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31. 31. ......................................................................1.. .V...e..h..i.c..l.e.. .s..t.ructure..............................................1....1.. .I.n..t.e..g..r.a..l. .b..o..d..y.. .c..o..n..struction1.2.. .E..n..g..i.n..e..,. .t.r.a..n..s..m...i.s.s..i.o..n.. .a..n..d.. .b..o..d..y.. .s..tructures.................................1...3.. .F..i.f.t.h.. .w..h..e..e..l. .c..o..u..p..l.in..g.. .a..ssembly......1....4.. .T..r..a..il.e..r. .a..n..d.. .c..a..r.a..v..a..n.. .d..r.a..w...b..a..r. .c..ouplings..................................................1....5.. .S...e..m...i-..t.r.a..i.le..r.. .la..n..d..ing gear...........1...6.. .A..u..t.o..m...a..t.i.c.. .c.h..a..s..s..i.s.. .lu..b..r..ic..a..t.i.o..n. system...............................................................................2.. .F..r.i.c..t.i.o...n. clutch...............................................................2....1.. .C..l.u..t.c..h.. .f.u..n..d..a.mentals2.2 Angular driven plate cush.i.o..n..i.n..g.. .a..n..d.. .t.o..r.s..i.o..n..a..l. .damping......................................................2....3.. .C...lu..t.c..h.. .f.r.i.c..t.i.o..n.. .m. aterials2.4 C.l.u..t.c..h.. .d..r.i.v.e.. .a..n..d.. .d..r..iv..e..n.. .m...e..m...b..e..r. .i.n..spection................................................................2....5.. .C...l.u..t.c.h.. .m...i.s..a..lignment............................................2....6.. .P...u..ll. .t.y..p..e.. .d..i.a..p..h..r.a..g..m clutch.........................2....7.. .M...u..l.t.i.p..la..t.e.. .d..i.a..p..h..r.a..g..m... .t.y..p. e clutch................2....8.. .L..i.p..e.. .r.o..l.l.w..a..y.. .t.w...in.. .d..r..iv..e..n.. .p..l.a..te clutch2.9 Spicer twin driven pl.a..t.e.. .a..n..g..l.e.. .s..p..r.i.n..g.. .p..u..l.l .t.y..p. e clutch........................................................2....1..0.. .C...l.u..t.c.h.. .(..u..p..s.h..i.ft) brake2.11 Multiplate hydraulically operated automatic tran.s..m...i.s..s.i.o..n.. .clutches......................................................2....1..2.. .S...e..m...ic..e..n..t.r.i.f.u..g..al clutch....................2....1..3.. .F..u..l.l.y.. .a..u..t.o..m...a..t.i.c. .c..e..n..t.r.i.f.u..g..al clutch...........2...1..4.. .C..l.u..t.c..h.. .p..e..d..a..l. .a..c.t.u..a..t.i.n..g.. .m...e..c..hanisms2.15 Composite flywheel and integral single pla..t.e.. .d..i.a..p..h..r.a..g..m clutch............3.. .M...a..n...u..a..l. .g..e..a..r.b...o..x..e..s.. .a..n..d.. .o..v..e..rdrives........................................3....1.. .T..h..e.. .n..e..c..e..s..s..it.y.. .f.o..r. .a.. .gearbox3.2 Five speed an.d.. .r.e..v..e..r.s..e.. .s..y..n..c..h..r.o..m...e..s..h.. .g..e.arboxes....3...3.. .G...e..a..r. .s..y..n..c..h..r.o..n..i.z..a..t.io..n.. .a..n..d.. .e..n..g..a. gement3.4 Remote controlled gea.r. .s..e..l.e..c..t.i.o..n.. .a..n..d.. .e..n..g..a..g..ement m..........3...5.. .S...p..l.it.t.e..r.. .a..n..d.. .r.a..n..g..e.. .c..h..a..n..g..e.. .g..e.arboxes........................................3...6.. .T...r.a..n..s..f.e..r. .b..o..x.. .p..o..w..e..r. take-off.................................................3...7.. .O..v..e..r.d..r..iv..e.. .c..o..n..s..i.d.erations......................................................................3...8.. .S...e..t.t.i.n..g.. .g..e.ar ratios4 Hydrokinetic fluid coupling...s.. .a..n..d.. .t.o..r..q..u..e.. .c..o..n..verters.........................................4....1.. .H..y..d..r.o..k..i.n..e..t.i.c.. .f.lu..i.d.. .c..ouplings
32. 32. 4.2 Hydrokinetic fluid coupling eff.i.c..ie..n..c..y.. .a..n..d.. .t.o..r.q..u..e.. .capacity.............................................................4....3.. .F..l.u..i.d.. .f.r.i.c.t.i.o..n.. .coupling4.4 Hyd.r.o..k..i.n..e..t.ic.. .t.h..r.e..e.. .e..l.e..m...e..n..t. .t.o..r.q..u..e.. .c..onverter4.5 T.o..r.q..u..e.. .c..o..n..v.e..r..t.e..r. .p..e..r.f.o..r.m...a..n..c..e.. .t.e..r.m. inology..........................................................................4....6.. .O...v..e..r.r.u..n.. .clutches..................4....7.. .T..h..r.e..e.. .s..t.a..g..e.. .h..y..d..r.o..k..i.n..e..t.i.c. .c..onverter4...8.. .P...o..l.y.p..h..a..s..e.. .h..y..d..r.o..k..i.n..e..t.i.c. .t.o..r..q..u..e.. .c.onverter4.9 Torque converter with lock-up and gear cha..n..g..e.. .f.r.i.c..t.io..n.. .clutches5 Se..m...i.-. .a..n...d.. .f.u..l.l.y.. .a..u..t..o..m...a..t.i.c.. .t.r..a..n..s..m. ission.........5....1.. .A..u..t.o..m...a..t.i.c.. .t.r.a..n..s..m...i.s.s..i.o..n.. .c..o..n..s..ideration5.2 Four speed and reverse longitudinally mounted automatic transmission....................................................................m...e..c..h..a..n..i.c..a..l .p..o..wer flow5.3 The fundam...e..n..t.a..l.s.. .o..f. .a.. .h..y..d..r.a..u..l.ic.. .c..o..n..t.r.o..l system5.4 Basic principle of a .h..y..d..r.a..u..l.i.c..a..l.ly.. .c..o..n..t.r.o..l.l.e..d.. .gearshift5.5. .B...a..s.i.c.. .f.o..u..r. .s..p..e..e..d.. .h..y..d..r.a..u..l.i.c. .c..o..n..t.r.o..l system5.6 Three speed and reverse transaxle automatic transmission mechanical..........................................................................................................p..o..wer flow5.7 Hydra..u..l.i.c.. .g..e..a..r. .s..e..le..c..t.i.o..n.. .c..o..n..t.r.o..l. .c..o..m..ponents5.8. .H...y..d..r.a..u..l.i.c. .g..e..a..r.. .s.e..l.e..c..t.i.o..n.. .c..o..n..t.r.o..l. .o.peration5.9 The continuously variabl.e.. .b..e..l.t. .a..n..d.. .p..u..l.l.e..y. .t.r..a..n..smission5.10 Five speed automatic transmission with electronic-h.y..d..r.a..u..l.i.c control5.11 Semi-automatic (manual gear change two pedal control) transmission.................................................................................................................... system6 Transmission bearings and... .c..o..n..s..t.a..n..t.. .v..e..l.o..c..i.t.y joints....................................................6....1.. .R...o..ll.i.n..g.. .c..o..n..t.a..c..t. .bearings..............6....2.. .T..h..e.. .n..e..e..d.. .f.o..r. .c..o..n..s..t.a..n..t. .v..e..l.o..c.ity joints.............................................7.. .F..i.n..a..l. .d...r.i.v..e.. .t.r..a..n..s..m. ission7..1.. .C...r.o..w...n..w..h..e..e..l. .a..n..d.. .p..i.n..i.o..n.. .a..x.l.e.. .a..d..j.u.stments............................................................................7....2.. .D...if.f.e..r..e..n..tial locks..............................................7....3.. .S...k.i.d.. .r.e..d..u..c..i.n..g.. .d..i.f.f.erentials.......................................................7....4.. .D..o..u..b..l.e.. .r.e..d..u..c..t.i.on axles..........................................................................7...5.. .T...w..o.. .s..p..e..ed axles.....................................7...6.. .T..h..e.. .t.h..i.r.d.. .(.c..e..n..t.r.a..l.). .d..i.fferential.............................7....7.. .F..o..u..r. .w...h..e..e..l. .d..r.i.v.e.. .a..r..r.a..n..gements........7....8.. .E...le..c..t.r.o..-..h..y.d..r..a..li.c.. .l.i.m...it.e..d.. .s..l.i.p.. .d..i.fferential
