Chapter 3 materials & techniques for repairs

REPAIR AND REHABILITATION OF STRUCTURES

Materials And Techniques For RepairPrepared By:Assistant Professor Ankit Patel

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General

Though concrete is relatively durable construction material it may suffer damage or distress during its life period due to number of reasons. Deterioration of concrete structure is the natural phenomenon of the gradual degradation of constituent material brought about physical chemical and mechanical processes. A basic understanding of underlying causes of concrete deficiencies is essential to performing meaningful evaluations and successful repair. If the cause is understood it is much more likely that an appropriate repair system will be selected and the repair will be successful and max life of repair will be obtained.

BITS Edu CampusProf. Ankit Patel2

General

Selection of repair material is one of the most important tasks for ensuring durable and trust worthy repair. Though, the pre-requisite for a sound repair system is the detailed investigation and determining the exact cause of distress, yet an understanding of the process of deterioration of the repair materials under service conditions is vital. Of course, availability of materials of relevance, equipment and skilled labour have to be explored before deciding upon the repair material. Since, cementitious products have a tendency to shrink and hardening with age, it is essential that the repair material for repairing concrete or plaster should be of non shrink type and compatible with parent material.BITS Edu CampusProf. Ankit Patel3

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Essential Parameters for Repair Materials

Besides being of compatible properties, repair materials for cement concrete/mortar shall also be easy to apply and require no attention after the repair has been applied. Final selection of materials is made based on the relationship between cost, performance, and risk. The essential parameters for deciding upon a repair material for concrete are:Low shrinkage propertiesRequisite setting/hardening propertiesWorkabilityGood bond strength with existing sub-strataCompatible coefficient of thermal expansionCompatible mechanical properties and strength to that of the sub-strataMinimal or no curing requirement



Alkaline characterLow air and water permeabilityAesthetics to match with surroundingsCostDurable, non degradable or non-biodegradable Non-hazardous/non-polluting



Low Shrinkage: It is well known that the cementitious repair materials shrink with passage of time. Most of the shrinkage generally takes place in the initial period from the time of casting to 21 days. Therefore, cementitious repair material in its original form, if used for repair to concrete/ mortar, is likely to get either delaminated due to de-bonding or develop shrinkage cracks on its surface due to shrinkage strains and stresses. Shrinkage cracks so developed in the repair patch would allow the easy access of atmospheric air and water, which could be harmful for concrete and reinforcement.It is, therefore, essential that the low shrinkage property of repair material shall be looked for while selecting a material for concrete repair. Cementitious materials need additional no shrink compounds so as to be effective in achieving the desired property. Using low cement content and low water cement ratio will also reduce the drying shrinkage.



Requisite setting/hardening Properties : It is desirable that the repaired structure shall be put to use at the earliest possible to reduce the down time of plant, machinery, building or road. It is, therefore, essential that repaired patch shall harden in the minimum possible time. However, in exceptional cases, it could also be essential to have the slow setting property as a desirable property for repair material. Such situation could be where more working time is required to work on repair materials or the repair process is intricate that more working time is required.



Workability:The property desired by the field workers is good workability. Optimum workability is to be achieved without sacrificing the other desirable properties by use of suitable additives/admixtures.Bond with the Substrate:The bond strength of repair patch with the substrate is essential to have a successful repair system. If it is felt that the bond strength of the repair material with the base material is inadequate or less than the strength of the base material, then some other suitable means could be explored to improve bond strength between repair material and substrate. These could be use of:Adhesive,Surface interlocking system, and/orMechanical bonding



Compatible Coefficient of thermal Expansion:The difference in volume change because of temperature variation can cause failure either at the bond line or within the section of lower strength material. Therefore, in the areas exposed to temperature variations, the patches of repair should have same coefficient of thermal expansion to ensure that no undue stresses are transferred to bonding interface or the substrate.Compatible Mechanical Properties & Strength:The hardened material shall have compatible mechanical properties or rather slightly better strength than that of base material. This property is desirable to ensure uniform flow of stresses and strains in loaded structures. It is well known that the elastic modulus of two concretes would be different for different crushing strength so if repair concrete is having strength much different than the base, it could lead to non-uniform flow of stresses and may result in an early failure of the repair patch.



Minimal or no curing Requirement:It is desirable that the repair material shall not have any curing requirement after the repair has been applied or even if it is required; it should be minimal to ensure that the repair patch hardens and attains the desired strength without much post-repair-care.Alkalinity:In case of RCC, it is important to maintain the alkalinity of concrete around reinforcement with its pH above 11.5 from corrosion protection point of view. In this context, it is necessary for the repair material to have chemical characteristics such that it does not adversely affect the alkalinity of the base concrete at a later date.



Low air & water permeability:Permeable material allows easy permeation of environmental chemicals including carbon dioxide, water, oxygen, industrial gases/vapours etc. It is essential that repair materials should have a very low air/water permeability to provide protection to the reinforced concrete against ingress of harmful environmental chemicals.Aesthetics:It is desirable that colour and texture of the repair material should match with the structure and give aesthetically pleasant appearance. If need be, this could be achieved through appropriate finishes.Cost:Economics is important while considering various options for repair materials but cheaper repair material should not be selected at the cost of performance characteristics.



Durability & Bio non-degradability:The repair material selected should be durable under its exposure conditions during the service life against chemical attack, resistant to any form of energy like ultra violet rays, infra red rays, heat etc and should be bio non-degradable.

Non-Hazardous / Non Polluting:The repair materials should not be hazardous to field workers. However adequate Safety measures are required to be taken for repair Materials, which are hazardous to workers involved with their application, etc. These should also be environment friendly.


Classification of Repair Materials

Wide range of materials for repair of concrete is available differing in cost and their performance into the following categories:Patch repair materials:Cementious Mortar/ concretePolymer modified cementitious mortar/concretePolymer mortarQuick seating compounds ie high alumina cement calcium sulphate based2. Injection grout:Cementitious groutPolymer grout Sulpho aluminate grout3. Bonding materials:Polymer emulsion typePolymer resin type


Classification of Repair Materials

4. Resurfacing materials:Protective coating and membraneGunite shotcreteOverlays5. Sealing materials6. Water proofing materials7. Other repair materials:Corrosion inhibitorsCathodic protectionRealkalizationBITS Edu CampusProf. Ankit Patel14

Premixed Cement Concrete

Conventional concrete is composed of Portland cement, aggregates and water. Admixtures are frequently used to entrain air, accelerate or retard hydration, improve workability, increase strength, or alter the properties of concrete. Pozzolonic materials such as fly ash or silica fume may be use in Portland cement to provide reduced early heat of hydration, improve later stage strength, and increase the resistance to alkali-aggregate reactions and sulphate attack. Cement paste, being a binder in concrete or mortar holds fine aggregates, coarse aggregates and other constituents together in a hardened matrix. Cement forms one of the most basic materials used for not only in new construction but also as repair material. Therefore, selection of the appropriate type of cement for new construction as well as repair work is important and determines the final efficacy and durability of the structure.



