Name: MD AFTAB ALAM

Enrollment: 0011303CE14

Branch: Computer Science & Engineering

Session: 2013-16

Semester: 5th Sem (Final Year)

Supervisor: Mr. Mujahid Pasha Syed

Trainer: Sajid Ahamed

INDUSTRIAL TRAINING

ANDROID ANDANDROID PHONES

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Contentso Introduction of android

o What is Android

o History

o Android versions

o Android architecture

o Main concepts to an Android Application

o Application Fundamentals

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o Security

o Features of android

o Advantages of android

o Disadvantage of android

o Limitations of android

o Conclusion

o References

Introduction of android

Android is the first step in the vision of creating a better mobile phone, It is acomplete open mobile platform software stack release by Google.

It contains a Linux-based Operating System, middleware and key mobileapplications.

Android can be run on mobile devices from companies that have cometogether to form the Open Handset Alliance. The Alliance currently consists of34 companies including Motorola, T-Mobile and Sprint-Nextel. Thesecompanies have agreed to open access devices.

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What is Android It is a open source software platform and operating system for mobile

devices

Java language is mainly used to write the android code even though other languages can be used.

Developed by Google and later the Open Handset Alliance (OHA)

Allows writing managed code in the Java language

Android has its own virtual machine i.e. DVM(Dalvik Virtual Machine),which is used for executing the android applicant.

The goal of android project is to create a successful real-world product that improves the mobile experience for end users.

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Open Handset Alliance

The open handset alliance(OHA) is a business alliance of firm to develop open standard for mobile devices.

Devoted to advancing open standards for mobile devices

Develop technologies that will significantly lower the cost of developing and distributing mobile devices and services.

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Open Handset Alliance (OHA) included

several companies

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HISTORY OF ANDROID Android Inc.founded in Palo Alto,california ,united states in October 2003 by

Andy Rubin[co-founder of danger],rich miner[co-founder of wildfirecommunication Inc.],nick sears[once VP at T-Mobile], and Chriswhite[headed design and interface development at web TV] to develop.

Android is the nick name of Andy Rubin given by coworkers because of his loveto robots.

In 2007, Google announces the development of android OS.

In 2008, HTC launched the first android mobile.

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ANDROID VERSION

Android 1.0 (Angel Cake). First full version of android released on

September 23, 2008. Wi-Fi and Bluetooth support. Quite slow in operating. copy and paste feature in the web browser is

not present.

Android 1.1 (Battenberg) In Feb 2009, version 1.1 It allows users to store attached

documents. Runs smoother

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Android Cupcake 1.5 Released on April 30, 2009. Added auto-rotation option. Copy and Paste feature added in the web

browser. Increased speed and performance but not

up to required level.

Android Donut 1.6 Released on September 15, 2009. Voice search and Search box were added. Faster OS boot times and fast web browsing

experience. Typing is quite slower.

Android Éclair 2.0/2.1 Released on October 26, 2009. Bluetooth 2.1 support. Improved typing speed on virtual

keyboard, with smarter dictionary. no Adobe flash media support.

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Android Froyo 2.2 Released on May 20, 2010. Support for Adobe Flash 10.1 Improved Application launcher with better

browser. No internet calling.

Android Gingerbread 2.3 Released on December 6, 2010. Updated User Interface with

high efficiency and speed Internet calling One touch word selection and copy/paste. New keyboard for faster word input. More successful version of Android than

previous versions. not supports multi-core processors.

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Android Honeycomb 3.0 Released on February 22, 2011. Support for multi-core processors Ability to encrypt all user data. This version of android is only available for tablets.

Android Ice Cream Sandwich(ICS) 4.0 Released on November 14, 2011. Virtual button in the UI. A new typeface family for the UI, Robots. Ability to shut down apps that are using data in the

background.

Android Jellybean 4.1 Released on June 27, 2012. Latest version of Android. Smoother user interface

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Android Kit Kat Released on September 3,2013 ART is a cross-platform runtime which supports

the x86, ARM, and MIPS architectures in both 32-bit and 64-bit,environments

Android lollipop Released on June 26,2014 Uses Just in time Compilation. with over 5,000 new APIs added for use by

applications.

Android Marshmallow Official released in December. Adopted Storage. Android Pay. System UI Tuner.

Marshmallow

Android 6.0

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Android architecture

The software stack is split into Four Layers::

The application layer

The application framework

The libraries and runtime

The kernel

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LINUX KERNAL

• The architecture is based on the Linux2.6 kernel.

• This layer is core of android architecture. It provides service like power management, memory management, security etc.

• It helps in software or hardware binding for better communication.

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NATIVE LIBRARIES

• Android has its own libraries, which is written in C/C++. These librariescannot be accessed directly. With the help of application framework, wecan access these libraries. There are many libraries like web libraries toaccess web browsers, libraries for android and video formats etc.

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Android Run Time

• The Android Runtime was designed specifically for Android to meet the needs ofrunning in an embedded environment where you have limited battery, limitedmemory, limited CPU.

