effectiveness. Marketing metrics

such as CPM (Cost Per Thousand) and SSF (Shoppers per Square

Foot) are performance indicators that shopping mall owners monitor

to determine rent according to the total number of visitors to the

mall or according to the number of visitors to each individual store in

the mall.

The device is often used at the entrance of a building so that the

total number of visitors can be recorded. Many different

technologies are used in people counter devices, such as infrared

beams, computer vision, thermal imaging and pressure-sensitive

mats.

1.2 Aims and Objectives

The aim of this project work is to:

• Construct a simply two-digit optical beam digital customer counter

with alarm system. The system should count the number of

customers that enters a particular shop and provide the counted

result in digital form. The maximum number is 99 after which the

counter resets automatically to 00.

4

• To observe a particular phenomenon and provide a mean of

monitoring and controlling it.

• To learn who electrical component are used to implement a

particular condition.

1.3 Motivation

In today’s competitive retail environment, success is dependent on a

thorough understanding of existing and potential customers.

Constantly changing customer preferences, eroding customer loyalty

and the inherent complexity of large retail organizations demand

increased analysis of the customer behavior.

Benefits from customer counting device

• measure how many of your visitors that actually buy • analyze customer flows • evaluate impact of advertising and promotions • improve staff planning • for security and statistic analysis • determine optimal opening hours • identify and reward high performing stores and employees

1.4 Methodology

This project works on the principle of an operation of light dependent

resistor (LDR). The resistance of the device changes as light falling on its

5

window interrupted by a customer entering the shop. This change in

voltage level is refined to a binary pulse, counted by decoder and

displayed in 7-segment format.

Block Diagram of Digital Customer Counter

AUTOMATIC SWITCH

PHCN SOURCE

BATTERY

PHOTOT TRANSMITTER

PHOTO SENSOR SIGNAL AMPLIFIER

COUNTER DECODER

BUZZER DISPLAY

6

1.5 Project Outline

This report is outlined in the following format: chapter one contains the

introduction, chapter two; the review of related literature, chapter

three; the operation principle, block and circuit diagram, chapter four;

the construction details a, testing and result analysis, and finally

chapter five contains the recommendation conclusion and references.

7

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 INTRODUCTION

This chapter covers the review of literature relating to this project

work.

2.1 GENERAL REVIEW OF PEOPLE COUNTER

2.1.1 Technologies

Modern people counting systems use many different technologies,

each with its own advantages and disadvantages. The main types are

listed below.

Tally Counter

A hand-held tally-counter, sometimes called a clicker-counter, would

be used; one press per person. To reset the counter, one would have

to turn a knob, resetting most counters' display to "0000". The tally

counter provides tally counters for any occasion; traffic analyzers,

Autism/Behaviors counters, Research counters, Inventory counters

and customer counters. We have a large variety of different tally

counters to meet all of your needs. For quality, durability and low

8

cost make these tally counters your solution for industrial business.

All tally counter come with 100% guarantee.

Infrared Beams

The simplest form of counter is a single, horizontal infrared beam

across an entrance which is typically linked to a small LCD display

unit at the side of the doorway or can also be linked to a PC or sends

data via wireless links and GPRS. Such a beam counts a 'tick' when

the beam is broken; therefore it is normal to divide the 'ticks' by two

to get visitor numbers. Dual beam units are also available from some

suppliers and can provide low cost directional flow 'in' and 'out' data.

Accuracy depends highly on the width of the entrance monitored

and the volume of traffic.

Horizontal Beam Counters usually require a receiver or a reflector

mounted opposite the unit with a typical range up to 6 metres,

although range finding beam counters which do not require a

reflector or receiver usually have a shorter range of around 2.5

metres.

Vertical beams are somewhat more accurate than horizontal, with

accuracies of over 90% possible if the beams are very carefully

9

placed. Typically they do not give 'in and out' information, although

some directional beams do exist.

