COMPRESSORSCOMPRESSORS

INTRODUCTION TOINTRODUCTION TO

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENTMECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Engineering for the Petroleum and Process Industries

WHAT ARE COMPRESSORS ?WHAT ARE COMPRESSORS ?

Compressors are machines used to increase the total energy level Compressors are machines used to increase the total energy level of a compressible fluid (either gas or vapor).of a compressible fluid (either gas or vapor).

Molecular weight of compressed gas vary from 2 (Hydrogen) ~ 352 Molecular weight of compressed gas vary from 2 (Hydrogen) ~ 352 (uranium hexafluoride)(uranium hexafluoride)

WHAT ARE COMPRESSORS APPLICATIONS ?WHAT ARE COMPRESSORS APPLICATIONS ?

Compressors applications vary from home refrigerator to large Compressors applications vary from home refrigerator to large complex petrochemical plantscomplex petrochemical plants

Compressors can be used for:Compressors can be used for:

Gas transmission through pipelinesGas transmission through pipelines

Storage and transmission of energy (Storage and transmission of energy (e.g.e.g. shop air compressionshop air compression))

Volume reduction for storage or transportation (Volume reduction for storage or transportation (e.g. LPG, LNG)e.g. LPG, LNG)

Process requirements (Process requirements (e.g. chemical reactions)e.g. chemical reactions)

Energy conversion (Energy conversion (e.g. Ref. system, heat pumpse.g. Ref. system, heat pumps))

COMPRESSOR TYPESCOMPRESSOR TYPESCOMPRESSOR TYPESCOMPRESSOR TYPES

DYNAMIC DYNAMIC DYNAMIC DYNAMIC POSITIVE DISPLACEMENTPOSITIVE DISPLACEMENTPOSITIVE DISPLACEMENTPOSITIVE DISPLACEMENT

EjectorEjectorEjectorEjector CentrifugalCentrifugalCentrifugalCentrifugal AxialAxialAxialAxial RotaryRotaryRotaryRotary ReciprocatingReciprocatingReciprocatingReciprocating

VaneVaneVaneVane Liquid RingLiquid RingLiquid RingLiquid Ring ScrewScrewScrewScrew LobeLobeLobeLobe

Single ActingSingle ActingSingle ActingSingle Acting

Double ActingDouble ActingDouble ActingDouble Acting

Free PistonFree PistonFree PistonFree Piston

LabyrinthLabyrinthLabyrinthLabyrinth

DiaphragmDiaphragmDiaphragmDiaphragm

SELECTION OF COMPRESSORSSELECTION OF COMPRESSORS

POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT COMPRESSORSPOSITIVE DISPLACEMENT COMPRESSORSRECIPROCATING COMPRESSORSRECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS

POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT COMPRESSORSPOSITIVE DISPLACEMENT COMPRESSORS

Positive Displacement Compressors, are Positive Displacement Compressors, are machines in which successive volumes of gas are machines in which successive volumes of gas are confined within a closed space where the confined within a closed space where the pressure is increased as volume of the closed pressure is increased as volume of the closed space is decreased. space is decreased.

RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORSRECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS

Reciprocating compressors are positive displacement machines Reciprocating compressors are positive displacement machines that compress and move gases by using a combination of that compress and move gases by using a combination of RotationalRotational and and LinearLinear (Reciprocating) motion (Reciprocating) motion

HOW RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS HOW RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS WORK ?WORK ?

Reciprocating compressors are positive Reciprocating compressors are positive displacement machines that compress and displacement machines that compress and move gases by using a combination of move gases by using a combination of RotationalRotational and and LinearLinear (Reciprocating) motion (Reciprocating) motion

Ideal Reciprocating Compressor cycle as Ideal Reciprocating Compressor cycle as following:following:

SuctionSuction

CompressionCompression

Discharge Discharge

ExpansionExpansion

RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS CLASSIFICATIONCLASSIFICATION

Reciprocating compressors are available in:-Reciprocating compressors are available in:-

CrankCrank

Piston RodPiston Rod Cross Cross HeadHead

Trunk Trunk PistonPiston

PistonPiston

Connecting Connecting RodRod

Cylinder Cylinder VolumeVolume

Rod Rod PackingPacking

Head-End Head-End Cylinder Cylinder VolumeVolume

Crank-End Crank-End Cylinder Cylinder VolumeVolume

Single Acting (Single Acting (Trunk or automotive piston TypeTrunk or automotive piston Type))

