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ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN IN FAÇADE ENGINEERING:DEVELOPMENT OF THE SHADING STRATEGY FOR THE KAFD METRO STATION
DIVA Day, 2015, Newtecnic
October 23rd, 2015
Carmelo G. Galante - [email protected]
Tommaso Pieraccini - [email protected]
b u i l d i n g e n g i n e e r i n g
b u i l d i n g e n g i n e e r i n g
WHO WE ARE
b u i l d i n g e n g i n e e r i n g
Temperature Distribution in the Rainscreen System [degC]System Design
EN
VIR
ON
ME
NTA
L A
NA
LYS
ISS
TRU
CTU
RA
L A
NA
LYS
IS
Mesh Model
1816141210[degC]
86420
Thermal Conductivity of Materials
GRC 0.75 W/mk
Structural Steel 44.5 W/mk
Stainless Steel 16.2 W/mk
Insulation 0.041 W/mK
Thermal Break Plate 0.187 W/mK
Concrete 1.8 W/mK
Tout
Qtot
Tin
Bracket detailReference values for U-value calculation
External Temperature
Internal Temperature
0.0 °C
20.0 °C
Model of the Connection (Mesh and Load Cases) - First Principal Stress [MPa]
Dimensions are in millimeters [mm]
Pull Test
Shear Test
Section 1
Shear Test Section 1 - Only GRC
86420-2-4-6-8-10 10
MULTIDISCIPLINARY APPROACH
01
02
b u i l d i n g e n g i n e e r i n g
Riyadh
Riyadh (Saudi Arabia)
Latitude: 24.70 N
Longitude: 46.73 E
Max. Annual Temperature: 46.2 degC
Min. Annual Temperature: 2.8 degC
Avg. Annual Temperature: 26.7 degC
Altitude: 620 m
Courtesy of Zaha Hadid Architects
Location ofthe projectLat: 24.70 N
Long: 46.73 E
Tropic of Cancer
≈ 200 m
≈ 33 m
23.5º N
Project Location Riyadh
KAFD Metro Station
KAFD District
KAFD METRO STATION - PROJECT OVERVIEW
KAFD District
b u i l d i n g e n g i n e e r i n g
INTEGRATED SKIN
Structure (by others)
Insulated Composite Panels
External Cladding Panels
Primary Fixing Brackets
ES.6
0.01
ES.5
0.01
ES.5
0.02
ES.0
1.02
ES.0
1.01
ES.1
0.01
ES.5
0.01
ES.60.01 - Primary Fixing Bracket
ES.60.01Primary Fixing Bracket
for Composite Panel
ES.50.01Opaque InsulatedComposite Panel
Steel Structure (by others)
ES.01.01UHPC PanelStage 3. External Cladding
Stage 2. Insulated Composite Panel
Stage 1. Primary Fixing Bracket
ES.50.01 - Insulated Composite PanelEach composite panel is fixed to one arm from eachprimary fixing bracket
Geometry Analysis Systems Design
b u i l d i n g e n g i n e e r i n g
Annual radiation map[kWh/m2]
Monthly average direct normal radiation [Wh/m2]
Ebn,annual average
566 W/m2
Ebn,annual average
246 W/m2
London London
Riyadh Riyadh 44.8 %
of sunlight hours present a solar altitude bigger than 40°
22.6 %
of sunlight hours present a solar altitude bigger than 40°
Percentage of the sunlight hours grouped according to solar altitude [% hours]
13.20% 12.60%13.30%
16.10%17.40%
9.60%8.50%
7.10%
2.40%
0.00%
2.00%
4.00%
6.00%
8.00%
10.00%
12.00%
14.00%
16.00%
18.00%
20.00%
0°-10° 10°-20° 20°-30° 30°-40° 40°-50° 50°-60° 60°-70° 70°-80° 80°-90°
578532
505478
538
634591 584
611660
563521
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
CLIMATE BASED ANALYSIS
[kWh/m2]