Advantages:

• Inexpensive

• Simple to fit

Disadvantages:

• Most basic beam sensors are limited to non-directional counts

• Can't discern people walking side-by-side

• Cannot count high volume, uninterrupted traffic

• High potential to become blocked by people standing in an

entrance or by merchandise or displays

• Infra-red beam counters may be negatively affected when

subject to direct sunlight

Computer vision

Computer vision systems typically use either a closed-circuit

television camera or IP camera to feed a signal into a computer or

embedded device. Some computer vision systems have been

embedded directly into standard IP network cameras. This allows for

10

distributed, cost efficient and highly scalable systems where all

image processing is done on the camera using the standard built in

CPU. This also dramatically reduces band width requirements as only

the counting data has to be sent over the Ethernet.

Accuracy varies between systems and installations as background

information needs to be digitally removed from the scene in order to

recognize, track and count people. This means that CCTV based

counters can be vulnerable to light level changes and shadows,

which can lead to inaccurate counting. Lately, robust and adaptive

algorithms has been developed that can compensate for this

behavior and excellent counting accuracy can today be obtained for

both outdoor and indoor counting using computer vision.[citation

needed]

Advantages:

• High accuracy, in correct conditions sometimes over 98%

• Directional information

• Flexible in customization

• Integration with other systems

Disadvantages:

11

• Higher cost than beam systems

• May require repeat visits for calibration

• Lower lifetime and higher power consumption than thermal

systems

• Less simple implementation than beam systems

• Accuracy can be affected by differing light levels

Thermal imaging

Thermal imaging systems use array sensors which detect heat

sources, rather than using cameras as in computer vision systems.

These systems are typically implemented using embedded

technology and are mounted overhead for high accuracy. Because

they are detecting the emitted heat from people, they are able to

count in all lighting levels, and also do not need to employ complex

background removal algorithms used in computer vision systems.

This leads to a more stable and accurate people count.

Advantages:

• Directional information

• Not affected by differing light levels

• Can count in complete darkness

12

• None intrusive usually ceiling mounted

• Identifiable images of people are not taken

• High accuracy, in correct conditions over 98%

• Networkable to cover wide entrances

Disadvantages:

• Higher cost than beam systems

• Lower field of view than video systems

• Cannot be used with ceiling heights below 2.2m

• May not work in winter when people are wearing thick coats.

Synthetic intelligence

This system employs multiple IR transceivers to create a count zone

at ankle height. The artificial intelligence counters function in a

similar way to the human brain, in other words, each event is

evaluated in terms of features to determine the correct outcome i.e.

count per direction. As a person passes the count zone a pattern is

generated. The onboard processor extracts the features of the

pattern and based on what it has been taught makes a decision

regarding the event by brute force calculation.

13

Advantages:

• Directional information

• Discriminates between human and non-human objects

• Sensors can count in outdoor environments

• Can count in all lighting conditions

• Can count in complete darkness

Disadvantages:

• Larger, more obtrusive design than other types of sensing

technology.

• High potential to become blocked by people standing in an

entrance or by merchandise or displays.

• Cannot count high volume, uninterrupted traffic

2.2. COMPONENTS REVIEW

This sub-chapter reviews the basic components used in the circuit

diagram.

2.2.1 PHOTO RESISTORS

A photo resistor or light dependent resistor (LDR) is a resistor

whose resistance decreases with increasing incident light intensity. It

can also be referred to as a photoconductor or CDS device, from

14

"cadmium sulfide," which is the material from which the device is

made and that actually exhibits the variation in resistance with light

level. Note that CDS (cadmium sulfide) is not a semiconductor in the

usual sense of the word (not doped silicon).

A photo resistor or Light Depending Resistor is made of a high

resistance semiconductor. If light falling on the device is of high

enough frequency, photons absorbed by the semiconductor give

bound electrons enough energy to jump into the conduction band.

The resulting free electron (and its hole partner) conduct electricity,

thereby lowering resistance.

A photoelectric device can be either intrinsic or extrinsic. An

intrinsic semiconductor has its own charge carriers and is not an

efficient semiconductor, e.g. silicon. In intrinsic devices the only

available electrons are in the valence band, and hence the photon

must have enough energy to excite the electron across the entire

band gap. Extrinsic devices have impurities, also called dopants and

added whose ground state energy is closer to the conduction band;

since the electrons do not have as far to jump, lower energy photons

(i.e., longer wavelengths and lower frequencies) are sufficient to

trigger the device. If a sample of silicon has some of its atoms

replaced by phosphorus atoms (impurities), there will be extra

15

electrons available for conduction. This is an example of an extrinsic

semiconductor. Photo resistors are basically photocells.

Applications

Photo resistors come in many different types. Inexpensive cadmium

sulphide cells can be found in many consumer items such as camera

light meters, street lights, clock radios, alarm devices, and outdoor

clocks.

They are also used in some dynamic compressors together with a

small incandescent lamp or light emitting diode to control gain

reduction.

Lead sulphide (PbS) and indium antimonide (InSb) LDRs (light

dependent resistor) are used for the mid infrared spectral region.

Ge:Cu photoconductors are among the best far-infrared detectors

available, and are used for infrared astronomy and infrared

spectroscopy.

2.2.2 Capacitors

A device used to store charge in an electrical circuit. A capacitor

functions much like a battery, but charges and discharges much

more efficiently (batteries, though, can store much more charge).

16

A basic capacitor is made up of two conductors separated by an

insulator, or dielectric. The dielectric can be made of paper, plastic,

mica, ceramic, glass, a vacuum or nearly any other nonconductive

material. Some capacitors are called electrolytic, meaning that their

dielectric is made up of a thin layer of oxide formed on a aluminum

or tantalum foil conductor.

Capacitor electron storing ability (called capacitance) is measured in

Farads. One Farad is actually a huge amount of charge

(6,280,000,000,000,000,000 electrons to be exact), so we usually

rate capacitors in microfarads (uF = 0.000,001F) and picofarads (pF =

0.000,000,000,001F ). Capacitors are also graded by their breakdown

(i.e., smoke) voltage. Capacitors rated for lower voltages are

generally smaller in size and weight; you don't want to use too low a

voltage rating, though, unless you enjoy replacing burnt-out

capacitors in your creation.

Non-polarized fixed capacitor

A non-polarized ("non polar") capacitor is a type of capacitor that

has no implicit polarity

17

It can be connected either way in a circuit. Ceramic, mica and some

electrolytic capacitors are non-polarized. You'll also sometimes hear

people call them "bipolar" capacitors.

Polarized fixed capacitor

A polarized ("polar") capacitor is a type of capacitor that has implicit

polarity. It can only be connected one way in a circuit. The positive

lead is shown on the schematic (and often on the capacitor) with a

little "+" symbol. The negative lead is generally not shown on the

schematic, but may be marked on the capacitor with a bar or "-"

symbol. Polarized capacitors are generally electrolytic.

Note that you really need to pay attention to correctly hooking a

polarized capacitor up (both with respect to polarity, as well as not

pushing a capacitor past its rated voltage). If you "push" a polarized

capacitor hard enough, it is possible to begin "electrolyzing" the

moist electrolyte. Modern electrolytic capacitors usually have a

pressure relief vent to prevent catastrophic failure of the aluminum

can

18

2.2.3 Resistors

Resistors are electrical components that serve to restrict the flow of

current. When electrical current flows across a resistor, there is a

voltage drop. This voltage drop can serve many electronic purposes,

such as developing a voltage difference in order to turn a transistor

on or off. Resistors are easy to find if they have become defective

because they can be measured with the electronic device turned off.

Structure: Circuit symbol:

2.2.4 Diodes

Diodes

allow

electricit

y to flow

in only

one

direction. The arrow of

the circuit symbol shows the direction in which the current can flow.

Diodes are the electrical version of a valve and early diodes were

actually called valves.

19

Example: Circuit symbol:

Forward Voltage Drop

Electricity uses up a little energy pushing its way through the diode,

rather like a person pushing through a door with a spring. This

means that there is a small voltage across a conducting diode, it is

called the forward voltage drop and is about 0.7V for all normal

diodes which are made from silicon. The forward voltage drop of a

diode is almost constant whatever the current passing through the

diode so they have a very steep characteristic (current-voltage

graph).