Ordinary Portland cement (OPC): IS: 456-2000 allows to use 33, 43, 53 grade of OPC. Grade 33 and 43 may be use for most of the repair works. Whereas 53 grade cement is more suited for injection grouting of cracks or honey combed concrete.Portland Pozzolana Cement and Portland Slag cement: PPC is obtained by intergrinding of OPC clinkers with 15 to 35 % of Pozzolonic materials like fly ash and calcined clay. Pozzolana themselves do not possess any cementitious properties, but in finely divided state and in presence of water chemically react with free lime available in the OPC cement paste to form compound possessing cementitious properties. Pozzolonic materials convert soluble calcium hydroxide into insoluble formed hence the permeability and durability gets improve. Portland slag cement is made by intergrinding Portland cement clinker , gypsum and granulated blast furnace slag. The quantity of blast furnace slag mixed with OPC will range from 25 to 65% BITS Edu CampusProf. Ankit Patel16

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Blast furnace slag is a waste produce consisting of a mixture of lime, silica , and alumina obtained in manufacture of pig iron.Portland slag cement has low heat of hydration , better resistance to chlorides sulphates and alkalies , low permeability and good resistance to acidic water.Rapid Hardening Cement (RHC): RHC develops strength more rapidly at early ages but as its ultimate strength comparable to OPC. It is used where early strength is required for eg. For road repair works, wall sealing etc.Expansive cement: Concrete shrinks while setting due to loss of free water. The important property of expansive cement is that it suffers no overall change in volume on drying. This type of cement is made by mixing 8-20 parts of sulphoaluminate clinker with 100 parts of OPC and 15 parts of stabilizer. Shrinkage compensating expansive cement are use to minimize cracking caused by drying shrinkage in repair concrete. It restrain expansion, induces compressive stresses.BITS Edu CampusProf. Ankit Patel17


Pr-Mixed Cement Mortar: it is a mixture of Portland cement, fine aggregate and water. Water reducing admixtures, expansive agents and other modifiers are often used with conventional mortar to minimize shrinkage. Conventional mortar is readily available , well understood , economically and easy to produce , pace and finish. They are suitable for small cracks.Mortar generally exhibit increased drying shrinkage compared to concrete because of their higher water volume, high cement content and higher paste aggregate ratio.BITS Edu CampusProf. Ankit Patel18

INTRODUCTIONPoly mers = many parts

A long molecule made up from lots of small molecules called monomers.

Monomer = non-linked mer material

19BITS Edu CampusProf. Ankit Patel


ACADEMIC PURPOSEPolymer in concrete a new construction achievements on the horizonIntroduction:Through continued research it has been established that addition of polymer in concrete brings about marked improvement in its compressive strength, fatigue resistance ,impact resistance, toughness and durability.Polymer concrete is highly impermeable and resistance to attack by acids alkalis and other chemicals.


Types of polymer concrete:

Polymer concrete may be classified into the following three categories:

Polymer impregnated concrete (PIC).Polymer Portland cement concrete (PPPC).Polymer concrete(PC).


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POLYMER IMPREGNATED CONCRETE (PIC)PIC is a hardened Portland cement concrete that has been impregnated with a monomer(low viscosity liquid organic material)and subsequently polymerized in situ.In this case , the cement concrete is cast and cured in the conversational manner.After the concrete product gets hardened and dried, air from its voids is removed under partial vacuum and viscosity monomer(vinyl chloride etc.)is diffused through the pores of concrete. The concrete product is then finally subjected to polymerization by radiation by heat treatment thereby converting the monomer filled in the voids into solid plastic.


The concept underlying PIC is that if voids are responsible for low strength as well as poor durability of concrete in severe environments, then eliminating them by filling with a polymer should improve the characteristics of the material.It is difficult for a liquid to penetrate it if the viscosity of the liquid is high and the voids in concrete are not empty (they contain water and air). Therefore, for producing PIC, it is essential not only to select a low-viscosity liquid for penetration but also to dry and evacuate the concrete before subjecting it to the penetration process. Monomers such as methyl methacrylate (MMA) and styrene are commonly used for penetration because of relatively low viscosity, high boiling point (less loss due to volatilization), and low cost. BITS Edu CampusProf. Ankit Patel24

After penetration, the monomer has to be polymerized in situ. This can be accomplished in one of three ways.A combination of promoter chemical and catalysts can be used for room-temperature polymerization; but it is not favored because the process is slow and less controllable.Gamma radiation can also induce polymerization at room temperature, but the health hazard associated with it discourages the wide acceptance of this process in filed practice.The third method, which is generally employed, consists of using a monomer-catalyst mixture for penetration, and subsequently polymerizing the monomer by heating the concrete to 70 C with steam, hot water, or infrared heaters.BITS Edu CampusProf. Ankit Patel25


APPLICATION:

PIC (short form) product on account of their high resistance to wear and tear, impact etc. are used as /in:

Precast slabs for bridge decks;Roads;Marine structures;


POLYMER PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE (PPCC)PPCC is produced by incorporating an emulsion of a polymer or a monomer in ordinary Portland cement concrete.The ingredients comprising cement invented by john, aggregates and monomer are mixing with water and monomer in the concrete mix is polymerized after placing concrete in position.The resultant concrete has improved:Strength;Adhesion;Chemical resistance;Impact resistance;Abrasion resistance;Increased impermeability;Reduced absorption;Application: marine works.


POLYMER CONCRETE(PC)

Polymer concrete is a mixture of aggregates with polymer as the sole binder. There is no bonding material present. Portland cement is not used. It is manufactured in a manner similar to that of cement concrete. Monomers or pre polymers are added to the graded aggregate and the mixture is thoroughly mixed by hand or machine. The thoroughly mixed polymer concrete material is cast in moulds of steel or aluminum. The polymer concrete material cast in moulds are then polymerized either at room temp or at an elevated temp.In PC polymer/monomer is employed to act as binder in place of cement.The monomer and aggregate are mixed together and the monomer is polymerized after placement of concrete in position.Application: industrial structures, dams, as it possess good electrical properties it can be use to manufacturing electric poles.