0 385 770
b u i l d i n g e n g i n e e r i n g
North-East oriented facade North-West oriented facade
South-East oriented facade South-West oriented facade
[kWh/m2]
0 385 770
“PODIUM” SHADING STRATEGIES
LOUVRES
FRIT
“Podium” radiation map [Wh/m2]
b u i l d i n g e n g i n e e r i n g
CASE WITH FRITImprovement: +18.5 %
BASE CASENo frit
Circulation path Circulation path
Area of interest with potential risk of glare
Double Glazing Unit with 40% LT
Double Glazing Unit with 40% LT + Frit
Area of interest with potential risk of glare
Annual solar exposure (ASE)
Number of Occupied hours ≥ 1000 lx
FRIT ASSESSMENT - SOUTH AREA
Radiation map [Wh/m2] Frit pattern
0
125
250
N
Most unfavourable area
0 385 770
≥ 250 h Potential for Glare
(Overlit Areas)
b u i l d i n g e n g i n e e r i n g
Results
1
2
Views
21st of June
azimuth 82.0° / altitude 50.0°
azimuth 224.3° / altitude 88.7°
azimuth 278.5° / altitude 48.1°
9:00
12:0
015
:00
View 1 View 2 Illuminance pattern
Lux
Lux
Lux
N
Most unfavourable area
INTERNAL SHADOWS AND ILLUMINANCE STUDIES
JuneMorning Noon Afternoon
b u i l d i n g e n g i n e e r i n g
Results
1
2
Viewsazimuth 114.2° / altitude 43.1°
azimuth 187.9° / altitude 65.9°
azimuth 250.3° / altitude 37.6°
9:0
01
2:0
01
5:0
0
Lux
Lux
Lux
N
Most unfavourable area
INTERNAL SHADOWS AND ILLUMINANCE STUDIES
21st of September View 1 View 2 Illuminance pattern
SeptemberMorning Noon Afternoon
June
b u i l d i n g e n g i n e e r i n g
Results
1
2
Viewsazimuth 135.6° / altitude 26.5°
azimuth 182.4° / altitude 42.1°
azimuth 227.2° / altitude 24.0°
9:0
01
2:0
01
5:0
0
Lux
Lux
Lux
N
Most unfavourable area
INTERNAL SHADOWS AND ILLUMINANCE STUDIES
21st of December View 1 View 2 Illuminance pattern
DecemberMorning Noon Afternoon
September
June
b u i l d i n g e n g i n e e r i n g
Results
1
2
Viewsazimuth 111.8° / altitude 40.0°
azimuth 179.2° / altitude 66.0°
azimuth 247.9° / altitude 40.6°
9:0
01
2:0
01
5:0
0
Lux
Lux
Lux
N
Most unfavourable area
INTERNAL SHADOWS AND ILLUMINANCE STUDIES
21st of March View 1 View 2 Illuminance pattern
MarchMorning Noon Afternoon
December
September
June
b u i l d i n g e n g i n e e r i n g
1.31
14.06
1.50
5.32
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
14.00
16.00
East FaçadeHorizontalEast FaçadeHorizontalWest FaçadeHorizontal
East facade_X = 1.31
West facade_X = 1.50
X= L/H (Optimal shading ratio) X= L/H (Optimal shading ratio)East
West
Horizontal versus vertical shading devices
East facade_Horizontal
West facade_Horizontal
East facade_Vertical
West facade_Vertical
Shading optimisation - horizontal devices
LOUVRES OPTIMISATION
Shading ratioX = L / H
H
thk
thk
β
α
L
2.5
0 m
1.50 1.31
1.36
5.38
1.50
1.14
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
1st of Jan - 31st of Dec 1st of Mar - 30th of Sep 1st of Jun - 30th of Sep
East Façade
West Façade
b u i l d i n g e n g i n e e r i n g
BASE CASE (WITHOUT LOUVRES)
Circulation path
Area of interest with potential risk of glare
