INDUSTRIAL TRAINING HELD AT BSNL

APRUP SARKARGAUTAM KUMARMANISH KUMAR

INTRODUCTION:Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (abbreviated BSNL)is an Indian state owned telecommunications company headquartered in New Delhi. It is the largest provider of fixed telephony and fourth largest mobile telephony provider in India, and is also a provider of broadband servicesTechnological developments in the field of telecommunication in India have been taking place at much faster as per the global trend. Particularly during last three Year

There has been a major transformation in the switching Technology

SERVICESUniversal Telecom ServicesCellular Mobile Telephone ServicesWLL-CDMA Telephone ServicesInternetIntelligent Network (IN)3G WiMax 

OVERVIEW OF TELECOMMUNICATION

Telephone is a telecommunication device that isusedto transmit and receive electronically or digitally encoded speech between two or more people conversing. Telecommunication networks carry information signals among entities , which are geographically a part. The telecommunication links and switching were mainly design for voice communication

TELEPHONE EXCHANGETelephone exchange is a hub to which all subscribers are connected .For smooth working of exchange following unit are very important1.Computer Unit2.Power Supply3.AC4.MDF

Computer Unit: - it deals with additional services of the change to the customers with the help of computers.

Power Plant:- to feed proper power supply to exchange AC

Plant: - to maintain the continuous temperature + or- 2 degree Celsius to the digital switch (exchange).

MDF(MAIN DISTRIBUTION FRAME)

The fault of telephone number is removed in the MDF; it is called as Fault Remove Section . These testing are T.T.Y. testing, Group testing, etc. The telephone numbers are also disconnected in the MDF because of some specific reasonORGANISATION OF THE MDF PARTS:- Horizontal side Vertical side

HORIZONTAL SIDEIt is subdivided into two parts Exchange side Line side Description of the horizontal side:-Rack-On the rack, the tags are situated. One rack is having eight tags. WEDGE:-If we want to disconnect any two numbers then we insert a wedge between subscriber side and exchange side. Here wedge works as insulator made of plastic

VERTICAL SIDEThe vertical side connected to the underground cable .This cable is having 100 pairs . These pair is distributed when we allot the telephone number to the subscriber .Vertical side is again subdivided in two parts : One part is connected with the horizontal side and another with the subscriber line by using 100 pair underground cable.

NIB(NETWORK INTERNET BACKBONE)

Networking is a key component of any Internet Services Provider (ISP) operations .The Internet Backbone refers to the principal data routes between large, strategically interconnected networks and core routers in the Internet.

BASIC BLOCKS OF NIB 1.MDF 2.Router 3.DSLAM 4.BNG

DSLAM (DIGITAL SUBSCRIBER LINE ACCESS MULTIPLEXER)

Maximum capacity of each DSLAM is 480 kbps Minimum capacity of each DSLAM is 120 kbps480 kbps DSLAM has 16 cards, each card has48pairs of broad band customersOne end of the DSLAM is connected to MDF through the cables which are filled

PULSE CODE MODULATION(PCM)

1.Filtering 2.Sampling3.Quantizing4.Encoding

converts analog signals to a digital format(signal).This process has four major step

OPTICAL FIBREThe latest technology that we use today isOptical fibre communication system. In this system sound energy is converted to light which is transmitted over optical fibres . This has 99%efficiency.The fibre is made up of borosilicate glass

ADVANTAGES OF FIBER OPTIC CABEL

Fibre Optics has the following advantages :

SPEED:Fiber optic networks operate at high speeds -up into the gigabitsBANDWIDTH: large carrying capacityDISTANCE:Signals can be transmitted further without needing to be "refreshed" or strengthened.RESISTANCE:Greater resistance to electromagnetic noise such as radios, motors or other nearby cables.MAINTENANCE:Fiber optic cables costs much less

OVERVIEW OF BROADBAND TECHNOLOGY

Broadband is the nonspecific term for high-speed digital Internet access .Communication of data with different throughput is feasible by following technologies:

Narrow Band 2.4Kbps – 128Kbps.Broadband 256Kbps–8000Kbps.LAN 1000 –100Mbps

Broadband communication technology can be divided broadly in to categories:Wire line Technology.Wireless Technology .

Wireline Technologies include:Digital Subscriber Lines (DSL) on copper loop.Optical Fibre Technologies.Cable TV Networks.PLC (power line communication)

WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES INCLUDE:

Satellite MediaTerrestrial Wireless3G MobileWi-Fi (wireless Fidelity) Wi Max.FSO (free space optics)

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