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SDME Exam (Sustainable Decision Making Exercise) – Exam code B561
Topic: Economic Development
Date: Tuesday 19th May 2015
Length: 90 minutes
Value: 25% (40 marks – last question worth 16 marks)
Geographical Themes Exam – Exam code B563
Topics: Rivers and Coasts
Natural Hazards
Population and Settlement
Date: Wednesday 3rd June 2015
Length: 1 hour 45 minutes
Value: 50% (3 x 33 marks questions = 99 total marks – Case Study questions worth
11 marks including 3 marks for SPAG)
Extra resources / Past Paper Questions
OCR B Syllabus – OCR B Website – Lots of Past Papers
http://www.ocr.org.uk/qualifications/gcse-geography-b-j385-from-2012/
Cranbrook School Portal & Cranbrook Geog Twitter @cranbrookgeog
Revision Guides – CGP OCR B Syllabus (Revision book & workbook) or Jane Ferretti OCR B
Geography Revision Guide. Both available on Amazon.co.uk
GCSE Revision Sheets & Notes
http://www.chewvalleyschool.co.uk/Revisioncentre/GeographyGCSERevision/
General Revision
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/geography/ http://www.s-cool.co.uk/gcse/geography
http://www.geography.learnontheinternet.co.uk/gcse/index.html
Case Studies for June Exams
Each examination question has a case study sub-question. You will need to apply relevant knowledge and understanding of real examples from your learning. Use this sheet to organise your revision.
Theme 1: Rivers and Coasts Case Studies Examples Notes Revised /
The causes, effects and management of river flooding in an MEDC.
Boscastle
The causes, effects and management of river flooding in an LEDC.
Bangladesh
One river valley and its landforms. River Tees
One coastal area and its landforms. Dorset or
Pett Level & Fairlight
A case study of coastal management
including reasons for protection, measures taken, resulting effects and possible conflicts.
Pett Level & Fairlight
or Holderness or Happisburgh
Theme 2: Population & Settlement Case
Studies Examples Notes Revised /
A case study to illustrate strategies to influence natural population within a
country.
China 1 Child Policy or
Cabbages & Condoms in Thailand
A case study of international migration to illustrate the causes, consequences and
management
Poland to the UK
A case study of migration within one
country.
UK internal
Migration (counter-urbanisation)
A case study of urban change to illustrate social, economic and environmental planning
and its sustainability.
Curitiba or Greenwich
Millennium Village
A case study to illustrate how retail service
provision changes over time
Bluewater in Dartford or Meadow
Hall in Sheffield or North Farm
Tunbridge Wells
Theme 3: Natural Hazards Case Studies Examples Notes Revised /
A case study of one tectonic hazard event in an LEDC (Earthquake)
Sichuan or Haiti
A case study of one tectonic hazard event in an MEDC (Earthquake)
Japan
A case study of one tectonic hazard event in an LEDC (Volcano)
Nevado Del Ruiz
A case study of one tectonic hazard event in an MEDC (Volcano)
Mount Etna
A case study of one climatic hazard event in
an LEDC (Tropical Storm) Cyclone Nargis
A case study of one climatic hazard event in an MEDC (Tropical Storm)
Hurricane Katrina
A case study of one climatic hazard event in an LEDC (Drought)
Ethiopia or Kenya
A case study of one climatic hazard event in an MEDC (Drought)
Australia
B561 SDME Exam: Case Study
You may need to use your case studies to answer questions in the SDME exam.
Theme 4: Economic Development Case
Studies Examples Notes Revised /
A case study of an aid project in an LEDC
Water Aid or Computer & Goat
Aid
An LEDC case study to illustrate the factors that affect the location of different types of
economic activity.
Kenya Flowers or
Oil in Nigeria
An MEDC case study to illustrate the factors that affect the location of different types of economic activity.
Silicon Valley or M4 Corridor
A case study of MNC investment in a specific
area and in an international context. Nike
A case study of a specific development
where conflicts exist between economic development and environmental damage.
China Pearl River Delta
Rivers and Coasts
Rivers
1. What is the hydrological cycle?
2. What is a drainage basin?
o Define drainage basin, tributary, source, mouth, confluence, channel and
water shed
o Understand the drainage basin size and characteristics vary around the
world.
3. How does the drainage basin work as a system?
Inputs, outputs, stores and flows
4. What is a storm hydrograph?
o Be able to construct/draw and label – axis, precipitation, discharge, peak
rainfall, rising limb, falling limb, peak discharge, lag time
o What are the factors that cause a short lag time and high discharge?
Flashy hydrograph
o What are the factors that cause a long lag time and low discharge?
Subdued hydrograph
o How and why do storm hydrographs vary between urban and rural areas?
