CHEMISTRY 21st CENTURY

• NAME : Kushang N. Choksi • Roll No : 24• Sub : Textile Technology•Clg: Sarvajanik College of Engineering & Technology

What is Chemistry ?

• Chemistry is a branch of physical science, and the study of the substances of which matter is composed.

• Chemistry is a branch of physical science that studies the composition, structure, properties and change of matter.

History of Chemistry :

• A basic chemical hypothesis first emerged in Classical Greece with the theory of four elements as propounded definitively by Aristotle stating that that fire, air, earth and water were the fundamental elements from which everything is formed as a combination

Uses of Chemistry :

• Everything is made of chemicals. Many of the changes we observe in the world around we see that caused by chemical reactions. Chemistry is very important because it helps us to know the composition, structure& changes of matter. All the matters are made up of chemistry.

Starts in 16th century :

• In the 16th century, among them Georg Agricola, who published his great work De re metallica in 1556. His work describes the highly developed and complex processes of mining metal ores, metal extraction and metallurgy of the time.

•  The work contains some of the earliest modern ideas of atoms, molecules, and chemical reaction, and marks the beginning of the history of modern chemistry

Starts in 17th century :

• In the 17th century, a synthesis of the ideas of these two disciplines, that is thedeductive and the experimental, leads to the development of a process of thinking known as the scientific method.

•  The experimental methods of modern science are considerably advanced by the work of Robert Boyle during the 1660s

Starts in 18th century :

• Two natural processes and rusting, particularly intrigue the chemists of the 17th and 18th centuries.

• During the 18th century chemistry made great advances. In 1751 a man named Axel Cronstedt discovered nickel. In 1766 Henry Cavendish isolated hydrogen and studied its properties.

• Perhaps the greatest chemist of the 18th century was Antoine Lavoisier. He also discovered the role of oxygen in respiration and corrosion of metals.

• Antoine Lavoisier was a French nobleman and chemist central to the 18th-century Chemical Revolution and a large influence on both the histories of chemistry and biology. He is widely considered to be the "Father of Modern Chemistry”.

Starts in 19th century :• During the 19th century

science made great progress.• In 1803 John Dalton published

his atomic theory.• In 1847 the German Hermann

von Helmholtz formulated the law of the Conservation of Energy, which states that energy is never lost but just changes from one form to another.

• Meanwhile geology made huge strides. Charles Lyell saw that rocks were formed by processes we see today. In 1830 he published his book Principles of Geology.

• In 1837 a Swiss, Louis Agassiz realized that a vast sheet of ice had once covered northern Europe..

Starts in 20th century :

• During the 20th century science continued to go forward at fantastic speed.

• During the 20th century scientists came to understand the atom.

•  In 1910 Ernest Rutherford discovered the atomic nucleus. He realized that almost all the mass of an atom is in the nucleus with electrons orbiting it. In 1932 James Chadwick discovered the neutron.

• The most famous physicist of the late 20th century is Stephen Hawking (1942-). Hawking is known for his research into black holes, relativity and cosmology.

Starts in 21st century :

• Two more innovations of the late 20th century deserve at least brief mention, especially as they are special focuses of the chemical industry in the 21st century.

• The phenomenon of superconductivity was discovered in 1911 at temperatures very close to absolute zero.