Precautions while placing PMM/PMC

General Guidelines & Precautions for use of polymer modified cement Mortar/concrete The speed and time of mixing should be properly selected to avoid unnecessary entrapment of air.The PMM/PMC has excellent adhesion even to metal and hence all equipment should be washed immediately after use.For resurfacing, flooring and patching, all loose and non-durable materials must be removed either by sandblasting, wire brushing and blowing with compressed air. The cleaned surface should be thoroughly wetted well before placement of PMM/PMC. Before application, surface should be in saturated dry (wet but no standing water) condition.PMM/PMC should never be placed below 5 C and above 30 C. The surface of newly placed material should be protected from rainfall or other source of water. The surface should be immediately covered with plastic sheet.BITS Edu CampusProf. Ankit Patel30

Precautions while placing PMM/PMC

In large area of application, it is advisable to provide joints of 15 mm width at intervals of 3-4 meter.Polymers should be stored in a cool dry room & should not be kept in exposed areas.Polymers should be mixed with cement slurry or mortar in the proportions recommended by the manufacturers for various uses.


EPOXIES AND EPOXY SYSTEMS

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Epoxies also come in the category of polymers but in the case of epoxies, the polymerisation process takes place when two materials called the epoxy resin and hardener come in contact by thoroughly mixing in specified proportion. The epoxy resin materials have good mechanical strength, chemical resistance and ease of working. These are being used in civil engineering for high performance coatings, adhesives, injection grouting, high performance systems, industrial flooring or grouting etc.

The term epoxy resin is a generic name of compounds that describe a broad class of thermosetting polymers in which the primary cross linking occurs through the reaction of an epoxide group. In general, an epoxy resin can be thought of as a molecule containing a three-membered ring, consisting of one oxygen atom and two carbon atoms.


EPOXIES AND EPOXY SYSTEMSEpoxies Resin: It have very good mechanical strength, chemical resistance and ease of working. They are excellent binding agents with high tensile strength. The product is of low viscosity and can be injected into small cracks too. The higher viscosity epoxy resin can be use for surface coating or filling large cracks or holes.Epoxy Hardener (Curing Agent): it combines with the epoxy resin and changes it from liquid to a solid state. The most common used curing agents are aliphatic and aromatic amines and polyamides and their products. The aromatic polyamine curing agents react faster than the aliphatic polyaminesBITS Edu CampusProf. Ankit Patel33

EPOXY MODIFIERS The modifiers are used to provide specific physical and mechanical performance in both the uncured and cured resin.Rubber Additives: These are used to increase flexibility, fatigue resistance, crack resistance, and energy absorption (toughness) in epoxy resins. Diluents: These are used for lowering the viscosity and improving handling characteristics of epoxy resin BITS Edu CampusProf. Ankit Patel34

EPOXY MODIFIERS Coal Tar Epoxy System: Coal Tar epoxy resin combinations with polyamine hardener have been widely used as water resistant protective coatings. Coal Tar plays an important part in the improvement of corrosion resistance of epoxy resin system. Epoxy Mortar and Concrete: Epoxy resins are used with aggregate (silica sand) to produce epoxy mortar or epoxy concrete, which is used for structural repairs of concrete, RCC besides its use in new construction in industrial flooring, foundation grouting, roads etc. They are normally used where volume of materials is not large and where rapid curing can be obtained BITS Edu CampusProf. Ankit Patel35

What are the advantages of Epoxies?Bonds strongly to most materials including metals, concrete, glass, ceramics, stone, wood, leather. Exceptions are plastics materials like polyethylene, polypropylene, Teflon, etc.Excellent resistance to chemicals and solvents.Very good electrical insulating properties.Outstanding mechanical strength including tensile, compressive, flexural and modulus.Very little shrinkage on curing, thus providing good dimensional stability.BITS Edu CampusProf. Ankit Patel36

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Precautions While Using EpoxiesEpoxies are generally toxic in nature and these require lot of care in their handling. The special care required to be taken during their mixing and applications They should not come in contact with the skin. Workers should be provided with rubber gloves.The utensils/ equipment's used for the mixing resin and hardener should be cleaned immediately after their use.The epoxies are generally used as an adhesive to act as bond coat between the old concrete and repaired concrete. Epoxies have much higher bond strength than other polymers, but at the same time, these are costlier.BITS Edu CampusProf. Ankit Patel37

Field of Applications:Anti Corrosive and Water Proofing Protective Coatings:Bond Coats (Structural Adhesives) and Grouts:Structural repairs to concreteBITS Edu CampusProf. Ankit Patel38


Surface CoatingsSurface coating are also referred as resurfacing materials and toppings. Protective coatings can greatly reduce the effect of deteriorate conditions, and significantly improve the durability characteristics of the concrete. A variety of coatings are available and some are tailored for greater chemical resistance, while others are to resist wear and erosion.Essential Parameters for coatings:Posses excellent bond to substrateBe durable with a long useful life normally 5 years.Little or no colour change with time.Should have sufficient impermeability against the passage of oxygen and carbon dioxide from air to concrete.Should be available in a reasonable range of attractive colours.


Surface CoatingsFactors Considered on application of coatings:Climatic ConditionsTemperature of concreteMoisture content of surfaceThe thickness and number of coatsTypes of Coating:Epoxy coatings:Excellent chemical resistance to most chemicalsExcellent adhesion to concreteGood abrasion and impact resistanceExcellent resistant to corrosion of steel reinforcement 2. Acrylic coatings:Solvent Free acrylic coatings have excellent wetting characteristics , a fair degree of chemical resistance and good color retention characteristicsBITS Edu CampusProf. Ankit Patel41

Surface CoatingsBecause of their low viscosity, these materials are ideally suited for sealing cracks3. Polyvinyl chloride coatings:Very poor adhesion to concrete Excellent acid resistance Not suitable on moist surface4. Polyvinyl Alcohol coatings:Good adhesion to concreteModerately resistant to acids and alkaliesGood flexibility, hardness and abrasion resistance5. Chlorinated Rubber coatings:Resistance to heat, sunlight and weatherModerately resistant to acids and alkalies Good adhesion to concreteBITS Edu CampusProf. Ankit Patel42

Surface Hardness And OverlaysThe surface hardener and overlays are use for repair and upgrading of industrial floors, where loaded vehicles traverse the floor.This improves the wear resistance chemical resistance, reduce dusting and improve appearance of concrete floorsOverlays (Toppings): it is provided as a second stage of construction on a new floor or deck, or in a rehabilitation of existing deteriorated floor slab or deck.General requirement of overlays it gives adequate skid resistance, low permeability to water, higher abrasion resistance, sufficient flexibility to avoid crackingMaterial used for overlays are thin polymer overlays and thin epoxy overlaysBITS Edu CampusProf. Ankit Patel43

Surface Hardness And OverlaysThin Polymer overlays: this are use to improve the abrasion resistance and for creating waterproofing barriers on the surface and act as a protective coatings . These are applied in less than 10mm thickness and it is applied for 2 to 3 coats.Thin epoxy overlays: this are also used to improve the abrasion resistance and for creating waterproofing barriers on the surface and act as a protective coatings . These are applied in 2 to 3mm thickness. It is generally comprises of resin and hardener. The strength gain is much faster than polymer overlays.BITS Edu CampusProf. Ankit Patel44

Sealing Materials Definition for SEALANT is any material placed in a joint opening generally for the purpose of weather proofing a building, so designed to prevent the passage of moisture, air, dust, and heat through all joints and seams in the structure.ORDefinition for SEALANT is in building construction, a material that has the necessary adhesive and cohesive properties to form a seal. BITS Edu CampusProf. Ankit Patel45

Sealing MaterialsFunctions:Sealants, despite not having great strength, convey a number of properties. They seal top structures to the substrate, and are particularly effective in waterproofing processes by keeping moisture out (or in) the components in which they are used. They can provide thermal insulation, and may serve as fire barriers. They may have electrical properties, as well. Sealants can also be used for simple smoothing or filling. To prevent ingress of water into the structure To accommodate joint movement BITS Edu CampusProf. Ankit Patel46


SEALANTSBITS Edu CampusProf. Ankit Patel48

Types of Construction Sealants Silicone Sealants Epoxy Hybrid Polyurethanes Sealants Polyurethanes Sealants Elastic Sealants Varnish Acrylic Latex Sealants Bituminous Sealants Synthetic Rubber Sealants Thermoplastics Sealants Butyl Sealants Hot Wax Proof Sealants Polysulfide SealantsBITS Edu CampusProf. Ankit Patel49

Advantages Improves Product Durability and Reliability. Increases Product Performance.Increases Product Quality. Enhances Product Aesthetics.Increases weathering characteristics.


Silicon SealantsButyl SealantsEpoxy SealantsBituminous SealantsElastic SealantsBITS Edu CampusProf. Ankit Patel51

Bonding MaterialsBonding materials are natural, synthetic or compounded materials used to join two structural members without mechanical fasteners. These materials are often used in various repair applications, such as bonding of new concrete to old concrete. The bonding between new concrete and old concrete depends upon: i. The cleanliness of the old surface. ii. The strength and integrity of the old surface Two types of bonding agents are frequently used: (a) Cement - based slurries (b) Epoxies BITS Edu CampusProf. Ankit Patel52

Water Proofing MaterialsWaterproofing materials are applied on concrete surfaces to form impervious coatings that prevents the ingress of water into the concrete. Various waterproofing materials marketed are : 1. Cement based coatings: A bedding layer of mortar 1 : 3 (cement : sand) of thickness not less than 5 mm may be applied. BITS Edu CampusProf. Ankit Patel53

Water Proofing Materials2. Polymer resin based coatings:Solvent based coatings are available as single or two component coatings. The coatings on drying produce a smooth dense continuous film that provides a barrier to moisture and mild chemical attack; these are preferred for location of high humidity. BITS Edu CampusProf. Ankit Patel54

Chemical AdmixturesThese are the materials in the form of powder or fluids that are added to the concrete to give it certain characteristics not obtainable with plain concrete mixes. In normal use, admixture dosages are less than 5% by mass of cement.Various Chemical admixtures are:AcceleratorsRetardersPlasticizersSuper plasticizers


Chemical AdmixturesAccelerating Admixtures :An accelerating admixture is used to accelerate the rate of hydration (setting) and strength development of concrete at an early age. Advantages 1. Early removal of formwork 2. Reducing curing period requirement 3. Advance the time that a structure can be placed in the service 4. In the emergency repair works Calcium chloride (CaCl2) is the chemical most commonly used in accelerating admixtures, especially for non-reinforced concrete. The widespread use of calcium chloride as an accelerating admixtures has provided much data and experience on the effect of this chemical on the properties of concrete. Besides accelerating strength gain, calcium chloride causes an increase in drying shrinkage, potential reinforcement corrosion, discoloration (a darkening of concrete), and an increase in the potential for scaling. BITS Edu CampusProf. Ankit Patel56

Chemical AdmixturesRetarding Admixtures:Retarding admixtures are used to delay the rate of setting of concrete. High temperatures of fresh concrete (30C [86F]) are often the cause of an increased rate of hardening that make placing and finishing difficult. One of the most practical methods of counteracting this effect is to reduce the temperature of the concrete by cooling the mixing water and/or the aggregates. Retarders do not decrease the initial temperature of concrete. The bleeding rate and bleeding capacity of concrete is increased with retarders. Retarding admixtures are useful in extending the setting time of concrete, but they are often also used in attempts to decrease slump loss and extend workability, especially prior to placement at elevated temperatures. Some of the materials used as retarders are: 1. Gypsum, Lignin , Borax ,Sugars ,Tartaric acid and salts


Chemical AdmixturesWater-Reducing Admixtures (Plasticizers) Plasticizers or water reducers are chemical admixtures that can be added to concrete mixtures to improve workability. Water-reducing admixtures are used to reduce the quantity of mixing water required to produce concrete of a certain slump. Advantages 1. Increase workability significantly 2. Reduce water-cement ratio 3. Reduce cement content 4. Increase strength and Durability 5. Increase slump significantly. Adding a water-reducing admixture to concrete without reducing the water content can produce a mixture with a higher slump. 6. Reduce water content. Typical water reducers reduce the water content by approximately 5% to 10%


Chemical AdmixturesHigh-Range Water Reducing Admixtures (Super Plasticizers) High-range water reducers, can be used to impart properties induced by regular water reducers, only much more efficiently. They can greatly reduce water demand and cement contents and make low water-cement ratio, high-strength concrete with normal or enhanced workability. A water reduction of 12% to 30% can be obtained through the use of these admixtures The reduced water content and water-cement ratio can produce concretes with (1) Ultimate compressive strengths in excess of 70 MPa (10,000 psi), (2) Increased early strength gain, (3) Reduced chloride-ion penetration, and (4) Other beneficial properties associated with low water-cement ratio concrete BITS Edu CampusProf. Ankit Patel59

Chemical AdmixturesAdvantages 1. High-range water reducers are generally more effective than regular water-reducing admixtures in producing workable concrete. 2. A significant reduction of bleeding can result with large reductions of water content The effectiveness of the plasticizer is increased with an increasing amount of cement and fines in the concrete.


Mineral AdmixturesMineral admixture are finely divided siliceous materials, which can be added to concrete in relatively large amounts, it is in the range of 15 to 60 % by weight of cement. They may be Pozzolonic ore cementitious or both. Benefits of using mineral admixtures in concrete are improvements in impermeability, resistance to thermal cracking and chemicals, high ultimate strength, better durability and economy.The most commonly used mineral admixtures are:Fly AshSilica FumeBlast Furnace Slag


Mineral AdmixturesFly ash is a fused residue of clay minerals present in coal. The high temperature generated when coal burns in thermal power plants, transforms the clay minerals in coal powder into a variety of fused fine particles of mainly aluminium silicate composition.In addition to electricity, these plants produce a material that is fast becoming a vital ingredient for improving the performance of a wide range of concrete products That material is fly ashPRESENT SCENARIO IN INDIAOver 75% of the total installed power generation is coal-based230 250 million tonne coal is being used every year.High ash contents varying from 30 to 50%. More than 110 million tonne of ash generated every year.Presently as per the Ministry Of Environment & Forest Figures, 30% of Ash is being used in Fillings, embankments, construction, block & tiles, etc


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Mineral Admixtures[B] CLASSIFICATION AS PER CATEGORY OF FLY ASH:BOTTOM ASH: - Ash collected at the bottom of boiler furnace characterized by better geo- technical properties is termed as bottom ash. It is a good material for fill, road and embankment construction. DRY ASH: - Ash collected from different rows of Electro-static precipitators in dry form is termed as dry ash. It is used in the manufacture of PPC, Concrete & Cement mortar, Lime fly ash bricks, Building blocks, Aerated concrete blocks etc. POND ASH: - Fly ash and bottom ash are mixed together with water to form slurry, which is pumped to the ash pond area. In ash pond area, ash gets settled and excess water is decanted. This deposited ash is called pond ash. This is used as filling materials including in the construction of roads & embankments.


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Better compaction characteristics. Cost effective.Good compaction.It is used as a replacement material. Low heat of hydration. Gain strength more than that of the ordinary cement.

ADVANTAGES OF USING FLY ASHBITS Edu CampusProf. Ankit Patel64

Mineral Admixtures2. Silica Fume:Silica Fume is an artificial pozzolona having high pozzolonic activity. It is a By-product from an Electric Arc Furnace used in manufacture of Silicon metal or Silicon alloy. Has a high Silica content of more than80%Silica Fume is a finely-divided mineral admixture, available in both uncompact and compacted forms . This ultra-fine material will better fill voids between cement particles and result in a very dense concrete with higher compressive strengths and extremely low permeability.


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How does Silica Fume work in Concrete?The silica fume is 100 to 150 times smaller than a cement particle it can fill the voids created by free water in the matrix. This function, called particle packing,


Mineral AdmixturesProperties of Fresh ConcreteToo much silica fumes cause the concrete to become sticky and thus reduces the workabilitySilica fume addition up to 15% by weight of cement does not result in any loss of workabilitySilica fume concrete, due to larger surface area of fine particle requires higher water content for same workability than ordinary concretePROBLEMS WITH THE USE OF SILICA FUMEAvailabilityCostAPPLICATIONSSilica Fume is now widely used for high strength structures


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Advantages of Silica Fume Lowers concrete permeability. Significantly increases concrete durability. Increases ultimate strength gain. Beneficial in all types of high strength concrete applications. Improves bond strength to steel. Significantly reduces alkali-silica reactivity. Provides excellent resistance to sulphate or seawater attack. Reduces steel corrosion. Improves freeze/thaw durability of concrete.BITS Edu CampusProf. Ankit Patel68

Uses of Silica FumeFor production of high strength concrete,corrosion-resistantconcrete,abrasion-resistantconcrete, and low permeability concrete. Used to make sewer and manhole repair products. BITS Edu CampusProf. Ankit Patel69

Mineral AdmixturesPortland Slag cement: This type of cement is made by intergrinding Portland cement clinker, gypsum and granulated blast furnace slag. The quantity of blast furnace slag mixed with clinker will range from 25 to 65 %.Blast furnace slag is the waste produce consisting of mixture of lime, silica and alumina obtained in the manufacture of pig iron. The Portland slag cement should not be used in cold weather as the low heat of hydration coupled with low rate of strength development.Advantages of PSC:Low heat of hydration, better resistance to chlorides sulphate, alkalies, low permeability, good resistance to acidic waters.

Generally it is use in mass concrete works and marine works.


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FERROCEMENTIntroduction:Ferro-cement is a relatively new construction material consists of wire meshes and cement mortar.It was developed by P.L.Nervi, an Italian architect in 1940.WHAT IS FERRO CEMENT ?Ferro cement is a type of thin wall reinforced concrete, commonly constructed of hydraulic cement mortar, reinforced with closely spaced layers of continuous and relatively small size wire mesh. The mesh may be made of metallic or other suitable materials.Ferro cement= wire meshes + cement mortarIt consists of closely spaced wire meshes which are impregnated with rich cement mortar mix.Mortar provides the mass & wire mesh imparts tensile strength and ductility to the material.It has high resistance against cracking, high fatigue resistance , high toughness and higher impermeability.


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TYPICAL CROSS SECTION OF FERROCEMENTBITS Edu CampusProf. Ankit Patel72

FERROCEMENTMATERIALS USED IN FERRO CEMENTCement mortar mixSkeleton steelSteel mesh reinforcement or Fibre-reinforced polymeric meshesCEMENT MORTAR MIXordinary Portland cement and fine aggregate matrix is usedThe matrix constitutes 95% cement mortar & 5% wire mesh of the composite.FA (sand), occupies 60 to 75% of the volume of the mortarPlasticizers and other admixtures are used.


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FERROCEMENTSKELETON STEELIt support the steel wire mesh3 to 8 mm steel rods are usedThickness varies from 6-20mm according to loading conditionGenerally mild steel or Fe 415 or Fe 500 bars are usedSpacing 7.5cm to 12mUsed to impart structural strength in case of boats, barges etc.Reinforcement should be free from dust, rust and other impurities.


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FERROCEMENTSTEEL MESH REINFORCEMENTConsists of galvanized steel wires of diameter 0.5 to 1.5 mm, spaced at 6 to 20mm centre to centreWelded wire mesh has hexagonal or rectangular openingsExpanded-metal lath is also used Made from carbon, glass etc.

Chicken wire meshBITS Edu CampusProf. Ankit Patel75

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Properties of ferrocementThickness: 10mm to 60 mmSteel: 5 to 8%Steel cover: 1.5 mm to 5 mmUltimate tensile strength: 34.5 N/mmAllowable tensile strength: 10 N/mmCompressive strength: 27.5 to 60 N/mm


Four stages of constructionFabrication of skeleton frameFixing of bars and meshApplication of mortarCuringNo formwork is required for ferrocement construction.BITS Edu CampusProf. Ankit Patel77

ADVANTAGES OF FERRO-CEMENTIt is highly versatile and can be formed into almost any shape for a wide range of uses20% savings on materials and costSuitability for pre-castingFlexibility in cutting, drilling and jointingGood fire resistanceGood impermeabilityLow maintenance costs


Thin elements and light structures, reduction in self weight&Its simple techniques require a minimum of skilled laborReduction in expensive form work so economy & speed can be achievedOnly a few simple hand tools are needed to build any structuresStructures are highly waterproof& Higher strength to weight ratio than R.C.CIt is very easy to repair the damaged ferrocement work.


APPLICATIONS OF FERRO CEMENT1. Marine ApplicationsBoats, fishing vessels, barges, cargo tugs, flotation buoysKey criteria for marine applications: light weight, impact resistance, thickness and water tightness2. Water supply and sanitationWater tanks, sedimentation tanks, swimming pool linings, well casings, septic tanks etc. 3. AgriculturalGrain storage bins, silos, canal linings, pipes, shells for fish and poultry farms


4. Residential BuildingsHouses, community centers, precast housing elements, corrugated roofing sheets, wall panels etc. 5. Miscellaneous usesMobile homesWind tunnelSilos and bins



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FERROCEMENTConclusion

In India, Ferro-cement is used often because the constructions made from it are more resistant to earthquakes. It has a wide range of other uses including sculpture and prefabricated building components.


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FERROCEMENTConclusion

In India, Ferro-cement is used often because the constructions made from it are more resistant to earthquakes. It has a wide range of other uses including sculpture and prefabricated building components.


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Background of Fibre Reinforced ConcretePortland cement concrete is considered to be a relatively brittle material. When subjected to tensile stresses, non-reinforced concrete will crack and Since mid 1800's Steel reinforcing has been used to overcome this problem. As a composite system, the reinforcing steel is assumed to carry all tensile loads . The problem with employing steel in concrete is that over time steel corrodes due to the ingress of chloride ions.In the northeast, where sodium chloride de-icing salts are commonly used and a large amount of coastal area exists, chlorides are readily available for penetration into concrete to promote corrosion, which favors the formation of rust. Rust has a volume between four to ten times the iron, which dissolves to form it.BITS Edu CampusProf. Ankit Patel85

The volume expansion produces large tensile stresses in the concrete, which initiates cracks and results in concrete spalling from the surface. Although some measures are available to reduce corrosion of steel in concrete such as corrosion inhibitive admixtures and coatings, a better and permanent solution may be replace the steel with a reinforcement that is less environmentally sensitive.FRC is Portland cement concrete reinforced with more or less randomly distributed fibres. In FRC, thousands of small fibres are dispersed and distributed randomly in the concrete during mixing, and thus improve concrete properties in all directions. fibres help to improve the post peak ductility performance, pre-crack tensile strength, fatigue strength, impact strength and eliminate temperature and shrinkage cracks.BITS Edu CampusProf. Ankit Patel86

FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE

Fibre Reinforced Concrete can be defined as a composite material consisting of mixtures of cement, mortar or concrete and discontinuous, discrete, uniformly dispersed suitable fibres. Fibre is a small piece of reinforcing material possessing certain characteristics properties. They can be circular or flat. The fibre is often described by a convenient parameter called aspect ratio. The aspect ratio of the fibre is the ratio of its length to its diameter.fibre reinforced concrete (FRC) is concrete containing fibrous material which increases its structural integrity. It contains short discrete fibres that are uniformly distributed and randomly oriented. fibres include steel fibres, glass fibres, synthetic fibres and natural fibres. Within these different fibres that character of fibre reinforced concrete changes with varying concretes, fibre materials.BITS Edu CampusProf. Ankit Patel87

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Fibre reinforced concreteBITS Edu CampusProf. Ankit Patel88

Factors Affecting Characteristic of FRC Volume of fibresAspect ratio of fibresOrientation of fibresSize of coarse aggregateWorkability and compaction of concreteMixingBITS Edu CampusProf. Ankit Patel89

Load direction Load DirectionParallelPerpendicularRandomBITS Edu CampusProf. Ankit Patel90


DIFFERENT TYPE OF FIBRE:Steel fibre Reinforced ConcretePolypropylene fibre Reinforced (PFR) cement mortar & concreteGlass-fibre Reinforced ConcreteAsbestos fibresCarbon fibres

Steel fibre reinforced concreteThis type of concrete is formed by adding steel fibres in the ingredients of concrete. A number of steel fibres are available as reinforcement such as round steel fibres ,straight ,deformed variable cross section and glued bundles of steel fibres.


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It has a tendency to cluster together which creates difficulties in ensuring their uniform random distribution in concrete. Their difficulty is overcome by using fibres bundles .By addition of 2 to 3 percent of fibre(by volume) it is possible to achieve two to three times increase in the flexural strength of concrete and substantial increase in explosion resistance, crack resistance.


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Applications:Construction of pavementsBridge decksTunnels lining

2Polypropylene fibre Reinforced (PFR) cement mortar & concretePolypropylene is one of the cheapest & abundantly available polymers polypropylene fibres are resistant to most chemical. Their addition to concrete has shown better distribute cracking and reduced crack size The amount of plastic fibres added to concrete is about 0.25 to 1 % by volume.


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3.Glass-Fibre Reinforced Concrete Glass fibre reinforced concrete is mostly used for decorative purposes rather than structural purpose. Glass fibre is made up from 200-400 individual filaments which are lightly bonded to make up a strand. These strands can be chopped into various lengths, or combined to make cloth mat or tape. Using the conventional mixing techniques for normal concrete it is not possible to mix more than about 2% (by volume) of fibres of a length of 25mm.Applications:Roofing elementsSewer liningSwimming poolsTanks ,etc


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Asbestos Fibres:-The naturally available inexpensive mineral fibre, asbestos, has been successfully combined with Portland cement paste to form a widely used product called asbestos cement. Asbestos fibres here thermal mechanical & chemical resistance making them suitable for sheet product pipes, tiles and corrugated roofing elements. However, due to relatively short length (10mm) the fibre have low impact strength.


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Carbon Fibres:-Carbon fibres from the most recent & probability the most spectacular addition to the range of fibre available for commercial use. Carbon fibre comes under the very high modulus of elasticity and flexural strength. These are expensive and availability of carbon fibre in india is limited. Their strength & stiffness characteristics have been found to be superior even to those of steel.


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Types of fibres:

Steel fibresGlass fibresBITS Edu CampusProf. Ankit Patel97

Carbon fibresCellulose fibresBITS Edu CampusProf. Ankit Patel98

Synthetic fibres:

Nylon fibresPolypropylene fibresBITS Edu CampusProf. Ankit Patel99

Natural fibres:

CoirHayBITS Edu CampusProf. Ankit Patel100


Advantages of FRC:Reduction in shrinkage and crackingImprovement in bond strengthBetter toughnessLower permeability of concrete

Applications:Hydraulic structureHighway pavementsBridge decksTunnel liningsRepair and Rehabilitation


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VACUUM CONCRETE

The concrete from which water is extracted by a vacuum process before the hardening takes place is known as vacuum concrete. All the water used in mixingconcreteis not required for hydration. Therefore, removal of excess water before hardening take place improvesconcretestrength.Vacuum concrete is the type of concrete in which the excess water is removed for improving concrete strengthThe type of concrete having relatively high slump in order to achieve consolidation is usually useful in case of thin slabs and walls. In this technique, the excess water after placement and compaction of concrete is sucked out with the help of vacuum pumps. This technique iseffectively used in industrial floors, parking lots and deck slabs of bridgesetc. The magnitude of applied vacuum is usually about 0.08 MPa and the water content is reduced by upto 20-25%. The reduction is effective upto a depth of about 100 to 150 mm onlyBITS Edu CampusProf. Ankit Patel102

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VACUUM CONCRETE

Procedure:Vacuum pump is a small but strong pump of 5 to 10 HP. Water is extracted by vacuum and stored in the water separator. The mats are placed over fine filter pads, which prevent the removal of cement with water. Proper control on the magnitude of the water removed is equal to the contraction in total volume of concrete. About 3% reduction in concrete layer depth takes place.


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VACUUM CONCRETE

Advantages of vacuum concreting:Due to dewatering through vacuum, both workability and high strength are achieved simultaneously.Reduction in water-cement ratio may increase the compressive strength by 10 to 50% and lowers the permeability.It enhances the wear resistance of concrete surface.The surface obtained after vacuum dewatering is plain and smooth due to reduced shrinkage.The formwork can be removed early and surface can be put to use early.Applications of vacuum Concrete:Construction of thin concrete walls, partition walls and slabsResurfacing and repair of road pavements.


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SULPHUR INFILTRATED CONCRETE

Sulphur, sand and coarse aggregate are the ingredients of this concrete. Molten sulphur is added to the preheated aggregates in a mixture. The hot mix is immediately transferred into the moulds to fill them completely. The products manufactured with sulphur concrete need no curing and the moulds can be stripped immediately as the sulphur solidifies rapidly under normal temperatures. One of the major advantages of these products is that they can be remoulded and concrete can be reused with minimum or no wastage. These products have very low absorption and less permeability.Strength upto 44 MPa have been reported when 30 % of sulphur, 50% of sand and 20% of coarse aggregate are mixed. These are therefore versatile for use as precast slab elements of canal and tunnel linings. Recent studies shows that the sulphur impregnation into lean porous concrete improves its strength and other properties.


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SULPHUR INFILTRATED CONCRETE

Applications: Precast roofing elements, facing posts, sewer pipesRailway sleepersFor industrial applications, where high corrosion resistance is required.BITS Edu CampusProf. Ankit Patel106

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FOAMED CONCRETE (AERATED CONCRETE)

Foam concrete is a type of porous concrete. According to its features and uses it is similar to aerated concrete. The synonyms are: 1) Aerated concrete 2) Lightweight concrete 3) Porous concrete It is made by introducing air or gas bubbles into the plastic cement mortar mix to produce a material with a cellular structure somewhat similar to sponge rubber.Foamed Concrete can be placed easily, by pumping if necessary, and does not require compaction, vibrating or levelling. It has excellent resistance to water and frost, and provides a high level of both sound and thermal insulation.


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MAKING OF FOAMED CONCRETE The components of foam concrete mix should be set by their functional role in order as follows: Foaming agent Binding agent Water Aggregate Admixtures.Making the Slurry The cement used for the slurry is usually Type 1 Portland Cement although other cements can be used. If sand is specified in the mix design ideally it should be fine with 2mm maximum size and 60 to 90% passing through a 600 micron sieve. The water:cement ratio of the slurry is usually between 0.5 and 0.6. If necessary more water can be added to increased the workability.


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The slurry can be made using a ready mix truck mixer. Firstly, the cement mortar slurry is made at the batching plant, according to the mix design, by either the DRY or WET method. Making foam from foaming agent, water and compressed air:Foam for foamed concrete is made from a concentrated Foaming Agent. The foam is made using a foam generator. In the foam generator the foaming agent is diluted in water to make a preforming solution and then the pre-foaming solution is expanded with air into foam. The bubbles are stable and able to resist the physical and chemical forces imposed during mixing, placing and hardening of the foamed concrete. Between 75 and 85% of the bubbles are of 0.3 to 1.5 mm in diameter. .


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Advantages of Foamed Concrete:Does not settle, hence requires no compaction.Lightweight - does not impose large loadings.Excellent load spreading characteristics.Once placed requires no maintenance. Resistant to freeze-thaw cycleLow water absorption over time.Non-hazardous either during application or in service.Highly cost effective compared with other methods.


