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Donald HesterOctober 21, 2010
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IT Best Practices: IT Security Assessments
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Donald Hester
IT Best Practices: IT Security Assessments
Donald E. HesterCISSP, CISA, CAP, MCT, MCITP, MCTS, MCSE Security, Security+, CTT+Director, Maze & Associates University of San Francisco / San Diego City College / Los Positas College
www.LearnSecurity.org
http://www.linkedin.com/in/donaldehester
http://www.facebook.com/group.php?gid=245570977486
Email:[email protected]
Situation
Organizations are becoming increasingly dependent on technology and the Internet
The loss of technology or the Internet would bring operations to a halt
The need for security increases as our dependence on technology increases
Management wants to have assurance that technology has the attention it deserves
8
Questions
Does our current security posture address what we are trying to protect?
Do we know what we need to protect? Where can we improve? Where do we start? Are we compliant with laws, rules,
contracts and organizational policies? What are your risks?
9
Reason
Provide Assurance Demonstrate due diligence Make risk based decisions
10
Terms
Assessment Audit Review ST&E = Security Test & Evaluation Testing Evaluation
11
Assessment Lifecycle
Planning
Information Gathering
Business Process
Assessment
Technology Assessment
Risk Analysis & Reporting
12
Common Types of Assessments
Vulnerability Assessment Penetration Test Application Assessment Code Review Standard Audit/Review Compliance Assessment/Audit Configuration Audit Wireless Assessment Physical/Environmental Assessment Policy Assessment
13
Determine your Scope
What will be the scope of the assessment?• Network (Pen Test, Vul Scan, wireless)• Application (Code or Vul scan)• Process (business or automated)
How critical is the system you are assessing?• High, medium – use independent assessor• Low – self assessment
14
Identify and Select Automated Tools
Computer Assisted Audit Techniques or Computer Aided Audit Tools (CAATS)
Computer Assisted Audit Tools and Techniques (CAATTs)• SQL queries• Scanners• Excel programs• Live CDs• Checklists
15
Checklists
AuditNet• www.auditnet.org
ISACA & IIA• Member Resources
DoD Checklists• iase.disa.mil/stigs/checklist/
NIST Special Publications• csrc.nist.gov/publications/PubsSPs.html
16
Live CD Distributions for Security Testing
BackTrack Knoppix Security Tool Distribution F.I.R.E. Helix
17
Review Techniques
Documentation Review Log Review Ruleset Review System Configuration Review Network Sniffing File Integrity Checking
18
Target Identification and Analysis Techniques
Network Discovery Network Port and Service Identification
• OS fingerprinting Vulnerability Scanning Wireless Scanning
• Passive Wireless Scanning• Active Wireless Scanning• Wireless Device Location Tracking (Site Survey)• Bluetooth Scanning• Infrared Scanning
19
Target Vulnerability Validation Techniques
Password Cracking• Transmission / Storage
Penetration Testing• Automated / Manual
Social Engineering• Phishing
20
Checklists / MSAT
Microsoft Security Assessment Tool (MSAT)
21
GRC Tools
Governance
RiskCompliance
22
DashboardsMetricsChecklistsReportingTrend AnalysisRemediation
Test Types
Black Box Testing• Assessor starts with no
knowledge White Box Testing
• Assessor starts with knowledge of the system, i.e. the code
Grey Box Testing• Assessor has some knowledge,
not completely blind
23
Verification Testing
Input •Data Entry
Data Collection
•Database Storage
Output
24
VerificationMatch
Application testing
Code Review• Automated/Manual
Vulnerability scanning Configuration review Verification testing Authentication Information leakage Input/output Manipulation
25
Database Auditing
Native Audit (Provided by DB) SIEM & Log Management Database Activity Monitoring Database Audit Platforms
• Remote journaling & analytics Compliance testing Performance
26
Intrusion Detection/Prevention
Configuration Verification testing Log and Alert review
27
28
EMR Testing
Electromagnetic Radiation Emissions Security
(EMSEC) Van Eck phreaking Tempest Tempest surveillance
prevention Faraday Cage
29
Green Computing
Assessment on the use of resources Power Management Virtualization Assessment
30
Business Continuity
Plan Testing, Training, and Exercises (TT&E)
Tabletop Exercises• Checklist Assessment• Walk Through
Functional Exercises• Remote Recovery• Full Interruption Test
31
Vulnerability Scanning
Vulnerability: Weakness in an information system, or in system security procedures, internal controls, or implementation, that could be exploited or triggered by a threat source.
Vulnerability Scanning: A technique used to identify hosts/host attributes and associated vulnerabilities. (Technical)
32
MBSA
Microsoft Baseline Security Analyzer 2.2
33
Vulnerability Reports
34 Sample from Qualys
External and Internal
35
Where is the best place to scan from?
External scan found 2 critical vulnerabilities
Internal scan found 15 critical vulnerabilities
Vulnerability Scanners
36
Source:http://www.gartner.com/technology/media-products/reprints/rapid7/173772.html
Red, White and Blue Teams
37
Penetration Testers Incident
Responders
Mimic real-world attacksUnannounced
Observers and Referees
Red and Blue Teams
38
Penetration Testers Incident
Responders
Mimic real-world attacksAnnounced
Penetration Test Phases
39
Penetration Assessment Reports
40
Sample from CoreImpact
Vulnerability Information
Open Source Vulnerability DB• http://osvdb.org/
National Vulnerability Database• http://nvd.nist.gov/
Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures• http://cve.mitre.org/
Exploit Database• http://www.exploit-db.com/
41
Physical Assessments
Posture Review Access Control Testing Perimeter review Monitoring review Alarm Response review Location review (Business Continuity) Environmental review (AC / UPS)
42
KSAs
Knowledge
SkillAbility
43
Assessor Competence
Priority Certifications• Certified Information Systems Auditor
(CISA)*• GIAC Systems and Network Auditor (GSNA)
Secondary Certifications• Vendor Neutral: CISSP, Security+, GIAC,
CISM, etc…• Vendor Specific: Microsoft, Cisco, etc…
44
*GAO 65% of audit staff to be CISA
Legal Considerations
At the discretion of the organization Legal Review
• Reviewing the assessment plan• Providing indemnity or limitation of liability
clauses (Insurance)• Particularly for tests that are intrusive• Nondisclosure agreements• Privacy concerns
45
Post-Testing Activities
Mitigation Recommendations• Technical, Managerial or Operational
Reporting• Draft and Final Reports
Remediation / Mitigation• Not enough to finds problems need to have
a process to fix them
46
Organizations that can help
Information Systems Audit and Control Association (ISACA)
American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA)
Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA) SANS National State Auditors Association (NSAA) U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO)
47
Resources
Gartner Report on Vulnerability Assessment Tools
Twenty Critical Controls for Effective Cyber Defense
48
Donald E. HesterCISSP, CISA, CAP, MCT, MCITP, MCTS, MCSE Security, Security+, CTT+Director, Maze & Associates University of San Francisco / San Diego City College / Los Positas College
www.LearnSecurity.org
http://www.linkedin.com/in/donaldehester
http://www.facebook.com/group.php?gid=245570977486
Email:[email protected]
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IT Best Practices: IT Security Assessments