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EFFICIENCT MANAGEMENT OF
ELECTRICAL POWER
K. R. SURIGeneral Manager(O&M)Retd,
POWERGRID, NR-II, Jammu
.
04/15/2023
MODERN TRENDS IN ENERGY EFFICIENCY
04/15/2023
04/15/2023
Energy systems worldwide are changing…
There is nothing permanent except change
PROBLEM
SOLUTIONSOLUTION
TOPICS FOR DISCUSSION
• Efficiency increment /Enhancement
• Discipline/Quality
• Computer Aided Controls for Both above (SmartGrid)
04/15/2023
EFFICIENCY ENHANCEMENT
• Intelligent Use of Electrical Equipments:- Reduction in Energy Consumption
• Selection of Appliances/Equipments
• Green Buildings
04/15/2023
12
OPPORTUNITIES OF SAVING
ENERGY SAVED IS ENERGY GENERATED
• ELECTRICITY BILLS
• MOTORS/ PUMPS
• ILLUMINATION SYSTEM
• REFRIGERATION SYSTEM
• DG SET
• COMPRESSORS/FURNACES/BOILERS ETC
ELECTRICITY BILLS
• Maintain Good Power Factor -- Saves upto 2.5%
• Install max. demand controller to limit max demand exceeding contract demand -- Defer Penalty .
• Optimise sanctioned load during peak load hours -- Reduce peak load charges.
13
ELECTRIC MOTOR & PUMPS
It is estimated, that during its working life a motor consumes 100 times more energy than the cost of motor.
• Consider a 15 Hp motor, running 15 Hrs /Day
• Year Consumption : 10Kw*15Hrs*365 = 54750 kWh
· Running Cost (10 Years)= 54750*4*10=Rs 21.9 Lacs
· Energy Cost =Rs 4/Unit(Comm)
· Cost of normal motor = Rs 22,000/=
14
CASE STUDY OF USING HIGH EFFICIENCY MOTOR
Life : 10 years
Name plate rating at full load : 15 kW
Rated efficiency at full load (η) : 86%
Actual Power Consumption on full load : 15/0.86=17.4 kW
Efficiency after rewinding : 80%
Power Consumption now : 15/0.80=18.7 kW
Replacing the motor with high efficiency : 90%
Power consumption after replacement : 15/0.90=16.7 kW
Savings : 2KW
15
CASE STUDY OF USING HIGH EFFICIENCY MOTOR Cont.
A 15 Hp motor running on an average 15 hrs a day
· 2Kw X 15 Hrs x 365 = 10950 kWh
· Annual saving = Rs 43800 (Rs 4/kWh)
· Cost of normal motor = Rs 22000
· Payback = 6 months
16
04/15/2023
ILLUMINATION SYSTEM-
ENERGY SAVING
04/15/2023
TYPE OF LAMPS BETTER OPTION
40 -100 Watt GLS 5 - 24 Watt CFL for shades/toilets
40 Watt T12 T/L 36WT8/ 28WT5 Watt T/L
250 Watt HPMV 150 Watt HPSV/Metal Halide
500 Watt Halogen 150 Watt HPSV
250 HPMV lamps 150W HPSV lamps in parking and
area illumination
GLS lamps CFL / Tung Halogen lamp for
beautification
indicating Lamps in
panels
LED
USE OF HIGH LUMINUOUS/LOW ENERGY CONSUMPTION DEVICES
04/15/2023
Light OutputLight Emitting Diodes (LEDs)
Incandescent
Light Bulbs
Compact
Fluorescents (CFLs)
Lumens Watts Watts Watts450 4-5 40 9-13800 6-8 60 13-15
1,100 9-13 75 18-251,600 16-20 100 23-302,600 25-28 150 30-55
LUMENS OUTPUT / POWER CONSUMPTION COMPARASION
04/15/2023
Energy Efficiency & Energy Costs
Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs)
Incandescent Light Bulbs
Compact Fluorescents (CFLs)
LIFE SPAN (average) 50,000 hours 1,200 hours 8,000 hours
LUMENS = 800 6 - 8 watts 60 watts 13-15 watts
ENERGY CONS. /YEAR (Daily 10 Hr) 25.5 KWH 219KWH 51 KWh
ANNUAL OP. COST (Rs) (Rs 2 Per Unit)
51.00 438.00 102.00
PER YEAR ENERGY COST COMPARASION
Energy Efficiency Improvements atRashtrapathi Bhawan
EEEs at Rashtrapati Bhawan
Saving Measure
Saving (kWh/ year)
Saving (Rs)(Lacs/Year)
Air conditioning
5,54,266 35.3
Lighting 3,25,028 20.7
Pumping 54,140 3.45
Total 9,33,434 59.45
04/15/2023
REFERIGERATION SYSTEM-Energy saving
• Use energy efficient AC’s (BEE star rated)
• Insulate all lines carrying refrigerant & coolant.