• Dalvik is the process virtual machine in Google's android operating system. It isthe software that runs the apps on android devices. Dalvik is thus an integral partof android ,which is typically used on mobile devices such as mobile phones andtablet computers.

• Programs are commonly written in java and compiled to byte code.

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Application Framework

• This is all written in a Java programming language and the application frameworkis the toolkit that all applications use.

• These applications include the ones that come with a phone like the homeapplications, or the phone application.

• It includes applications written by Google, and it includes apps that will be writtenby you.

• So, all apps use the same framework and the same APIs.

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APPLICATION LAYER

• The final layer on top is Applications.

• It includes the home application the contacts application , the browser, and apps.

• It is the most upper layer in android architecture.

• All the applications like camera, Google maps, browser, sms, calendars, contactsare native applications. These applications works with end user with the help ofapplication framework to operate.

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Main concepts to an Android Application

Java

Android SDK

XML

Android VM

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HelloAndroid.java

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1 public class HelloAndroid extends Activity {

2 /** Called when the activity is first created.

*/

3 @Override

4 public void onCreate(BundlesavedInstanceState)

5 {

6 super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);

7 setContentView(R.layout.main);

8 }

9 }

Android SDK

The Android SDK includes everything to connect an application to the UI and comes with the emulator and a simple GUI creator.

Android tools

GUI tools

Application Emulator

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XML Extensible Markup Language (XML) is a set of rules for encoding documents in

machine-readable form. It is defined in the XML 1.0 Specification[4] producedby the W3C, and several other related specifications, all gratis openstandards.[5]

Android uses XML for anything that isn't the actual program.

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Android Virtual Device

A virtual machine used for testing applications

Allows Developers to test a wide range of device.

These devices could be a tablets, cellphones or low powered computers.

It's a VM, thus allows consistent testing to happen on any computer set up with the SDK!

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Virtual Device

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AndroidManifest.xml

Application Fundamentals• Activities

– application presentation layer• Services

– invisible components, update data sources, visible activities, trigger notifications

– perform regular processing even when app is not active or invisible• Content Providers

– shareable data store• Intents

– message passing framework– broadcast messages system wide, for an action to be performed

• Broadcast receivers– consume intent broadcasts– lets app listen for intents matching a specific criteria like location

• Notifications– Toast notification– Status Bar Notification– Dialog notification

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Security

Android is a multi-process system, in which each application (andparts of the system) runs in its own process. Most security betweenapplications and the system is enforced at the process level throughstandard Linux facilities, such as user and group IDs that are assignedto applications.

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FEATURES OF ANDROID Background Wi-Fi location still runs even when ,Wi-Fi is turned off.

Developer logging and analysing enhancements.

It is optimized for mobile devices.

It enables reuse and replacement of components.

It provides support for messaging services(SMS and MMS), web browser,storage (SQLite), connectivity(GSM, CDMA, Blue Tooth, Wi-Fi etc.), media,handset layout etc.

There are a lot of mobile applications that can be chosen by the consumer.

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Android can Run Multiple Apps at the Same Time.

Android keeps information visible on your home screen. Android has is acustomizable home screen which keeps active widgets right at yourfingertips, always accessible and always visible – without having to launchan application first.

Android has a better application market compare to Apple’s App becauseApple’s App store has over 180,000 applications, while the AndroidMarketplace has only just broken the 50,000 mark.

Android gives you better notifications compare to iPhone because iPhonehas some trouble with notifications. Because it’s restricted to pop-upnotifications, it can only handle one at a time.

Android is Hardware independent.

ADVANTAGES

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DIS-ADVANTAGES Connected to the Internet: Android can be said is in need of an active internet

connection. At least there should be a GPRS internet connection in your area, so that the device is ready to go online to suit our needs.

Sometimes slow device company issued an official version of Android your own.

Android Market is less control of the manager, sometimes there are malware.

As direct service providers, users sometimes very difficult to connect with the Google.

Sometimes there are ads: because it is easy and free, sometimes often a lot of advertising. In appearance it does not interfere with the performance of the application itself, as it sometimes is in the top or bottom of the application.

Wasteful Batteries, This is because the OS is a lot of "process" in the background causing the battery quickly drains.

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LIMITATIONS OF ANDROIDDevelopment requirements in

Java

Android SDK

Eclipse IDE (optional)

Android doesn't support:

Bluetooth stereo

Contacts exchange

Modem pairing

Wireless keyboards

Android operating system uses more amount of battery as compared to normal mobile phones.

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CONCLUSION

Android has been criticized for not being all open-source softwaredespite what was announced by Google. Parts of the SDK areproprietary and closed source, and some believe this is so that Googlecan control the platform. Software installed by end-users must bewritten in Java, and will not have access to lower level device APIs. Thisprovides end-users with less control over their phone's functionalitythan other free and open source phone platforms, such as OpenMoko.

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References

http://developer.android.com/guide/topics/graphics/overview.html

http://www.vogella.com/tutorials/AndroidStudioTooling/article.html

http://www.tutorialspoint.com/android/android_overview.htm

http://www.javatpoint.com/android-tutorial

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Md Aftab Alam

Diploma(CSE)