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Applications of Foamed Concrete:As load bearing masonry walls using cellular concrete blocksAs partition walls in residential, institutional and industrial buildingAs precast composite wall or floor panelAs precast floor and roof panel


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PRE-PLACED AGGREGATE CONCRETE (PAC)

Pre-placed concrete is a special technique of placing concrete under water. When tremine method is not found feasible, this method is adopted. This technique also called grouted concrete consists of placing the coarse aggregate only in the form and thoroughly compacting it to form a prepacked mass. This mass is then grouted with the cement mortar of the required proportions. PAC is used where placing conventional concrete is extremely difficult, such as where massive reinforcement steel and embedded items are present, in underwater repairs, concrete and masonry repairs, or where shrinkage of concrete must be kept to a minimum.


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Pre-Placed Aggregate Concrete Repair to Concrete Wall


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The PAC process is described below:Formwork and structural steel are installed.Washed aggregate is slurred into place.Grout is pumped into the formwork, starting at the bottom and finishing at the top.Forms are pulled after cure time is complete, leaving a strong, aesthetically pleasing finish.


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The grouting of preplaced aggregate done by three methods:The grout mixture is poured on the top surface of aggregate and allowed to penetrate downwards. This method is particularly useful for grouting thin concrete members, such as road pavements and floor slab.The mould is partially filled up with grout and the coarse aggregate can be deposited in the grout.The grout is pumped into the preplaced aggregate mass from bottom of the mould. The position of injection pipe is raised from bottom to cover full depth of mould.Advantages of preplaced aggregate concrete:There are several advantages with this process, including high bondability, low shrinkage, reduced cracking, and increased strength. PAC can also lead to cost savings because it reduces the need for heavy equipment.This technique is employed in mass concreting, in bridge abutments and piers, etc.BITS Edu CampusProf. Ankit Patel115

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SHOTCRETE OR GUNITINGBITS Edu CampusProf. Ankit Patel116

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SHOTCRETE OR GUNITING

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Shotcrete vs. Conventional Concreteconventional concrete is first placed and then compacted in the second operation.shotcrete undergoes placement and compaction at the same time.Shotcrete is more dense, homogeneous, strong, and waterproof .It can be impacted onto any type or shape of surface, including vertical or overhead areasBITS Edu CampusProf. Ankit Patel119

Classification of Shotcrete1. Dry process 2. Wet processDry process:Step1: Pre blended, dry or semi-dampened materials are placed into shotcrete equipment and metered into a hose.Step2: Compressed air conveys materials at high velocity to the nozzle where the water is added.Step3: Then the material is consolidated on receiving surface by high impact velocity.


Advantages of Dry process:Easy start up, shutdown and clean up.Control of materials is on site.The dry process equipment can convey the material to a distance of 300m to 500 m horizontally and 45 to 100 m vertically.



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Wet process:Step1: All ingredients, including water, are thoroughly mixed and introduced into the shotcrete equipment.Step 2: Wet material is pumped to the nozzle where compressed air is introducedStep 3: Mostly wet-process shotcreting is done with premixed mortar or small aggregate concrete.BITS Edu CampusProf. Ankit Patel123

Advantages of Wet process:Little or no formwork is required.Cost effective method for placing concrete.Ideal for irregular surface applicationsAllows for easier material handling in areas with difficult accessBITS Edu CampusProf. Ankit Patel124


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Applications of Shotcrete

Rehabilitation of subway tunnels

construction of domed roofs.

Highway culvert repair and arch culvertBITS Edu CampusProf. Ankit Patel126

MICROCONCRETE

Micro concrete is a dry ready mix Cementetious based composition formulated for use in repairs of areas where the concrete is damaged & the area is restricted in movement making the placement of conventional concrete difficult., It is supplied as a ready to use dry powder which requires only addition of clean water at site to produce a free flowing non shrink repair micro concrete. This is a cementitious material, with additives, which impart controlled expansion characteristics in the plastic state with reduced water demand.Purpose:For the repair of damaged reinforced concrete elements like beams, columns, wall etc., where access is restricted and compaction is not possible.Advantages:Designed as a Ready mix factory packed & premixed product so consistent performance is guaranteed, Shrinkage compensated, Offers high initial strength & sustained long term strength & performanceSelf flow able.


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SHORING

Shoringis the construction of a temporary structure to support temporarily an unsafe structure. These support walls laterally. They can be used under the following circumstances:When walls bulge outWhen walls crack due to unequal settlement of foundation and repairs are to be carried out to the cracked wall.When an adjacent structure needs pulling down.When openings are to be newly made or enlarged in a wall.Types of shoringRaking shores Flying shores Dead shoresBITS Edu CampusProf. Ankit Patel128

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SHORING

RAKING SHORESIn this method, inclined members known as rakers are used to give lateral supports to walls. A raking shore consists of the following components:Rakers or inclined memberWall plateNeedlesCleatsBracingSole plate


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Raking or inclined shores


SHORING

FLYING SHORESIt is a system of providing temporary supports to the party walls of the two buildings where the intermediate building is to be pulled down and rebuilt. All types of arrangements of supporting the unsafe structure in which the shores do not reach the ground come under this category.


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Flying or horizontal shoring


SHORING

DEAD SHORESDead Shores or Vertical Shores, In this system of shoring, the vertical members known asdead shoresare used to support temporarily the walls, roofs, floors, etc., by providinghorizontal membersknown asneedles,


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underpinningIt is the method of supporting the structures while providing new foundations or carrying out repairs and alterations without disturbing the stability of existing structures. It is carried under following conditions: When a building with deep foundation is to be constructed adjoining a building which is built on shallow footings. Here the shallow footings should be strengthened first.In order to protect an existing structure from the danger of excessive or differential settlement of foundation.In order to improve the bearing capacity of foundation so as to sustain heavier loads for which deepening or widening of foundation is done.In order to provide a basement for an existing structure.BITS Edu CampusProf. Ankit Patel134

Precautionary measuresBefore implementing appropriate underpinning measures the following important points should be carefully attended:The existing structure should be fully examined carefully and appropriate underpinning method should be adopted.All poor masonry work, such as joints, cracks, plastering should be rectified before.Necessary shoring and struting should be done such that existing structure is safe.Urgent repair like grouting of cracks, insertion of rod between walls , etc. should be carried out before commencing underpinning.BITS Edu CampusProf. Ankit Patel135

Methods of underpinningPit method Pile methodBITS Edu CampusProf. Ankit Patel136

Pit method


Pile method


THANK YOUBITS Edu CampusProf. Ankit Patel139

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Engineering

Chapter 3 materials & techniques for repairs