Perl

Getting Started• Running a Perl Program• The First Line of Your Perl

Program: How Comments Work• Line 2: Statements, Tokens, and• Function Invocations and

Arguments• Error Messages• Interpretive Languages Versus

Compiled LanguagesBasic Operators and Control Flow• Storing in Scalar Variables

Assignment• Performing Arithmetic• Expressions• Other Perl Operators• Introduction to Conditional

Statements• The if Statement• Two-Way Branching Using if and

else• Multi-Way Branching Using elsif• Writing Loops Using the while

Statement

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Perl

• Nesting Conditional Statements• Looping Using the until StatementUnderstanding Scalar Values• What Is a Scalar Value?• Integer Scalar Values• Floating-Point Scalar Values• Using Octal and Hexadecimal

Notation• Character Strings• Interchangeability of Strings and

Numeric ValuesMore Operators• Using the Arithmetic Operators• Using Comparison Operators• Using Logical Operators• Using Bit-Manipulation Operators• Using the Assignment Operators• Using Autoincrement and

Autodecrement• The String Concatenation and

Repetition Operators• Other Perl Operators• The Order of Operations

Lists and Array Variables• Introducing Lists• Scalar Variables and Lists• Storing Lists in Array Variables• Accessing an Element of an Array

Variable• Using Lists and Arrays in Perl

Programs• Using List Ranges• More on Assignment and Array

Variables• Retrieving the Length of a List• Using Array Slices• Reading an Array from the

Standard Input File• Array Library FunctionsReading from and Writing to Files• Opening a File• Reading from a File• Writing to a File• Redirecting Standard Input and

Standard Output• The Standard Error File• Closing a File

• Determining the Status of a File• Reading from a Sequence of FilesPattern Matching• Introduction• The Match Operators• Special Characters in Patterns• Pattern-Matching Options• The Substitution Operator• The Translation Operator• Extended Pattern-MatchingMore Control Structures• Using Single-Line Conditional

Statements• Looping Using the for Statement• Looping Through a List: The

foreach Statement• The do Statement• Exiting a Loop Using the last

Statement• Using next to Start the Next

Iteration of a Loop• The redo Statement

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Perl

• Using Labeled Blocks for Multilevel Jumps

• The continue Block• The goto StatementUsing Subroutines• What Is a Subroutine?• Defining and Invoking a

Subroutine• Returning a Value from a

Subroutine• The return Statement• Using Local Variables in

Subroutines• Passing Values to a Subroutine• Calling Subroutines from Other

Subroutines• Recursive Subroutines• Passing Arrays by Name Using

Aliases• Using the do Statement with

Subroutines• Specifying the Sort Order• Predefined Subroutines

Associative Arrays• Limitations of Array Variables• Definition• Referring to Associative Array

Elements• Adding Elements to an Associative

Array• Creating Associative Arrays• Copying Associative Arrays from

Array Variables• Adding and Deleting Array

Elements• Listing Array Indexes and Values• Looping Using an Associative

Array• Creating Data Structures Using

Associative ArraysFormatting Your Output• Defining a Print Format• Displaying a Print Format• Displaying Values in a Print Format• Writing to Other Output Files• Specifying a Page Header

• Setting the Page Length• Formatting Long Character Strings• Formatting Output Using printfWorking with the File System• File Input and Output Functions• Directory-Manipulation Functions• File-Attribute Functions• Using DBM FilesProcess, String, and Mathematical Function• Process- and Program-

Manipulation Functions• Mathematical Functions• String-Manipulation FunctionsScalar-Conversion and List-Manipulation Functions• The chop Function• The chomp Function• The crypt Function• The hex Function• The int Function• The oct Function• The ord and chr Functions

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Perl

• The scalar Function• The pack Function• The unpack Function• The vec Function• The defined Function• The undef Function• Array and List Functions• Associative Array FunctionsSystem Functions• System Library Emulation

Functions• Socket-Manipulation Functions• The UNIX System V IPC FunctionsCommand-Line Options• Specifying Options• The -v Option: Printing the Perl

Version Number• The -c Option: Checking Your

Syntax• The -w Option: Printing Warnings• The -e Option: Executing a Single-

Line Program

• The -s Option: Supplying Your Own Command-Line Options

• The -P Option: Using the C Preprocessor

• The -I Option: Searching for C Include Files

• The -n Option: Operating on Multiple Files

• The -p Option: Operating on Files and Printing

• The -i Option: Editing Files• The -a Option: Splitting Lines• The -F Option: Specifying the Split

Pattern• The -0 Option: Specifying Input

End-of-Line• The -l Option: Specifying Output

End-of-Line• The -x Option: Extracting a

Program from a Message• Miscellaneous Options• The -d Option: Using the Perl

Debugger

System Variables•Global Scalar Variables• Pattern System Variables• File System Variables• Array System Variables• Built-In File Variables• Specifying System Variable Names

as WordsReferences in Perl 5• Introduction to References• Using References• Using the Backslash Operator• References and Arrays• Multidimensional Arrays• References to Subroutines• Using Subroutines to Work with

Multiple Arrays• References to File Handles• Using Symbolic References… Again• More on Hard Versus Symbolic

References

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Perl

Object-Oriented Programming in Perl• An Introduction to Modules• Classes in Perl• Creating a Class• Blessing a Constructor• Methods• Exporting Methods• Invoking Methods• Overrides• Destructors• Inheritance• Overriding Methods• A Few Comments About Classes

and Objects in PerlMiscellaneous Features of Perl• The require Function• The $#array Variables• Alternative String Delimiters• Special Internal Values• Using Back Quotes to Invoke

System Commands

• Pattern Matching Using ?? and the reset Function

• Other Features of the <> Operator• Global Indirect References and

Aliases• Packages• Modules• Using Perl in C Programs• Perl and CGI Scripts• Translators and Other Supplied

CodeThe Perl Debugger• Entering and Exiting the Perl

Debugger• Listing Your Program• Stepping Through Programs• Displaying Variable Values• Breakpoints• Tracing Program Execution• Line Actions• Other Debugging Commands