CLONING

PRESENTED BY

Nilima SarwarSamavi Farnush Bint-E-NaserRazia HasanAsma-Ul-Husna

WHAT IS CLONING?

Greek word klōn, meaning twig

The process whereby a new plant can be

created from a twig.

Cloning is the creation of an

organism that is an exact genetic copy

of another. In a cloned cell, every

single bit of DNA is the same between

the two!

HOW DID IT ALL START?

More mammals (mice,cows,goats)

cloned by sometic cell

nuclear transfer

1998 and onwards

Dolly: First mammal

created by somatic cell

nuclear transfer

1996

First nuclear transfer

from laboratory

cells

1995

First mammal

created by Steen

Willadsen

1984

First mammalian

embryo created by

Derek Bromhall

1975

First cloned tadpoles by

Robert Briggs and Thomas

King

1952

First idea of cloning proposed by Hans Spemann

1938

As the rate of successfully cloned animals grew, new possibilities were being explored by scientists and researchers

Ref: http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/cloning/clonezone/

DIFFERENT TYPES OF CLONING

Therapeutic cloningReproductive

cloningDNA cloning

or Gene cloning

- Cloning to make stem cells

- Reviving Endangered or Extinct

Species

- Drug production

- Production of recombinant proteins,

recombinant DNA

- Transgenic organisms

- Gene therapy

- Gene cloning in agriculture

Applications

DIFFERENT TYPES OF CLONING (cont’d)

Therapeutic cloning

involves the cloning of

human embryos for the

production of stem cells.

The embryos are

eventually destroyed in

this process.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF CLONING (cont’d)Organism cloning involves

making an identical copy of

an entire organism. This

type of cloning is also

called reproductive cloning.

 

DIFFERENT TYPES OF CLONING (cont’d)

Gene cloning

focuses on

making identical

copies of DNA

molecules

SOME PROS AND CONS OF CLONING

- Modify faulty genes and incorporate

the corrected genes

- Genetically modified food and

organisms

- Enhancement of nutritional value

- Reproductive cloning has immense

potential in reviving extinct species

- Stem cells can be produced for

treatment of various diseases

Why

pursue

cloning?

- Expensive procedure

- Rate of successful cloning is very

low

- Cloned livestock may be short

lived and disease prone

- High chance of cell mutation in

newly cloned species.

- Genetic diversity is reduced.

Considering the risks

CONCLUSION

Thank you