Reverse Voltage

When a reverse voltage is applied a perfect diode does not conduct,

but all real diodes leak a very tiny current of a few µA or less. This

can be ignored in most circuits because it will be very much smaller

than the current flowing in the forward direction. However, all

diodes have a maximum reverse voltage (usually 50V or more) and if

20

this is exceeded the diode will fail and pass a large current in the

reverse direction, this is called breakdown.

Ordinary diodes can be split into two types: Signal diodes which pass

small currents of 100mA or less and Rectifier diodes which can pass

large currents. In addition there are LEDs, Zener diodes etc

2.2.5 Buzzers

A buzzer or beeper is an audio signaling device, which may be

mechanical, electromechanical, or piezoelectric. Typical uses of

buzzers and beepers include alarm devices, timers and confirmation

of user input such as a mouse click or keystroke. Example of an

electronic buzzer (indicating "wrong" or "fail")

Piezoelectric

A piezoelectric element may be driven by an oscillating electronic

circuit or other audio signal source, driven with a piezoelectric audio

amplifier. Sounds commonly used to indicate that a button has been

pressed are a click, a ring or a beep.

Uses of buzzer

• Annunciator panels

• Electronic metronomes

21

• Game shows

• Microwave ovens and other household appliances

• Sporting events such as basketball games

22

CHAPTER THREE

3.0. DESIGN PROCEDURE This chapter consists of the design details of the system.

3.1 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION

This system is an optical counting circuit. The photo (light) emitter

emits light signal which is directed on the light sensor. The light sensor

converts the signal to electrical signal which is then fed to the signal

amplifier. The signal is then amplified by the signal amplifier to a

magnitude capable of clocking the counter. When an interruption of

the light beam is experienced, the clocking takes place and the counter

stage advance by one. The counter generates (sequentially) BCD. The

generated BCD is then fed to the decoder which converts it into a

display code. The LED seven segment displays convert the display code

to an optical readable format.

3.2.1 Power Supply

This unit consists of a step-down transformer which takes 220VAC and

supply 9VAC. The step-down voltage is then fed to the rectifier stage

for rectification.

23

The Bridge rectifier is a circuit, which converts an ac voltage to dc

voltage using both half cycles of the input ac voltage. The Bridge

rectifier circuit is shown in the figure. The circuit has four diodes

connected to form a bridge. The ac input voltage is applied to the

diagonally opposite ends of the bridge. The load resistance is connected

between the other two ends of the bridge.

For the positive half cycle of the input ac voltage, diodes D1 and D3

conduct, whereas diodes D2 and D4 remain in the OFF state. The

conducting diodes will be in series with the load resistance RL and

hence the load current flows through RL.

For the negative half cycle of the input ac voltage, diodes D2 and D4

conduct whereas, D1 and D3 remain OFF. The conducting diodes D2

and D4 will be in series

with the load resistance RL and hence the current flows through RL in

the same direction as in the previous half cycle. Thus a bi-directional

wave is converted into a unidirectional wave.

24

Peak inverse voltage represents the maximum voltage that the non-

conducting diode must withstand. At the instance the secondary

voltage reaches its positive peak value, Vm the diodes D1 and D3 are

conducting, where as D2 and D4 are reverse biased and are non-

conducting. The conducting diodes D1 and D3 have almost zero

resistance. Thus the entire voltage Vm appears across the load resistor

RL. (This represents the entire circuit fed by the power supply)The

reverse voltage across the non-conducting diodes D2 (D4) is also Vm.

3.2.2 The Counter

This unit converts the binary pulse into BCD code. The number of pulse

is counted and an equivalent code generated. This operation is done by

the TTL IC 7490. The IC is a binary to BCD converter. The generated

code is given in the table below.

25

NUMBER OF PULSE BCD GENERATED

1 0001

2 0010

3 0011

4 0100

5 0101

6 0110

7 0111

8 1000

9 1001

0 0000

3.2.3 The Decoder

This unit receives the BCD code and convert is to a 7-segment display

code. The code formation is as shown below. This operation is handled

by the TTL 7447 IC

26

DECIMAL DISPLAY CODE

A B C D E F G

27

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

0 1 1 0 0 0 0

1 1 0 1 1 0 1

1 1 1 1 0 0 1

0 1 1 0 0 1 1

1 0 1 1 0 1 1

1 0 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 0 0 0 0

1 1 1 1 1 1 1

28

3.3 Circuit Construction

The circuit board consists of the vero board and all other components

mounted on it. In its construction, the vero board was cleaned with an

iron brush to remove dirt from its surface which might affect soldering

quality.

9

10

1 1 1 1 0 1 1

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

29

Subsequently, following the circuit diagram, the components were

mounted on the board one after the other and soldered. The IC was not

directly soldered to the board but was mounted on an IC socket. This is

to prevent heat damage and for ease of replacement. Units like the

power switch, display etc were connected to the board via flexible

wires.

- In the soldering process, care was taken to ensure that the soldered

joints have good mechanical and electrical contact. Also great care

was taken to ensure that the components were not damage from

excess heat from the soldering iron.

3.4 SOLDERING

In the construction process, soldering of the components to the board

could be considered the most important step. Different factors were

taking into consideration to achieve perfect soldered joint since this

determine the functionality of the circuit.

30

Components which become hot in operation such as some resistors

and transistors were raised above the board slightly to allow air to

circulate. Some components, especially large electrolytic capacitors,

were giving mounting clip to be screwed down to the board first,

otherwise the part may eventually break off due to vibration.

The basic factors for perfect soldering are;

• Cleanliness

Firstly, and without exception, all parts - including the iron tip itself -

must be clean and free from contamination. Solder just will not "take"

to dirty parts! Old components or copper board can be notoriously

difficult to solder, because of the layer of oxidation which builds up on

the surface of the leads. This repels the molten solder and this will

soon be evident because the solder will "bead" into globules, going

everywhere except where it is needed. Dirt is the enemy of a good

quality soldered joint!

31

Adequate soldering

The final key to a successful solder joint is to apply an appropriate

amount of solder. Too much solder is an unnecessary waste and may

cause short circuits with adjacent joints. Too little and it may not

support the component properly, or may not fully form a working joint.

How much to apply, only really comes with practice. A few millimeter

only, is enough for an "average" veroboard joint.

Here's a summary of how the perfect soldered joints were achieved.

1. All parts were made clean and free from dirt and grease.

2. The work was secure firmly.

3. The iron tip was "Tin" with a small amount of solder.

4. The tip of the hot soldering iron was clean on a damp sponge.

5. All parts of the joint were heated with the iron for under a second

or so.

32

6. With Continues heating, sufficient solder was applied, to form an

adequate joint.

7. The parts were held firm until the solder has cooled.

The figure below contains the picture of the construction board

Picture of The Circuit Diagram

33

3.2.6 Packaging

The complete circuit of the Digital Customer Counter was constructed,

packaged and housed in a blue rectangular plastic casing, as show

below.

DIGITAL CUSTOMER COUNTER

34

CHAPTER FOUR

TESTING, RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS.

4.1 TESTING;

After caring out all the necessary paper design and analysis, the

project was implemented and tested to ensure its working ability, and

was finally constructed to meet the desired specifications. The process

of testing and implementation involved the use of some test and

measuring equipments stated below.

Digital Multimeter; The digital multimeter basically measure the

voltage, resistance, current, frequency and temperature. The process of

implementation on the board required the measurement of parameters

like the voltage, continuity current and resistance value of the

components.

4.2 RESULT

The result obtained from the design shows that the design was able to

detect the presence of customer passing through the photo transmitter

on either exit or entry from the shop. The display counts up when the

people passes through the entrance and it count down when someone

passes through the exit, and it was able to display the number(s) of

people still remaining in the shop.

35

4.3 PROBLEM ENCOUNTERED

Every other research and practical Engineering work, diverse kinds of

problems are often encountered. The problems encountered in this

project and how they were solved and maneuvered is listed below.

