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AbsolutismCentralized government, bureaucracy, divine
rightEX: Hongwu, Tokugawa, Sultans, Mughal
(Akbar), King Louis XIV, Osei Tutu (Asantehene)
Rise of EuropePortugal and Spain led the wayNorthern Europe looks outwardSearch for new trade routes
Gold, God, Glory
Colonization of Latin AmericaProtestant Reformation/Counter Reformation
Coercive LaborSlavery
Serfdom
Mita SystemConsumerism
Sugar, Silver, Slaves
The Big Picture1450-1750
Global Trade
Truly global – AmericasColumbian Exchange
Indian, Atlantic, Pacific Oceans
Atlantic Slave Trade Mercantilism
Cultural and Intellectual Developments
RenaissanceScientific Revolution
EnlightenmentHumanismExploration
Neo-ConfucianismSailing technology
Printing pressGunpowder developments
Mining
• Due to Black Plague, Yuan Dynasty weakened• Zhu Yuanzhang led military campaign to unify
China (1368)• Proclaimed Ming Dynasty• Mongols retreated to Steppes• Zhu called himself the Hongwu Emperor
Rise in Power
• Development of the Forbidden City• Developed an imperial bureaucracy –
officials appointed based on civil service exams
• Local leaders worked on irrigation, reforestation, collected taxes
• Purged many rivals – ruled through terror
• Emperor had absolute power• Hongwu abolished chief minister
position
Government
• Efficient tax collection. Hongwu ordered surveys and censuses to collect data
• Ming began economic recovery – major products were silk, cotton, fine porcelain
• Active traders in the Indian Ocean – ports of Hangzhou, Guangzhou
• Yongle Emperor sent Zheng He to explore and collect tribute
• Traded for silver with Europe and Japan• Stressed internal trade
Economy
Social Aspects• Neo-Confucianism led to more rigid social
structure. No dissension allowed• Social structure: Emperor, scholar-gentry,
farmers, artisans, merchants• Established Confucian school to select officials• Population explosion, cities grew• Jesuit missionaries (Mateo Ricci) introduce
European technology and beliefs.• Wider production of printed materials. Novels
written in Chinese.
Chinese Timeline
1. Kublai Khan, a Mongol, establishes the Yuan dynasty (1271 AD)
2. Shang dynasty established – oracle bones used (1766 BC)
3. Han Dynasty adopts Confucianism (206 BC)
4. China Experiences a Golden Age – Song Dynasty (907 AD)
5. China develops a feudal system during the Zhou dynasty (1122 BC)
6. The Qin dynasty adopts Legalism (221 BC)
7. The Ming dynasty restores Chinese rule in China (1368 AD)
8. Han Dynasty collapses (220 AD)
9. Tang Dynasty unites China (618 AD)
Do Now:Create a timeline on your handout of major events in Chinese history
0
1766 BC Shang
Dynasty established
1122 BCFeudalism under Zhou
221 BC Qin
Dynasty adopts
Legalism
206 BC Han
DynastyAdopts
Confucianism
907 Song DynastyGolden Age
1271MongolsEstablish
YuanDynasty
1368Ming Dynasty
Restores ChineseRule
Major Events in Chinese History Timeline
220 AD Han
Dynasty collapses
618 AD Tang Dynasty unites China
Recovery in China
Ming ChinaPolitical Development
Mongols collapsed in 1368.
Hongwu established the Ming Dynasty.
Erase memory of Mongol occupation.
Confucian education and civil service reinstated.
Private merchants traded and manufactured porcelain,
silk, and cotton.
Ming “Brilliant” Dynasty lasted until 1644.
Intellectual Development
Neo-Confucianism promoted
Yongle Encyclopedia promoted Chinese traditions.
Jesuit missionaries (Mateo Ricci) introduce European
technology and beliefs.
Wider production of printed materials. Novels written in
Chinese.
Exploration
“Comeback Back” Tours (7 between 1405 -1433).
Massive naval and trade fleet headed by Zheng He, a Chinese Muslim eunuch.
Established tributary relations with regions throughout the eastern hemisphere.
Voyages ended in 1433 as Confucian bureaucrats claimed foreign interests had no value to China and
military resources should be directed towards protecting northern frontier from attack.
Recovery in China
Ming China
1. This ship cruised Chinese canals in 618 CE linking the southern “rice bowl” and the northern plains.
2. The “Dragon Fleet” was used as an intimidating weapon and actually shot flames from its mouth.
3. Emperor Yang’s ship was pulled by 80,000 men, had 4 decks, a throne room, and 120 exquisitely decorated rooms
for concubines.
Guess the Fib!
You Guessed the FIB!
Chinese Maritime Tradition
Artifacts, particularly ceramics, and archaeological evidence, primarily shipwrecks, indicate the presence of strong
maritime ties throughout Southeast Asia. There was extensive commerce from the eastern coast of China, to Korea, Japan
and Australia.