• Prevent Leakage of Refrigerant
• Pressure difference across the compressor is vital ,
Increase the suction pressure (if lower then normal)
and reduce the discharge pressure (if higher then
normal) of the compressor.
04/15/2023
DG SET- INCREASING EFFICIENCY• Install energy meter and a calibrate the diesel tank
• Load the DG set to at least 80% ,before starting the next DG set
• Ensure radiator is clean and batteries are well maintained.
• Improve ventilation , enough space in front of the radiator.
• A poorly maintained injection pump increases fuel consumption by 4gm/kWh.
• A faulty nozzle increases fuel consumption by 2gm/kWh.
• Blocked filters increase fuel consumption by 2gm/kwh
‘NO POWER’
IS COSTLIER THAN
‘NO POWER’ ….. Dr. H. J. BHABHA
Quality ?
DISCIPLINED ELECTRIC SYSTEM
• Allow/use Authorise Connections only
• No over/under drawl by state utilities
• Due to disciplined drawl by SEBs, Frequency band maintained between 50.2 -49.7
04/15/2023
GREEN BUILDING-
ENERGY EFFICIENT
BUILDING
04/15/2023
GREEN BUILDING--?
04/15/2023
04/15/2023
04/15/2023
04/15/2023
ENERGY SAVING IN BUILDINGS
04/15/2023
04/15/2023
04/15/2023
Computer Aided Controls
• TDAMC-Transmission/Distribution Asset Management Control
• SMART GRID –Issues/limitations–Solutions/Benefits
04/15/2023
Smart Grid/City in Indian Context
Global Challenge- Congested Cities
Occupy less than 3% of land
House 50% of World’s population
Use 75% of available resources
Account for 67% of green house gas
emission
Problems of Urbanization
• Pressure on infrastructure
• Increased demand for mobility
• Pressure on Utility Services
• Environmental degradation
• Difficult governance
How to make cities “Smart”
Greenfield Cities
Rapidly Emerging Cities
Grown Cities
Mature Cities
Get it right the first time
Retain competitiveness
Obtain funds
Relieve pain points
Meet environmental targets
Regain competitiveness
Source- Schneider-Smart Cities
Pervasive sensor networks throughout city
Node connections through low-cost communications
Real-time analysis & control of city systems
Integration of isolated systems and across cities
Measured
Networked
Smart
Managed
SaaS-based citizen services, applications, and management tools
Becoming smarter is a long-term process and a step-by-step approach
Integrated
Smart Cities are enabled by recent advances in key technologies:• Pervasive sensor networks• Low-cost communications• Software-as-a-Service
Technology Evolution to a Smart City
Source- Schneider-Smart Cities
50
Smart DistributionAdvanced Metering Infrastructure
(AMI)
Outage Management System (OMS)
Peak Load Management (PLM)
Power Quality Management (PQM)
Energy Storage
Integration of Renewable energy sources
Micro grid
Electric Vehicles (EVs)
Smart CitySmart Distribution
Smart Building & Home
Transportation
Water Management
e-Security
e-Medical
e-Public Services
e-Education
Smart Grid / City Attributes
Power Situation in India
About 300 million people in India have no access to electricity
Blackouts, Rostering – Traditional outage management , Longer restoration time
Traditional biomass energy sources – namely wood, agricultural waste and livestock dung
– for cooking and other domestic needs because of Lack of Clean Energy
High AT&C losses & Lower revenue realization leads to underinvestment in
distribution sector and unreliable supply.
Generation loss of 84.69 billion units (BUs) between April 2012 and January
2013 due to coal and gas shortagesAs per CEA Report
Hydroelectric power projects have been slowed down by ecological,
environmental and rehabilitation controversies
Consumption Trend in India
Figures as per 18th Electric Power Survey
Industrial; 36%
Domestic; 26%
Agriculture; 19%
Com-mercial;
11%
Others; 8%
2012-13 2016-17 2021-22 2026-27 2031-32
135200
283
400
542
Load (GW)
Load (GW)
Dependence on Electricity
Higher Industrial growth
Residential consumption growing at 14% over past
10 years
Realization of demand suppressed due to load
shedding
Rapid Urbanization31% in 2011; 40% by 2030
Year 12-13 Year 13-14 (April-Aug)
998114
430113
911209
408498
8690521615
Energy Requirement in MUEnergy Availability in MUDeficit in MU
Power Supply Position-Energy
Year 12-13 Year 13-14 (Apr-Aug)
8.7
5
Deficit in %
Year 12-13 Year 13-14 (Apr-Aug)
135453 135561123294 126964
12159 8597
Peak Demand in MW Peak Met in MWDeficit in MW
Power Supply Position-Peak
Year 12-13 Year 13-14 (Apr-Aug)
9.00
6.30
Deficit in %
Going Forward
WIND ENERGYPresent Installed Capacity: 20 GW
Capacity by 2030: 164 GW
Proliferation of EVsReva, E2O, YO bikes, Ampere Bikes etc.
