Presented

By:

Anamika

Contents Introduction

History

What is Bluetooth?

Bluetooth Devices

Bluetooth Specifications

Bluetooth Networks

Bluetooth layers

Goals Of Bluetooth

Bluetooth Sensor Network

Applications

Bluetooth Issues

Advantages

Research Work

Conclusion

Future scope

References

IntroductionBluetooth is a radio frequency specification for short range,

point to point and point to multipoint voice and data transfer.

In spite of facilitating the replacement of cables, bluetooth

technology works as an universal medium to bridge the existing

data networks, a peripheral interface for existing devices and

provide a mechanism to form short ad hoc network of connected

devices away form fixed network infrastructures.

History

The Bluetooth name comes from the Danish Viking Harald Blåtand.

By Ericsson, Intel, IBM, Nokia, Toshiba.

1998 - Bluetooth technology is officially introduced and the

BLUETOOTH Special Interest Group (SIG) is formed.

1999 - Bluetooth 1.0 Specification is introduced.

In June of 2010, the Bluetooth SIG Board of Directors adopted the

Bluetooth Core specification v4.0, which can be found inside the

iPhone 4S .

WHAT IS BLUETOOTH?

It is wireless protocol utilizing short range communication

technology.

Facilitates data transmission from fixed and/or mobile devices

creating personal area network(PAN).

PAN is used to link to the NIC card of the system.

Low cost device with small power consumption and reasonable

throughput.

Suitable for small battery driven devices.

Bluetooth (contd.)

Eliminate wires and cables between both stationary and mobile

devices.

In Bluetooth,Connection can be initiated without user interaction.

Devices can be connected to multiple devices at the same time.

One complete Bluetooth data packet can be transmitted within each

625 msec hop slot.

Bluetooth Devices

Telephones

Headsets

Computers

Cameras

Printers

Cars

BLUETOOTH SPECIFICATIONS

Transceivers and Receivers that can send and receive data because

they use radio waves.

MAC Address (Physical Address)

Burnt on the NIC card by the manufacturer.

PIN Number

To identify the user using the device.

A Piconet

A FHSS protocol

BLUETOOTH NETWORKS…

PICONET :

It is a collection of up to 8

devices that frequency hop

together.

Out of which one is the master

device and other are slaves.

Slave devices use the masters

clock to synchronize their

clocks.

POWER MODES IN PICONET 4 different power modes exist namely

Active- unit actively participates in

channel

Sniff- slave units listen in on channels at

specific time decided by master.

Hold- every unit can take some time off

for waiting.

Park- slaves do not participate in piconet

but still maintains timing synchronization

with it.

SCATTERNET

Consists of several

piconets connected by

devices participating in

multiple piconets.

These devices can be slave

in all piconets or master in

one and slave in other

piconets.

BLUETOOTH LAYERS

BLUETOOTH LAYERS Bluetooth Radio layer :

• This layer is roughly equivalent to the physical layer of the Internet model.

• It specifics details of the air interface, including frequency, frequency hopping,

modulation scheme, and transmission power.

• The Bluetooth Radio (layer) is the lowest defined layer of the Bluetooth

specification.

• Modulation:

To transform bits to signal , sophisticated version of FSK is used called

GFSK. Bit 1 is represented by frequency deviation above the carrier.

Bluetooth Baseband Layer:

• It is equivalent to MAC sub layer in LANs.

• The access method is TDMA.

• The primary and secondary communicate with each other using time slots. The

time that one frequency is used ,a sender sends frame to secondary or secondary

sends frame to primary.

• It is concerned with connection establishment within a piconet, addressing, packet

format, timing and power control.

• TDMA

It uses a form of TDMA called TDD-TDMA(time division duplex TDMA).It is

a kind of half –duplex communication in which secondary and receiver send

and receive data but not at same time. Communication for each direction uses

different hops.

• Frame format: A frame in the baseband can be of three types:

1. One-slot

In a one-slot frame exchange 259microseconds is needed for hopping

and control mechanisms.

2. Three-slot

It occupies three slots. Length of frame is 1616 micro seconds.

3. Five –slot

It uses 259 bits for hopping i.e. length of frame is 2866bits.

Logical link control and adaptation protocol (L2CAP)

It adapts upper layer protocols to the baseband layer and provides both

connectionless and connection-oriented services. Multiplexing can also

be done.

FHSS Bluetooth devices use a protocol called (FHSS) Frequency-Hopping Spread

Spectrum to avoid interference from other devices or networks .

Uses packet-switching to send data.

Bluetooth sends packets of data on a range of frequencies.

In each session one device is a master and the others are slaves.

The master device decides at which frequency data will travel.

Bluetooth hops 1600 Times per second

This technique allows devices to communicate with each other more

securely.

GOALS OF BLUETOOTHGoals of Bluetooth are unification and harmony as well,

specifically enabling different devices to communicate

through a commonly accepted Standard.

Bluetooth operates in the unlicensed ISM band at 2.4 GHZ

frequency band and use frequency hopping spread spectrum

technique.

BLUETOOTH SENSOR NETWORK

Comprises of a no. of

small devices equipped

with sensing unit,

microprocessor, wireless

communication interface

and power source.

SMART SENSOR NODE

Sensor n/w consists of several

smart sensor nodes and a

gateway.

Each smart sensor node consists

of many sensors, a

microcontroller & a Bluetooth

radio module.

Microcontroller is responsible

for smart node logic.

APPLICATIONS OF BLUETOOTH BASED SENSOR NETWORKS

HEALTH MONITORING: Various sensors are attached to a

patients body to collect physiological data then stored or

forwarded i.e. in CT Scan, Ultrasound, ECG etc.

ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING: Fire detection, water

pollution monitoring etc.

MILITARY And SECURITY: Monitoring soldiers in the field,

tracking enemy movements.

BLUETOOTH ISSUES

Scalability Issues: Only 8 nodes can be connected at a time so

dense n/w not possible. Slave to Slave direct communication not

possible.

Establishing a scatternet is very difficult due to frequency

interference problem.

Low Throughput: It is1mbps but with overheads it is 722 kbps

only.

Advantages Very easy to use.

Connection is fast and simple.

More devices are Bluetooth capable.

Auto recognition.

Wireless (No Cables).

No Setup Needed.

Industry Wide Support.

Inexpensive Technique.

Research Work

Currently a protocol is being researched that would

support large ad hoc networks.

Ultra wide band has been chosen by the Bluetooth Special

Interest Group as the future of Bluetooth Technology.

Many companies are designing impressive bluetooth

applications in demand.

CONCLUSIONBluetooth is a new standard developed by a group of electronics

manufacturers, that will allow any sort of electronic equipment to

make it's own connections without wires, cables or any direct

action from user. It is a rapid growing technology that makes man

easy to transfer his electronic equipments from one place to

another. It is a technology that not yet completely developed.

Hope this will be achieved very soon.

Future Scope

Bluetooth has a good future ahead because it meets a basic

need of connectivity.

Latest version of bluetooth are improving both its security

and capabilities.

New versions of bluetooth technology will meet the high-

speed and large range.

References

http://www.bluetooth.com/Pages/Bluetooth-Home.aspx

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth

http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/bluetooth.htm

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