CASE WITH LOUVRESImprovement: +61.4 %
Area of interest with potential risk of glare
Double Glazing Unit with 40% LT
Double Glazing Unit with 40% LT + Horizontal louvres
Number of Occupied hours ≥ 1000 lx
0
125
250
N
Most unfavourable area
Annual solar exposure (ASE)
LOUVRES ASSESSMENT
≥ 250 h Potential for Glare
(Overlit Areas)
b u i l d i n g e n g i n e e r i n g
LOUVRES ASSESSMENT
BASE CASE (WITHOUT LOUVRES) CASE WITH LOUVRES
Annual glare
Point in time glare _ 8:00
Intolerable glareDGP ≥ 0.45
Intolerable glareDGP ≥ 0.45
01 0102:00
06:00
10:00
14:00
18:00
22:00
02 0203 0304 0405 0506 0607 0708 0809 0910 1011 1112 12
Disturbing glare0.45≥DGP≥0.40
Disturbing glare0.45≥DGP≥0.40
Perceptible glare0.40≥DGP≥0.35
Perceptible glare0.40≥DGP≥0.35
Imperceptible glareDGP ≤ 0.35
Imperceptible glare DGP ≤ 0.35
Legend
1
Views
N
Most unfavourable area
937.5
500
62.5
[cd/m2]
b u i l d i n g e n g i n e e r i n g
N
34 m
68 m
51 m
Entrance
Service Entrance
Circulation Area West
Pedestrian FlowBaggage Handling
Cerntral Circulation Space
Circulation Area East
Access to the Train Area
Context“Podium” area
“PODIUM” AREA
N
b u i l d i n g e n g i n e e r i n g
Risk of Glare
No Risk of Glare
Number of Occupied hours ≥ 1000 lx ≥ 250 h
Potential for Glare (Overlit Areas)0 125 250
Annual solar exposure (ASE)
Baggage Handling
Secondary circulation area
Access to the train area
5 m
6.5 m
2 m
14.5 m
N
BASE CASE (WITHOUT LOUVRES)
36.5 m
199.5 m
b u i l d i n g e n g i n e e r i n g
Number of Occupied hours ≥ 1000 lx ≥ 250 h
Potential for Glare (Overlit Areas)0 125 250
Annual solar exposure (ASE)
Baggage Handling
Access to the train area
N
36.5 m
CASE WITH LOUVRES
2.5 m
2.2 m
199.5 m
3.4 m
4.5 m
3.5 m
2.5 m
Risk of Glare
No Risk of Glare
Secondary circulation area
2.5
0 m
X= 1.5
X= 1.5
X= 1.3
X= 1.5
X= 1.0X= 1.7
FRIT
X= 0.8
X= 0.8
b u i l d i n g e n g i n e e r i n g
1. External cladding
2. External fixing system supporting the cladding
3. Composite panel: rockwool insulation supported by a metal sheet
4. Steel bracket
5. Steel primary structure
6. Glazing component
7. Internal cladding
200 mm
1
4
3
5
6
7
DIAGRID SYSTEM
4
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
5
CURRENT DESIGN
Initial design
b u i l d i n g e n g i n e e r i n g
Daily average cumulative radiation [Wh/m2] Shading reduction factor [Wh/m2]
East
West
Average solar gain reduction
-39 %
Average solar gain reduction
-41 %
Initial design
15th of June 15th of September 15th of December 15th of March
Initial design
Current design
Current design
SOLAR GAIN REDUCTION
0 385 770
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
15th of Jan 15th of Feb15th of Mar15th of Apr15th of May15th of Jun 15th of Jul 15th of Aug15th of Sep 15th of Oct 15th of Nov15th of Dec
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
[kWh/m2]
b u i l d i n g e n g i n e e r i n g
Tommaso [email protected]
THANK YOU QUESTIONS
Carmelo Guido [email protected]