Chinese maritime activities appear to have gained their footing near the end of the Song Dynasty (960-1279 A.D.).
But it was the subsequent Mongol emperors (the Yuan dynasty of c. 1271-1368) who commissioned the first imperial treasure fleets and founded trading posts in
Sumatra, Ceylon, and southern India.
When Marco Polo made his famous journey to the Mongol court, he described four-masted junks with 60 individual
cabins for merchants, watertight bulkheads, and crews of up to 300.
The Emperor, Wan Shengzi, was noted for his open-door trade policies with foreign nations. As a result, Chinese
port cities grew in size and importance.
Shipbuilding in the southern Fujian province was well established by the time of the Ming Dynasty
(1368 to 1644 A.D.).
The Port
City of
Guangzhou
But the real peak in Chinese maritime prowess is symbolized in the extraordinary tale of one
man: Admiral Zheng He.
During his 28 year naval career, Admiral Zheng visited 37 countries, traveled around the tip of Africa into the Atlantic Ocean and commanded a single fleet whose
numbers surpassed the combined fleets of all Europe.
Zheng He
I was born in 1371 to poor Muslim parents in Southwest China. I was captured as a
young boy by the Chinese Army and castrated to become a
Eunuch. Nonetheless, I dedicated myself to my studies, learning several languages and
philosophy.
My Name is Zheng He and this is my story!
In 1382, at the age of 11, I was made a servant of a prince who would later become
Yongle, Emperor of the Ming Dynasty!
Zheng, as my most trusted servant, I will make you Admiral of the Western
seas” if you “Guess the Fib!”
1. I rebuilt the Grand Canal and Great Wall.
2. I made peace with the Mongols developing a lucrative trade network throughout Asia.
3. I Built the Forbidden city at Beijing, which took 1 million laborers 15 yrs to complete.
4. I wrote a bestselling manuscript called the Yongle Encyclopedia.
Guess the Fib!
You Guessed the FIB!
The Treasure Fleet
Now, as Admiral of our fleet, you must sail to “the countries beyond the horizon,” all the way to the end of the earth. Your mission is to display the might of Chinese
power and collect tribute from the "barbarians beyond the seas."
I accepted Emperor Yongle’s mission and in 1405 began my first expedition!
No nation on earth had ever sent such a fleet onto the ocean. It included 62 large ships,
some 600 feet long, larger than any other on the seas. Hundreds of smaller vessels
accompanied them.
A Chinese historian described them; "The ships which sail the Southern Sea are like houses. When their sails are
spread they are like great clouds in the sky."
The flagship of the fleet was a nine-masted vessel measuring 440 feet. In comparison, Columbus’ St. Maria was eighty-five
feet.
My voyages became an example of the power and greatness of the Chinese
civilization.
Click
Here for
A Closer
look!
We established many maritime inventions, including central rudders, watertight compartments, various new types of
sails, paddle wheels and even armor plated boats. All these developments made long distance navigation possible.
My First naval expedition lasted two years (1405-1407) and comprised of 317 ships with 27,870 men. My first port of
call was in Champa (Vietnam). I saw many Chinese who had emigrated from the coastal
provinces since the time of the Tang Dynasty and had already
spread Confucian ideals. Champa’s ruler willingly offered tribute for the Chinese emperor.
These are my ships, as depicted in a Chinese woodblock print in the
early 17th century.
The Treasure Fleet Voyages
While voyaging to India, the ships encountered a ferocious hurricane. Zheng He prayed to the Taoist Goddess known as the Celestial Spouse. In response, a "divine light" shone
at the tips of the mast, and the storm subsided. This heavenly sign -- perhaps the static electrical phenomenon known as St. Elmo's fire -- led Zheng He and his crew to
believe that his missions were under special divine protection.
FUN FACT!
By the time I returned to China, I sailed to Java, Sri Lanka and Calicut, I battled and captured pirates, and I established massive warehouses in the Straits of
Malacca.
At each civilization I visited, I was to
present gifts from the emperor and to exact tribute for the glory of
the Ming.
This is a painting depicting my return to China
One of my greatest Voyages was my fourth in 1413-1415. With 63 ships I reached Hormuz in the Persian Gulf. Many
artisans strung together exquisite pearls and merchants dealt in precious stones and metals.
While I lingered in the city to amass treasure for the emperor, I sent Yang Min to Bengal. He
returned to China with a _______ that the Bengali King
received from the ruler of Malindi. When the _______
arrived at the court in Nanjing, the scholars identified it as the fabled unicorn, an animal that
symbolized an age of exceptional peace and
prosperity. As the fleet laid treasures from Arabia and India at the feet of the emperor, this omen must surely have seemed
fitting.
Giraffe
Giraffe
When foreign ambassadors came to the Chinese court, they
"kowtowed" as they approached the emperor. (The required process of "kowtow" was to
kneel three times and bow one's head to the floor three times at
each kneeling.)
In return for tribute from other countries, the emperor sent gifts and special seals that confirmed
their rulers' authority. These foreign kings were officially
made part of the Ming Dynasty.