SOLAR ENERGYPresent Installed Capacity: 2 GW
Capacity by 2030: 35 GW
Consumer Empowerment Smart Appliances, Home Energy Mgmnt.
Transparency between Consumer and Utility Consumption pattern & Price Information Outage Information and Resolution Increased Consumer Engagement Regularisation of unauthorised
connection/Simplify process Road shows/Voluntary disclosures Judiciary powers to authorities
Strategy for Future Grid
Awareness Smart Grid benefits to Consumers
Smartness at each step Distributed generation / Microgrid Automation for distribution elements Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) Home Energy Management Solutions
Strategy for Future Grid
Power
Communication
Smart Grid
IT
Smart Grid
Salient Points of the Smart Grid
Old Grid Smart Grid (Where we want to be)
One-way , communications Two-way communications
Centralized generation – Distributed generation hard to integrate Distributed generation friendly
Mostly Radial Mostly Meshed and Grid
Sensors by exception Sensors throughout
Operate equipment to failure Self-monitoring and diagnostics- longer equipment life
Manual restoration Automatic restoration self-healing
Prone to blackouts More resilient to disturbances Adaptive protection and islanding
Manual & fixed islands Adaptive islanding
Check equipment locally Monitor equipment remotely
Limited power flow control More controlled power flow
Unavailable or at best delayed price information to customer Real-time pricing
Integration of Two Infrastructures
Electrical Infrastructure
“Intelligence” Infrastructure
Benefits of Smart Grid
Reduced AT&C Losses
Reduced operation and Maintenance cost
Enhanced Reliability & Quality
Higher customer satisfaction
Deferred capital expenditure
Better and enhanced Consumer Services
Improved Environment
64
Smart DistributionAdvanced Metering Infrastructure
(AMI)
Outage Management System (OMS)
Peak Load Management (PLM)
Power Quality Management (PQM)
Energy Storage
Integration of Renewable energy sources
Micro grid
Electric Vehicles (EVs)
Smart Grid Attributes
Advanced Metering Infrastructure
Communications Network
IT SystemsWork Center
MDASMDMS
Customer
• Demand Response
• Incentive/Disincentive by TOU tariff
• Signaling for load control
• Load curtailment beyond sanctioned limit
• Tamper Detection
• Network Problem identification
• Reduced AT&C losses
• Energy Audit
• Billing Efficiency
Portal
Metering Revolution Customer
OperationsGrid Operations Work & Asset
ManagementConventional Meters
Bimonthly reading
Only kWh & MD
Billing none none
Smart Meters
15 minute reading
kWh, MD, kVA, I, V, pf, etc
Billing
Information delivery (w.r.t. tariff, outage,
etc.)
Load Management (partial load shedding for
overloaded DT)
Outage management
Repair & maintenance
of assets
Tamper / theft detection
Load control
Benefits of Smart Meter
Smart Meters
Input to Outage Management System
Continuous Energy AuditLoad / Device Control
Σ
Distribution Transformer
Consumers
Consumer Engagement via In Home Display
• Meter Data Acquisition System (MDAS)– Provides Tools for Energy / System Management and
Reporting– Retrieves 15 Minute Interval Data (Electrical and
Mechanical)– Management of Alarms, Outages, Unusual demand, Meter
Failures, etc– Information Available at Your Desk Top
• Network Communication– Two Way Communication Via a Wired and/or Wireless
Ethernet (RF / PLC / GPRS / Optical Fibre)
MDAS & Communication System
• Energy and Utility Monitoring • Reporting• Historical Analysis • Trend Analysis• Power Quality Analysis• Alarming and Events• Data and Event Logging • Manual and Automated Control• Interoperability (SCADA, DDC, BAS)• Stores Collected Data • Equipment Status Monitoring and Control• Output Data Reports
Meter Data Management System
Peak Load Management (PLM)
The objective of PLM is to achieve balance between
supply and demand
Energy requirement/consumption at the demand side
is controlled by means of partial load curtailment.
Peak Load Management works in two ways:
Demand Response
Demand Side Management
Peak Load Management
Outage Management System (OMS)
• The objective of Outage Management System is to improve availability and reliability of power supply and hence increase customer satisfaction
• It involves proactive maintenance based on Condition Based Monitoring
• There is Automated Switching of load in case of fault
O/H FPI RMU Load breaking switches
Distribution
Transformer
Communication System
FRTU
Communication Gateway
CT
Outage Management System
SCADA
AMI
GIS
Maintenance Crew
CIS
DTMU
IVR
RTU
There are two key factors which affect power quality –
Harmonics and Voltage deviation. Power Quality Management
software measures Harmonics & Voltage quality of the system
and controls Active Harmonic Filter, Var Compensator, Surge
suppressors etc. to maintain the standards. Key benefits of
PQM are:
• Reduction in Technical Losses
• Increase in Life of the equipment
• Optimal utilization of the infrastructure
• Improvement in Power Quality
Power Quality Management
Distributed Energy Resource (DER) systems are small-scale
power generation technologies used to provide an alternative to
or an enhancement of the traditional electric power system.
Distributed Generation
• Improved environmental impact
• Reduce dependency on the Grid
• Increased reliability
Energy Storage
Batteries
Flywheels Compressed Air Molten Salt Pumped Hydro Thermal/Ice
Broadly categorized into Electro-chemical, Electro-mechanical & Electro-thermal technologies
• Battery Electric Vehicles• Plug in Hybrid Electric VehiclesEV & PHEV work as a Electric storage medium
and proper integration may bring potential of Vehicle to Grid concept.
Charging infrastructure / Battery Change System may catalyse growth.
Electric Vehicle
With Phasor technology and Phasor Measurements Units (PMU), we have:– Power System measured states (Voltage & Angle) and not
estimates– Dynamic system conditions via High Resolution Data (25 – 50
samples/sec)– Ability to compare regions due to Time Synchronized data
Technology provides high resolution, time synchronized data, useful for calculation and monitoring, e.g.:– % damping (inter-area and local area oscillations)– Measured sensitivities, such as V/P, /P– Angle Difference– Transmission capability
78
Synchrophasor Technology
Much Higher Resolution (typically 25-50 samples/second)
Compared to 4 to 10 seconds /sample of SCADA
79
SCADA to Phasor Measurements: From X-Rays to MRIs
PUDUECHERRY
FIRST
SMART GRID/CITY
PUDUCHERRY SMART GRID PILOT PROJECT
Coverage : Town Area of Puducherry
800 Smart Meters of 10 different makes using different communication technologies installed
Implementation in Collaboration with 56 Organizations
Holistic implementation at
one place
Evolution of replicable and scalable commercial model along with
knowledge sharing and capacity building
Functionalities being Implemented: AMI, PLM, OMS, Renewable Energy integration,
Microgrid
Integration of emerging technologies in communication, control & automation, intelligent devices, renewable
integration, energy storage
Energy Audit enabled for DT
Objectives of Puducherry Pilot Project
Indigenization of Technology
Knowledge Sharing and Capacity Building
Proof of Concept in Indian Conditions
Develop a Scalable and Replicable Model
Demonstration of Benefits to Stakeholders
Groundwork for Policy Advocacy, Regulations, Standards etc.
Evolve a Commercial Mechanism
Functionality Implemented
• Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI)– On demand reading– Obtaining Load profile data– Obtaining TOD data– Giving Connect / Disconnect command– Load restriction– Monitor Power Quality Information– Monitor Outage data– Managing Network through Meter Data– Prepayment Functionality– Remote configuration– Tamper monitoring– Service order generation– AMI performance monitoring
Outage Management System (OMS)
– Fault Passage Indicator (FPI)– Current & Status of Fault in Phases– Distribution Transformer Monitoring Unit
(DTMU)– Outage Data– Average Loading– Total Harmonic Distortion– Temperature of oil, enclosure & the
phase windings
• Demand Response (DR)– Customer side– Utility side
• Street Light Automation
Distribution Transformer Monitoring
THD
Avg Daily Loading
Temperature
Puducherry Site Installations
SMART METER
DTMU
DTMU
DTMUSTREET LIGHT PANEL
POWERGRID | Smart GridCountry wide WAMSImplementation of pan India Wide Area Measurement System (WAMS) for better transmission grid management
Smart Grid Pilot – PuducherryAMI, OMS, Demand Response – implemented. Project being scaled up.
Smart City implementationDholera under Delhi Mumbai Industrial Corridor
SCADA & DMSImplemented SCADA & DMS in various towns
Home Energy Management & MicrogridProducts for Home Energy Management &Controller for Microgrid
ISGTF PIlotsDPR prepared: Rajasthan, Chhattisgarh, Tripura, Uttar Haryana, PuducherryProviding Consultancy
New Opportunities in Exploring new opportunities in energy storage project & Offshore wind power tapping
In House Initiatives50 kWp rooftop solar PV installation at POWERGRID premises in Manesar
ISGTF Pilot Projects
• India Smart Grid Task Force (ISGTF) under the aegis of Ministryof Power has approved 14 pilot projects for Smart Gridimplementation across the country
• POWERGRID providing consultancy to 9 of the pilot projects
Rajasthan Chhattisgarh Tripura Uttar Haryana Puducherry
Karnataka West Bengal Punjab Himachal Pradesh