5. How do human and physical factors affect flood risk?
6. What are the causes & effects of a river flood in an MEDC? Boscastle
7. What has been done to reduce the flood risk in your named MEDC area
(management strategies)? Evaluate and consider sustainability.
8. What are the causes & effects of a river flood in an LEDC? Bangladesh
9. What has been done to reduce the flood risk in your named LEDC area
(management strategies)? Evaluate and consider sustainability.
10.What are the different strategies for flood prevention and control? Evaluate each
considering cost, practicality, aesthetics, level of development, longevity,
sustainability
11.What are the processes of erosion in a river?
12.What are the processes of transportation in a river?
13.How do river profiles change from source to mouth?
14.For each of the following landform features of the upper course of the river be able
to draw a diagram, write a paragraph to explain its formation and give a named
example:
Water falls
Interlocking Spurs
V-shaped valley
15. For each of the following landform features of the lower course of the river be
able to draw a diagram, write a paragraph to explain its formation and give a
named example:
Flood plain
Meanders and ox-bow lakes (x-section of a meander slip off slope and river cliff)
delta
16. Be able to describe the key features of the upper and lower course of the River
Tees
Coasts
1. Describe the erosion, transport, weathering and mass movement processes
affecting coastlines.
2. How does rock type and structure affect erosion?
3. Describe the process by which the sea transports material along the coastline.
4. How are waves generated and what factors affect the energy of a wave?
Strength of wind, duration and fetch
5. What are constructive and destructive waves?
6. Name and locate examples of the following features caused by erosion.
7. Describe and explain how each was formed with reference to erosion,
weathering and mass movement processes
Cliff – refer to wave cut notch, wave cut platform and cliff retreat.
Headlands – refer to caves, arches, stacks and
stumps
8. Name and locate examples of the following coastal features caused by deposition.
9. Describe and explain how each was formed.
Spits
Bars
Tombolos
Beaches
10.Describe and explain strategies that can be used to protect the coastline from
erosion and flooding e.g.
Groyne
Beach nourishment/replenishment
Managed retreat
Gabion
Sea wall
Rip rap (rock barrier)/ revetments
Which are more sustainable and why?
Population & Settlement
Population
1. Define the following terms:
Birth Rates
Death Rates
Rate of Natural Increase
Infant Mortality Rates
Life Expectancy
Dependents/Non-Economically Active
Non Dependents/ Economically Active
Over-population
Under-population
2. What does a population pyramid show?
3. Describe and explain the typical shape of a population pyramid for an MEDC.
4. Describe and explain the typical shape of a population pyramid for an LEDC.
5. Why do birth rates and life expectancy vary between countries of different levels
of economic development?
6. How do the number and type of dependent population in an LEDC vary from that
in an MEDC?
7. How do you measure natural population growth?
8. How has population grown globally?
9. What is the demographic transition model? How do Birth Rates and Death Rates
change overtime and with different levels of economic development/different
countries?
10.List factors that influence changes in birth rate and death rate.
Reasons why Birth Rates are high
Reasons why Birth Rates decrease
Reasons why Death Rates are high
Reasons why Death Rates decrease
11.How can population structure change over time? Age structure and gender.
12.With reference to one named country describe strategies used influence natural
population change in a country. E.g. controlling birth rates
13.Evaluate the success of the strategy outline in the question above. How sustainable
is this population policy?
14. Suggest reasons for an ageing population trend in the UK.
15. What will be the consequences of an ageing population?
16. Define international Migration
17. What are the push and pull factors of international migration?
18. Using a named example/case study of international migration outline the causes,
consequences on the host country and losing country and management.
19. What is internal migration?
20. Define urbanisation
21. What are the causes, consequences and management of urbanisation (refer to an
example)
22. Define counter-urbanisation
23. What are the causes, consequences and management of counter – urbanisation
(refer to an example)
24. What are the different types of migration taking place within the UK? Internal
migration, places, causes, consequences and management
Settlement
1. What are the different types of land use found within cities?
2. How do these land uses reflect economic, social and cultural factors?
3. How have land use patterns changed within cities MEDC & LEDC?
4. What are the different approaches to development in urban areas which
demonstrate different levels of sustainability?
o Describe and evaluate. e.g. small scale sustainable development such as the
Greenwich Millennium Village & Curitiba
o Include social, economic and environmental planning and its sustainability.
5. What is the hierarchy of shopping/retail services in a town/city?
6. What factors affect this hierarchy? Types of goods (high order/low
order/convenience/specialist/consumer goods,)Sphere of Influence, Range,
Threshold population
7. How and why has the hierarchy and distribution of shops/retail services changed
over time?