33. 33. 7.9 Tyre grip when braking and accelerating with good and poor road.................................................................................................................surfaces..................................................7....1..0.. .T..r..a..c.t.i.o..n.. .c..o..n..t.r.o..l system.............................................................................................................8 Tyres....8....1.. .T..r..a..c.t.i.v..e.. .a..n..d.. .b..r.a..k..i.n..g.. .p..r.o..p..e..r.t.i.e..s. of tyres...................................................................................8...2.. .T..y..r.e.. .m. aterials.........................................................................8...3.. .T..y.r..e.. .t.r.e..a..d design.....................................8....4.. .C...o..r.n..e..r.i.n..g.. .p..r.o..p..e..r.t.i.e..s. of tyres...8....5.. .V..e..h..i.c..l.e.. .s..t.e..a..d..y. .s..t.a..t.e.. .d..i.r.e..c..t.i.o..n..a..l stability............................................8...6.. .T...y.r..e.. .m...a..r.k..in..g.. .i.d..e..n..tification...........................................................................8....7.. .W...h..e..e..l. .b..alancing...................................................................................................9.. .S..teering.........9...1.. .S..t.e..e..r.i.n..g.. .g..e..a..r.b..o..x.. .f.u..n..d..a..m...e..n..t.a. l design..........9....2.. .T..h..e.. .n..e..e..d.. .f.o..r.. .p..o..w..e..r. .a..s..s..i.s..t.e..d.. steering........9....3.. .S...t.e..e..r.i.n..g.. .li.n..k..a..g..e.. .b..a..l.l. .a..n..d.. .s.o..c..k. et joints..9....4.. .S...t.e..e..r.i.n..g.. .g..e..o..m...e..t.r.y.. .a..n..d.. .w..h..e..e..l. .a..lignment...................................9....5.. .V..a..r.i.a..b..l.e..-.r.a..t.i.o.. .r.a..c..k.. .a..n.d pinion9.6 Speed sensitive rack and pin.i.o..n.. .p..o..w..e..r. .a..s..s..i.s..t.e..d.. steering9.7 Rack and pin..io..n.. .e..l.e..c..t.r.i.c.. .p..o..w..e..r.. .a..s.s..i.s..t.e..d.. steering...................................................................................1..0.. .S...u..s..p.ension.......................................................1..0...1.. .S..u..s..p..e..n..s..io..n.. .g..eometry..................................................1..0....2.. .S..u..s..p..e..n..s..i.o..n.. .r.o..l.l centres..........................................1..0...3.. .B...o..d..y.. .r.o..l.l .s..t.a..b..i.l.i.t.y. .analysis..............................1..0...4.. .A...n..t.i.