FUN
FACT!
From 1405-1433, I made seven voyages reaching Southeast Asia, Sumatra, Java,
Ceylon, India, Persia, Arabia, Egypt, and East Africa.
Unfortunately, Emperor Yongle died in 1424, ending all naval expeditions until 1431. Then, during my seventh and final voyage in 1431-33, I died returning from
Sri Lanka.
A stamp depicting the many
voyages of my
Treasure fleet.
After Zheng He died, the Treasure Fleets were dismantled and banned from being used.
Government sponsored voyages ceased and all official records of Zheng He’s travels were
destroyed.
Why do you think the Chinese decided to isolate themselves and discontinue the Treasure Fleet voyages?
Chinese influence on the world ceased, thus opening the door for the rise of European superpowers . By the year
1500, Columbus had discovered the New World and Vasco da Gama, the Portuguese sailor, had entered the Indian
Ocean and laid the groundwork for an era of Asian colonization by European naval powers
FUN
FACT!
Today, Zheng he is honored throughout the world including this statue in Singapore and Chinese gold coin.
Zheng He’s story has recently drawn much popular attention because of a new book published in 2002
by Gavin Menzies, a British former submariner. 1421: The Year China Discovered America. The book claims, among other things, that Zheng He
“discovered” America and circumnavigated the earth much earlier than the Europeans.
Did the Ming Empire actually reach the West?
New Findings?
Wow! If this Theory is true, it
will rewrite history!
Neoconfucianism and Chinese Expansion
I. Politics – Arguments for ending voyages
A. Scholar-Gentry saw exploration as a _____________ project
E. Suspicious of outside trade – could cause instability and undermine authority – creates problems, not opportunity.
D. Some Chinese believed China was already _______________ and there was no need for exploration.
C. Trips were extremely ____________________.
B. Exploration was just one man’s interest (Emperor Yongle) not the push of an entire civilization.
Eunuch
Self-SufficientCostly
F. Scholar-Gentry thought money and focus should be on protecting the northern border from _________ invasions.Mongol
“If the People are underfed, it is because the merchants have prospered and agriculture has
been neglected.”
II. Culture – Arguments for ending voyages
A. Scholar-Gentry believed ________ was primary form of wealth
B. Farming was more noble than trading.
1. Merchants could not keep up a ________________ (against neoconfucian ideals).
2. Merchants could not perform religious rituals for ancestors overseas
3. Merchants live off other people’s hard work - parasites
land
Family Shrine
E. Role of Women – did not want women in market place
1. Strict role for women as homemakers
2. Practiced __________________ on elite women
D. Neoconfucianism did not have _______________ impulse of Christianity or Islam.
C. Scholars thought that inferiors should seek superiors
Missionary
Footbinding
Why did the Confucian Scholar-Gentry believe it was embarassing for Chinese diplomats to
travel to foreign lands?
• Poor leaders took over • Poor conditions of the people – bad crops, high taxes• Taxes inspired rebellions• Silver trade led to inflation – halt of silver trade led to decline in
1630s• Manchus from the north claim power and set up Qing Dynasty
Decline of Power
The Treasure Fleet
What would you need if you were preparing a journey into unknown territory?
How would you plan on meeting those crucial needs?
Click
Here for
Film Clip
Political Developments
By 1400, regional states were developing into powerful monarchies.
Taxed citizens directly and maintained standing armies.
Spanish Reconquista put Spain back in the hands of Iberian Catholics and
not the Moors.
Italian city states grew wealthy from trade. Florence, Milan, Venice.
Competition between nations led to innovative weapons, ships, and other technology that would allow Europe
to exert its influence world wide.
The stage was being set for a GLOBAL SHIFT IN POWER STILL
FELT TODAY.
Reconquista de Granada
Europe
Recovery and Renaissance in Asia and Europe, 1450
Intellectual Development
The Renaissance / “Rebirth”
Sparked by renewed contact with classical Greek and Roman
heritage via the Islamic world and trade.
Increased wealth led to more resources begin devoted to the
arts.
Humanism: Stressed the importance of human existence. Reflected in art and literature.
Italy’s favorable trading location gave rise to the Renaissance.
Medici family of Florence.
Painting, science, and sculpture flourished.
Michelangelo
Davinci
Recovery and Renaissance in Asia and Europe, 1450
Europe
European Exploration
Questioning spirit of Renaissance inspired Europeans to look outward and
explore.
Major Motivations: GLORY, GOLD, GOD.
Portuguese: Find a trade route bypassing the Middle East and middlemen. Prince
Henry the Navigator promoted expeditions along African coast.
Portugal was first European nation to sail around tip of Africa and into Indian
Ocean for trade.
Spanish: Ferdinand and Isabella and Columbus’ journey. Western Route to
Asia, 1492.
Columbus at the court of Ferdinand and Isabella
Europe
Recovery and Renaissance in Asia and Europe, 1450