Double acting (Double acting (Cross Head TypeCross Head Type))

RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORSRECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS

RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORSRECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS

RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS CONSTRUCTIONRECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS CONSTRUCTIONCRANK SHAFTCRANK SHAFT

Robust Guidesand Frame

Steel backed tri-metal Shoes and Bearings

Heavy Duty Guide Support

Consolidated ReliefValve simplifies the

Oil System

Large Selection ofStandard CylindersLarge Access To Crosshead

Guide and Packing

44” (1118 mm) Throw Spacing

Digital No-Flow LubricationCounter and Shutdown

Small BorePiston & Step Liner

Medium Bore Piston & Liner

Variable VolumeHead – Common To 3 Diameters

Cylinder Body &Piston Rod CommonTo 3 Diameters

Large Bore Piston & Stub Liner

RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS VALVES CONSTRUCTIONRECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS VALVES CONSTRUCTION

Plate valvePlate valve

RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS VALVES CONSTRUCTIONRECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS VALVES CONSTRUCTION

Pre-lube Pump Lubricator

Oil-level Controller

(option)

Oil Filter Mount

Digital No-Flow Timer

Divider Block

Oil Pressure Gauges

Frame & Cylinder LubricationFrame & Cylinder Lubrication

Plate-type Oil Cooler

RECIPROCATING RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORSCOMPRESSORS

RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS CONSTRUCTIONRECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS CONSTRUCTIONPISTON ROD PACKINGPISTON ROD PACKING

RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS CONSTRUCTIONRECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS CONSTRUCTIONCROSS HEADCROSS HEAD

RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS CONSTRUCTIONRECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS CONSTRUCTIONCONNECTING RODCONNECTING ROD

RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS CONSTRUCTIONRECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS CONSTRUCTIONCRANK SHAFTCRANK SHAFT

Locking Collar

Variable Volume Clearance PocketsVariable Volume Clearance Pockets

RECIPROCATING RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS COMPRESSORS

PULSATION DAMPENERPULSATION DAMPENER

RECIP. COMPRESSORS RECIP. COMPRESSORS GAUGE BOARD GAUGE BOARD

RECIP. COMPRESSORS DRIVE METHODSRECIP. COMPRESSORS DRIVE METHODS

Electric MotorElectric Motor

RECIP. COMPRESSORS DRIVE METHODSRECIP. COMPRESSORS DRIVE METHODS

Internal Combustion Gas EngineInternal Combustion Gas Engine

CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSORSCENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSORS

HOW CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSORS WORK?HOW CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSORS WORK?

1

2

3

1- GAS INITIAL CONDITION AT INLET

2- GAS AFTER ACCELERATION

3- GAS AFTER DECELERATION

FROM BENOLLI EQUATION:

P3+RV3/2+RGZ3 = P2+RV2/2+RGZ2

CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSORS CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSORS IMPELLER TYPESIMPELLER TYPES

HORIZONTALLY SPLIT COMPRESSORS TOP NOZZLESHORIZONTALLY SPLIT COMPRESSORS TOP NOZZLES

HORIZONTALLY SPLIT BACK TO BACK HORIZONTALLY SPLIT BACK TO BACK ARRANGEMENT COMPRESSORSARRANGEMENT COMPRESSORS

HORIZONTALLY SPLIT HIGH FLOW HORIZONTALLY SPLIT HIGH FLOW COMPRESSORSCOMPRESSORS

VERTICALLY SPLIT COMPRESSORSVERTICALLY SPLIT COMPRESSORSTOP NOZZLESTOP NOZZLES

VERTICALLY SPLIT VERY HIGH PRESSURE VERTICALLY SPLIT VERY HIGH PRESSURE COMPRESSORSCOMPRESSORS

VERTICALLY SPLIT PIPELINE COMPRESSORSVERTICALLY SPLIT PIPELINE COMPRESSORS

HIGH SPEED INTEGRALLY GEARED CENTRIFUGAL HIGH SPEED INTEGRALLY GEARED CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSORSCOMPRESSORS