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Byterun is a Python interpreter written in Python with Ned Batchelder. It's architected to mirror the structure of CPython (and be more readable, too)! Learn how the interpreter is constructed, how ignorant the Python compiler is, and how you use a 1,500 line switch statement every day.
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Byterun: A (C)Python interpreter in Python
Allison Kaptur !
github.com/akaptur akaptur.github.io
@akaptur
Byterun with Ned Batchelder
!Based on
# pyvm2 by Paul Swartz (z3p) from http://www.twistedmatrix.com/users/z3p/
Why would you do such a thing
>>> if a or b: ... do_stuff()
Some things we can do
out = "" for i in range(5): out = out + str(i) print(out)
Some things we can do
def fn(a, b=17, c="Hello", d=[]): d.append(99) print(a, b, c, d) !fn(1) fn(2, 3) fn(3, c="Bye") fn(4, d=["What?"]) fn(5, "b", "c")
Some things we can do
def verbose(func): def _wrapper(*args, **kwargs): return func(*args, **kwargs) return _wrapper !@verbose def add(x, y): return x+y !add(7, 3)
Some things we can do
try: raise ValueError("oops") except ValueError as e: print("Caught: %s" % e) print("All done")
Some things we can doclass NullContext(object): def __enter__(self): l.append('i') return self ! def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb): l.append('o') return False !l = [] for i in range(3): with NullContext(): l.append('w') if i % 2: break l.append('z') l.append('e') !l.append('r') s = ''.join(l) print("Look: %r" % s) assert s == "iwzoeiwor"
Some things we can do
g = (x*x for x in range(3)) print(list(g))
A problem
g = (x*x for x in range(5)) h = (y+1 for y in g) print(list(h))
The Python virtual machine: !
A bytecode interpreter
Bytecode: the internal representation of a python
program in the interpreter
Bytecode: it’s bytes!
>>> def mod(a, b): ... ans = a % b ... return ans
Bytecode: it’s bytes!
>>> def mod(a, b): ... ans = a % b ... return ans >>> mod.func_code.co_code
Function Code object
Bytecode
Bytecode: it’s bytes!
>>> def mod(a, b): ... ans = a % b ... return ans >>> mod.func_code.co_code '|\x00\x00|\x01\x00\x16}\x02\x00|\x02\x00S'
Bytecode: it’s bytes!
>>> def mod(a, b): ... ans = a % b ... return ans >>> mod.func_code.co_code ‘|\x00\x00|\x01\x00\x16}\x02\x00|\x02\x00S' >>> [ord(b) for b in mod.func_code.co_code] [124, 0, 0, 124, 1, 0, 22, 125, 2, 0, 124, 2, 0, 83]
dis, a bytecode disassembler
>>> import dis >>> dis.dis(mod) 2 0 LOAD_FAST 0 (a) 3 LOAD_FAST 1 (b) 6 BINARY_MODULO 7 STORE_FAST 2 (ans) ! 3 10 LOAD_FAST 2 (ans) 13 RETURN_VALUE
dis, a bytecode disassembler
>>> import dis >>> dis.dis(mod) 2 0 LOAD_FAST 0 (a) 3 LOAD_FAST 1 (b) 6 BINARY_MODULO 7 STORE_FAST 2 (ans) ! 3 10 LOAD_FAST 2 (ans) 13 RETURN_VALUE
Line Number
Index in bytecode Instruction
name, for humans
More bytes, the argument to each
instruction
Hint about arguments
whatever
some other thing
something
whatever
some other thing
something
a
b
whatever
some other thing
something
ans
Before After BINARY_MODULO
After LOAD_FAST
Data stack on a frame
def foo(): x = 1 def bar(y): z = y + 2 return z return bar(x) foo() # <--- (1) !c a l l !s t --------------------- a | main (module) Frame | -> blocks: [] c | (oldest) | -> data: [<foo>] k ---------------------
def foo(): x = 1 def bar(y): z = y + 2 return z return bar(x) # <--- (2) foo() # <--- (1) !c a l l --------------------- | foo Frame | -> blocks: [] s | | -> data: [<bar>, 1] t --------------------- a | main (module) Frame | -> blocks: [] c | (oldest) | -> data: [] k ---------------------
def foo(): x = 1 def bar(y): z = y + 2 # <--- (3) return z return bar(x) # <--- (2) foo() # <--- (1) !c --------------------- a | bar Frame | -> blocks: [] l | (newest) | -> data: [1, 2] l --------------------- | foo Frame | -> blocks: [] s | | -> data: [] t --------------------- a | main (module) Frame | -> blocks: [] c | (oldest) | -> data: [] k ---------------------
def foo(): x = 1 def bar(y): z = y + 2 # <--- (3) return z return bar(x) # <--- (2) foo() # <--- (1) !c --------------------- a | bar Frame | -> blocks: [] l | (newest) | -> data: [3] l --------------------- | foo Frame | -> blocks: [] s | | -> data: [] t --------------------- a | main (module) Frame | -> blocks: [] c | (oldest) | -> data: [] k ---------------------
def foo(): x = 1 def bar(y): z = y + 2 # <--- (3) return z return bar(x) # <--- (2) foo() # <--- (1) !c a l l --------------------- | foo Frame | -> blocks: [] s | | -> data: [3] t --------------------- a | main (module) Frame | -> blocks: [] c | (oldest) | -> data: [] k ---------------------