Ø The erratic display of the seven segments due to noise at the power

supply circuit i.e. the presence of AC ripples which was solved by the

introduction of a filtering capacitor to the output stage of the

rectifier.

Ø The anticipation of how to boost the power of the transmitter and

also to increase the sensitivity of the receiver in order to increase the

range.

Ø The problem use overcomes by using just single channel infrared link

to perform likewise operation.

36

CHAPER FIVE

SUMMARY, RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION

5.1 SUMMARY

The project which is the design and construction of digital customer

counter was design considering some factors such as economy

application, availability of component, research materials efficiency,

capability, portability and also durability.

5.2 CONCLUSION

The performance of the project after test meets the design

specification. The photo sensor and the counter made the realization

and implementation of the project less stressful and relatively easy. The

device is responsible for counting the number of customer going out

through the exit door and also the total number of customer remaining

in the stop.

5. REOMMENDATIONS

1. The project could be modified with micro-controller for better

features.

2. The display could be made of LCD to reduce power consumption.

3. Wider counting ranges could be achieved by incorporating more

counters.

37

4. Solid state relay can be used instead of mechanical relay since it

has the advantage of silent switching, no arching and unaffected

by vibration which make reliable and efficient.

38

REFERENCES

Paul C. Box, Joseph C. Oppenlander (1976), Manual of traffic

engineering studies , Institute of Transportation Engineers, p.

17, retrieved December 21, 2010

Cognimatics AB. Ideon Science Park Scheelevägen 17223 70 Lund, Sweden info@cognimatics.com and www.cognimatics.com

Diffenderfes, robert (2005). electronic devices:system and applications.

new delhi: delimar. pp. 480. ISBN 13 976-81-315-0685-1.

Cognimatics AB. Ideon Science Park Scheelevägen 17223 70 Lund, Sweden info@cognimatics.com and www.cognimatics.com

Electrical Engineering Fundamentals, by J.P.Neal, Dept. of Electrical

Engineering, University of Illinois. Publication; McGraw Hill

1960 Library of Congress, No 59-13210, Sect 7-9 on Mutual

Inductance p 301.

Feinberg, R. (1979). Modern Power Transformers Practice, Macmillan

publication, p 741-850.

39

Heathcote, M.J. (1998). J&P Transformer Book, 12th edition Newness.

ISBN, 0-7506-1158-8

40

APPENDIX 1: PROJECT CIRCUIT

The Circuit Diagram of Digital Customer Counter

R101k

S2R94.7k

abcdefg.

V+

DISP2

74LS906MS17MS22MR13MR214 CP01 CP1

11Q38Q29Q112Q0

U6 74LS476A32A21A17A0

3test5RBI

14g 15f 9e 10d 11c 12b 13a

4RBO

U5

74LS476A32A21A17A0

3test5RBI

14g 15f 9e 10d 11c 12b 13a

4RBO

U374LS906MS17MS22MR13MR2

14 CP01 CP1

11Q38Q29Q112Q0

U4 abcdefg.

V+

DISP1

+-

BZ1

D5.R8

3.3k Q2.

R710k .

R6

R510k

R410k

+U2

LM358

D4LED1

R31k

S1

+ V19V

D3.

R210k Q1

.

RLY16VSPDT

R11k

IN

COM

OUT

U1LM7806

D2LED1

C30.1uF

C20.1uF

+ C11000uF

T1D1

18DB05

41

APPENDIX 2: BILL OF QUANTITIES

S/N COMPONENTS QUANTITIES UNIT COST(N)

TOTAL C0ST(N)

1 Voltage regulator

1 250 250

2 Seven segment display

2 350 700

3 Battery 1 180 180

4 Bread board 1 450 450 5 Casing 1 1900 1900 6 Power switch 2 180 360 7 Resistor 7 10 70 8 Capacitor 2 50 100 9 LED 1 30 30 10 Transformer 1 350 350 11 Relay 1 12 Diode 7 15 105 13 TTL7490 2 14 TTL7447 2 15 Buzzer 1 160 160 16 Lm358p 1 70 70 17 Photo resistor 1 100 100 18 Transistor 3 150 450 19 TOTAL 38