8. Explain why shopping habits/retail services changed over time.
9. Using a case study illustrate how retail service provision has changed over time.
E.g. development of out of town shopping malls – reason for change must include
transport provision & market forces (Bluewater)
Natural Hazards (Climatic & Tectonics)
Tectonic Hazards
1. Define “natural hazard”
2. What is the global distribution of tectonic hazards of earthquakes and volcanoes?
3. For each plate boundary be able to:
Draw a labelled diagram
Describe and explain the processes taking place
Name an example
What type of tectonic hazard occurs and what intensity
4. What are the impacts of earthquakes and volcanoes on people and places?
5. What are primary and secondary effects?
6. For two case studies of a volcano (one MEDC and one LEDC), be able to do the
following:
Describe and explain the cause
Impacts – primary, secondary, physical and human
Management – response to the hazard – before, during and after
7. For two case studies of an earthquake (one MEDC and one LEDC), be able to do
the following:
Describe and explain the cause
Impacts – primary, secondary, physical and human
Management – response to the hazard – before, during and after
8. How and why does the impact of tectonic hazards vary with economic
development? MEDC & LEDC’s
9. How does the management of climatic hazards vary with economic development?
10.Why do people continue to live in areas prone to tectonic hazards?
11.How does settlement and economic activities affect the impact of tectonic
hazards?
12.How can people and places be protected from tectonic hazards? Building,
planning, education. Use of GIS, new technologies and satellite images to map
distributions and patterns of the event to help produce prediction models
Climatic Hazards
1. What is the global distribution of climatic hazards? Tropical storms and severe
drought
2. How and why do tropical storms form? What are the climatic conditions leading to
the formation of tropical storms?
3. What are the impacts of tropical storms on people and places?
4. What are primary and secondary effects?
5. For two case studies of a tropical storm (one MEDC and one LEDC), be able to do
the following:
Describe and explain the cause
Impacts – primary, secondary, physical and human
Management – response to the hazard – before, during and after -
sustainability
6. For two case studies of drought (one MEDC and one LEDC), be able to do the
following:
Describe and explain the cause
Impacts – primary, secondary, physical and human
What is desertification?
Management – response to the hazard – before, during and after -
sustainability
7. How and why does the impact of climatic hazards vary with economic
development? MEDC & LEDC’s
8. How does the management of climatic hazards vary with economic development?
9. Why do people continue to live in areas prone to climatic hazards?
10.How does settlement and economic activities affect the impact of climatic
hazards?
11.How can people and places be protected from climatic hazards? Building,
planning, education. Use of GIS, new technologies and satellite images to map
distributions and patterns of the event to help produce prediction models
Economic Development
1. What is economic development?
“Development means improving the economic and social conditions in a country and the
quality of life of the people living there. It is more than just wealth as it includes things
such as happiness and the state of the environment. “Extract from OCR syllabus
2. How are levels of economic wellbeing and quality of life measured?
List different indicators and classify as economic, social and environmental
What are the advantages and disadvantages of these indicators?
What is the HDI and how is it calculated?
3. Define LEDC, MEDC & Newly Industrialised Country (NIC)
4. How can development be affected by aid?
Different types of aid – short term emergency, long term bi-lateral, long
term multilateral, long term aid from non-governmental organisations.
Evaluate the pros and cons of aid. Sustainability of the aid.
5. Be able to describe and evaluate a case study of an aid project in an LEDC. To what
extent is it sustainable?
6. Employment structure can be divided into primary, secondary, tertiary and
quaternary. Define each of these types of industry.
7. How and why do employment structures vary between different countries?
8. How and why does employment structure change over time in a country? Relate to
Rostow’s model of development.
9. What factors determine the location of different types of industry? Primary,
secondary, tertiary and quaternary
10.For a named case study in an LEDC, illustrate the factors that affect the location of
different economic activities.
11. For a named case study in an MEDC, illustrate the factors that affect the location
of different economic activities.
12.Why do locational factors for industry change over time?
13.What is a multinational company?
14.What is globalisation?
15.What are the reasons for globalisation?
16.What is and NIC? Using a named example explain how the area has industrialised
rapidly. What are the impacts of rapid industrialisation on the economy, people
and environment?
17.What is NIDL?
18.What are the advantages and disadvantages of MNC’s?
19.How do multinational companies affect the areas they choose to locate and other
places? A case study of a MNC investment in a specific area and in and
international context.
20.What are the future impacts of globalisation?
21.How can economic activity affect the physical environments on a local, national
and global scale? – Water, air, noise, light, visual pollution – acid rain, global
warming etc.
22.Case study required showing where conflicts exist between economic development
and environmental damage. Case study China and the Pearl Harbour
23.How can GIS, new technologies and satellite images used to analyse economic
activity and environmental conflict?
24.What are the causes and effects of global climate change?
25.What are the responses to global climate change by a) international treaty b)
governments (UK) and c) individual people?