def foo(): x = 1 def bar(y): z = y + 2 # <--- (3) return z return bar(x) # <--- (2) foo() # <--- (1) !c a l l !s t --------------------- a | main (module) Frame | -> blocks: [] c | (oldest) | -> data: [3] k ---------------------
dis, a bytecode disassembler
>>> import dis >>> dis.dis(mod) 2 0 LOAD_FAST 0 (a) 3 LOAD_FAST 1 (b) 6 BINARY_MODULO 7 STORE_FAST 2 (ans) ! 3 10 LOAD_FAST 2 (ans) 13 RETURN_VALUE
} /*switch*/
/* Main switch on opcode */ READ_TIMESTAMP(inst0); !switch (opcode) {
#ifdef CASE_TOO_BIG default: switch (opcode) { #endif
/* Turn this on if your compiler chokes on the big switch: */ /* #define CASE_TOO_BIG 1 */
Back to that bytecode
!>>> dis.dis(mod) 2 0 LOAD_FAST 0 (a) 3 LOAD_FAST 1 (b) 6 BINARY_MODULO 7 STORE_FAST 2 (ans) ! 3 10 LOAD_FAST 2 (ans) 13 RETURN_VALUE
case LOAD_FAST: x = GETLOCAL(oparg); if (x != NULL) { Py_INCREF(x); PUSH(x); goto fast_next_opcode; } format_exc_check_arg(PyExc_UnboundLocalError, UNBOUNDLOCAL_ERROR_MSG, PyTuple_GetItem(co->co_varnames, oparg)); break;
case BINARY_MODULO: w = POP(); v = TOP(); if (PyString_CheckExact(v)) x = PyString_Format(v, w); else x = PyNumber_Remainder(v, w); Py_DECREF(v); Py_DECREF(w); SET_TOP(x); if (x != NULL) continue; break;
It’s “dynamic”
>>> def mod(a, b): ... ans = a % b ... return ans >>> mod(15, 4) 3
“Dynamic”
>>> def mod(a, b): ... ans = a % b ... return ans >>> mod(15, 4) 3 >>> mod(“%s%s”, (“Py”, “Gotham”))
“Dynamic”
>>> def mod(a, b): ... ans = a % b ... return ans >>> mod(15, 4) 3 >>> mod(“%s%s”, (“Py”, “Gotham”)) PyGotham
“Dynamic”
>>> def mod(a, b): ... ans = a % b ... return ans >>> mod(15, 4) 3 >>> mod(“%s%s”, (“Py”, “Gotham”)) PyGotham >>> print “%s%s” % (“Py”, “Gotham”) PyGotham
case BINARY_MODULO: w = POP(); v = TOP(); if (PyString_CheckExact(v)) x = PyString_Format(v, w); else x = PyNumber_Remainder(v, w); Py_DECREF(v); Py_DECREF(w); SET_TOP(x); if (x != NULL) continue; break;
>>> class Surprising(object): … def __mod__(self, other): … print “Surprise!” !>>> s = Surprising() >>> t = Surprsing() >>> s % t Surprise!
“In the general absence of type information, almost every instruction must be treated as INVOKE_ARBITRARY_METHOD.”
!- Russell Power and Alex Rubinsteyn, “How Fast Can
We Make Interpreted Python?”
Back to our problem
g = (x*x for x in range(5)) h = (y+1 for y in g) print(list(h))
def foo(): x = 1 def bar(y): z = y + 2 return z return bar(x) foo() # <--- (1) !c a l l !s t --------------------- a | main (module) Frame | -> blocks: [] c | (oldest) | -> data: [<foo>] k ---------------------
def foo(): x = 1 def bar(y): z = y + 2 return z return bar(x) # <--- (2) foo() # <--- (1) !c a l l --------------------- | foo Frame | -> blocks: [] s | | -> data: [<bar>, 1] t --------------------- a | main (module) Frame | -> blocks: [] c | (oldest) | -> data: [] k ---------------------
def foo(): x = 1 def bar(y): z = y + 2 # <--- (3) return z return bar(x) # <--- (2) foo() # <--- (1) !c --------------------- a | bar Frame | -> blocks: [] l | (newest) | -> data: [1, 2] l --------------------- | foo Frame | -> blocks: [] s | | -> data: [] t --------------------- a | main (module) Frame | -> blocks: [] c | (oldest) | -> data: [] k ---------------------
def foo(): x = 1 def bar(y): z = y + 2 # <--- (3) return z return bar(x) # <--- (2) foo() # <--- (1) !c --------------------- a | bar Frame | -> blocks: [] l | (newest) | -> data: [3] l --------------------- | foo Frame | -> blocks: [] s | | -> data: [] t --------------------- a | main (module) Frame | -> blocks: [] c | (oldest) | -> data: [] k ---------------------
def foo(): x = 1 def bar(y): z = y + 2 # <--- (3) return z return bar(x) # <--- (2) foo() # <--- (1) !c a l l --------------------- | foo Frame | -> blocks: [] s | | -> data: [3] t --------------------- a | main (module) Frame | -> blocks: [] c | (oldest) | -> data: [] k ---------------------
def foo(): x = 1 def bar(y): z = y + 2 # <--- (3) return z return bar(x) # <--- (2) foo() # <--- (1) !c a l l !s t --------------------- a | main (module) Frame | -> blocks: [] c | (oldest) | -> data: [3] k ---------------------
Back to our problem
g = (x*x for x in range(5)) h = (y+1 for y in g) print(list(h))
More
Great blogs http://tech.blog.aknin.name/category/my-projects/pythons-innards/ by @aknin http://eli.thegreenplace.net/ by Eli Bendersky !Contribute! Find bugs! https://github.com/nedbat/byterun !Apply to Hacker School! www.hackerschool.com/apply