-.r.o..l.l. .b..a..r.s.. .a..n..d.. .r.o..l.l .stiffness..........1..0....5.. .r.u..b..b..e..r.. .s.p..r..in..g.. .b..u..m...p.. .o..r.. .li.m...i.t.i.ng stops....................................................................................1..0....6.. .A..x..l.e.. location........................1..0...7.. .R...e..a..r. .s..u..s..p..e..n..s..io..n.. .a..r..r.a..n..gements...................1..0...8.. .S..u..s..p..e..n..s..io..n.. .d..e..s..i.g..n.. .c..o..n..s..ideration.......................................................1..0...9.. .H..y..d..r.o..g..e..n.. .s..u..s.pension10.10 Hydropneumatic automatic heig.h..t. .c..o..r.r..e..c.t.i.o..n.. .s..u..s.pension10..1..1.. .C...o..m...m...e..r.c..i.a..l .v..e..h..i.c..l.e.. .a..x.l.e.. .b..e..a..m... location10.12 Variable rate leaf suspension springs..........................................................................................1..0....1..3.. .T..a..n..d..e..m... .a..n..d.. .t.r.i.-.a..x..l.e bogies.....................................1..0....1..4.. .R..u..b..b..e..r.. .s.p..r..in..g.. .s..u..s.pension10.15.. .A..i.r. .s..u..s..p..e..n..s.i.o..n..s.. .f.o..r. .c..o..m...m...e..r.c..i.a..l. vehicles
34. 34. 1.0....1..6.. .L..i.f.t. .a..x..le.. .t.a..n..d..e..m... .o..r.. .t.r.i.-.a..x..le.. .s..u..s.pension...............................................................1..0...1..7.. .A..c..t.i.v.e.. .s..u..s.pension10.18 Electronic controlled pneumatic (air) suspension for on and of.f. .road use.............................................................................1..1.. .B...r.a..k..e.. .system........................................................................................1..1....1.. .B...r.a.king fun...............1..1...2.. .B..r.a..k..e.. .s..h..o..e.. .a..n..d.. .p..a..d.. .f.u..n..d..a.mentals.......1..1....3.. .B..r.a..k..e.. .s..h..o..e.. .e..x..p..a..n..d..e..r.s.. .a..n..d.. .a.djusters....1..1....4.. .D...i.s.c.. .b..r.a..k..e.. .p..a..d.. .s..u..p..p..o..r.t. .a..r.r..a..n..gements................1..1...5.. .D...u..a..l.-. .o..r. .s..p..l.i.t.-.l.in..e.. .b..r..a..k.i.n..g.. .systems...............................................................1..1...6.. .A..p..p..o..r.t.i.o..n..a..l braking........................1..1....7.. .A...n..t.il.o..c..k..i.n..g.. .b..r.a..k..e.. .s.y..s..t.e..m (ABS)..................................................................................1..1...8.. .B...r.a..k..e servos11.9 Pneumatic operated disk bra..k..e..s. .(..f.o..r. .t.r.u..c..k..s. .a..n..d.. trailers)12 Air operated power brake equipment and .v..e..h..i.c..l.e.. .r.e..tarders............1..2....1.. .I.n..t.r.o..d..u..c..t.i.o..n..s.. .t.o.. .a..i.r. .p..o..w..e..r..e..d brakes...............1..2....2.. .A..i.r. .o..p..e..r.a..t.e..d.. .p..o..w...e..r. .b..r.a..k..e.. .systems........1..2....3.. .A...ir.. .o..p..e..r.a..t.e..d.. .p..o..w..e..r.. .b..r.a..k..e.. .e..q.uipment......................................................................1..2....4.. .V...e..h..i.c.l.e.. .r.etarders..................................1..2....5.. .E...le..c..t.r.o..n..i.c..-.p..n..e..u..m...a..t.i.c brakes.......................................................1..3.. .V..e..h..i.c..l.e.. .r..e..f.r.i.g..eration...............................................................1..3....1.. .R...e..f.r.i.g..e..r.a..t.i.on terms13.2 Principles of a vapour-compression cycle.. .r.e..f.r..ig..e..r..a..t.io..n. system.................1..3....3.. .R..e..f.r..ig..e..r..a..t.io..n.. .s..y..s..t.e..m... .c..o..m..ponents13.4 Vapour-compression cycle refrigeration system with reverse cycle.............................................................................................................d..efrosting.............................1..4.. .V..e..h...i.c..l.e.. .b..o..d..y.. .a..e..r..o..d..y..namics.............................1..4....1.. .V..i.s..c..o..u..s.. .a..ir.. .f.lo..w... .f.u..n..d..a.mentals..................................................................1..4...2.. .A...e..r.o..d..y..n..a..mic drag.........................................................................1..4....3.. .A..e..r..o..d..y.n. amic lift...............................................1..4....4.. .C..a..r.. .b..o..d..y. .d..r..a..g.. .r.eduction..................................................1..4....5.. .A..e..r..o..d..y.n..a..m...i.c.. .l.i.ft control.............................................................................1..4....6.. .A..f.t.e..r..b..ody drag14.7 Commercial .v..e..h..i.c..le.. .a..e..o..r..d..y.n..a..m...i.c.. .f.u..n..d..a.mentals14.8 Co.m...m...e..r..c.i.a..l. .v..e..h..i.c.l.e.. .d..r.a..g.. .r..e..d..u..c.i.n..g.. devices
35. 35. ................................................................................................................ Index
36. 36. 1
37. 37. @
38. 38. 1
39. 39. 1
40. 40. 1
41. 41. 1
42. 42. 1
43. 43. 1
44. 44. :
45. 45. ; :
46. 46. ;
47. 47. : 66: A ;;
48. 48. 9
49. 49. 1
50. 50. 6
51. 51. : 62;
52. 52. B
53. 53. C62
54. 54. ? 7 '
55. 55. 4 #
56. 56. D
57. 57. =
58. 58. 3 8 ,
59. 59. 65
60. 60. 6662
61. 61. 6? '
62. 62. 67
63. 63. 64
64. 64. : 62:? 4 3;;
65. 65. @
66. 66. D
67. 67. 62
68. 68. )
69. 69. (
70. 70. D
71. 71. 9
72. 72. ,
73. 73. 1
74. 74. :
75. 75. ;
76. 76. 9
77. 77. ,
78. 78. :
79. 79. ;
80. 80. : 62:2;;
81. 81. 1
82. 82. D
83. 83. 9
84. 84. : 62:7;;
85. 85. 9
86. 86. ), ,( :;
87. 87. B
88. 88. 1
89. 89. ): 62:7;;
90. 90. B
91. 91. !: 62;
92. 92. 19
93. 93. #: 62:;;
94. 94. %
95. 95. D
96. 96. 19
97. 97. D
98. 98. $: 6?;
99. 99. 9
100. 100. B
101. 101. :
102. 102. ;
103. 103. 2
104. 104. : ;
105. 105. .
106. 106. 1
107. 107. ?
108. 108. 7
109. 109. D
110. 110. : 6?:;;
111. 111. %
112. 112. 1
113. 113. 1
114. 114. .
115. 115. 1
116. 116. : 62:8;6?: ;;
117. 117. 9
118. 118. 1
119. 119. : 62:8;;
120. 120. %
121. 121. 1
122. 122. % : 62:6;6?:;;
123. 123. .
124. 124. .
125. 125. 1
126. 126. B
127. 127. 1
128. 128. 1
129. 129. : 6?:;; : 6?:;;
130. 130. #
131. 131. 9
132. 132. $: 62:65;6?:;;
133. 133. 1
134. 134. 1
135. 135. )
136. 136. B
137. 137. 1
138. 138. $ : 626?:;;
139. 139. B
140. 140. B
141. 141. 9
142. 142. B
143. 143. .
144. 144. 9
145. 145. 4
146. 146. !: 62:=;;
147. 147. 1
148. 148. 1
149. 149. 1
150. 150. .
151. 151. ' : 6?:;;
152. 152. .
153. 153. 1
154. 154. : 6?:E;;*
155. 155. D
156. 156. B
157. 157. :
158. 158. ;
159. 159. 1
160. 160. : 6?:;; .
161. 161. 1
162. 162. : 6?:;;
163. 163. : 6:;;
164. 164. : 6?:;;
165. 165. : 6?:;;
166. 166. : 6?:;;,
167. 167. 1
168. 168. : 6764;
169. 169. B
170. 170. :67:;; )
171. 171. 1
172. 172. : 67:;;
173. 173. 9
174. 174. 1:!);
175. 175. 1
176. 176. 1
177. 177. 1
178. 178. 67:;.
179. 179. 1 : 64:;;
180. 180. 1
181. 181. ,
182. 182. 1
183. 183. : 64:;;
184. 184. : 64:;;
185. 185. 9
186. 186. : 64:;;: 6;
187. 187. D
188. 188. :
189. 189. ;
190. 190. 9
191. 191. 1
192. 192. .
193. 193. 1
194. 194. D
195. 195. 1
196. 196. %
197. 197. : 6:;;
198. 198. D
199. 199. : 6:;;=
200. 200. 1
201. 201. 1
202. 202. : 6:;;
203. 203. 3
204. 204. 8
205. 205. : 6:;;
206. 206. : 6=;.
207. 207. : 6=;)
208. 208. C; .
209. 209. F
210. 210. :
211. 211. ;
212. 212. ; )F
213. 213. 1
214. 214. ; ( F
215. 215. 1