Worldwide development of

Plant Pathology as a profession

Submitted to: Dr Naveed AslamSubmitted by: M. Ateeq ur Rehman Gohar

Mohammad Nadeem Sarfraz Aslam

Assignment on:

University College of Agriculture & Environmental SciencesThe Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan

Origin

• Plant pathology had its origins in plant pathological observations

• In 1891, Netherlands Society of Plant Pathology was established and Netherlands Journal of Plant Pathology published in 1895

• In 1908, American Phytopathological society was established & Phytopathology published in 1911

• In 1916, Phytopathological society of Japan esatblished and published 7 journal in 1918

Origin

• Formation of associations in Canada(1930) & India (1947) and later in 50 more countries

• National Associations; Latin American Phytopathological Association were also established

• In 1968, International Society of Plant Pathology was formed.

International Centers for Agricultural Research

• 1940, Rockefeller foundation in Mexico for basic food crops & later in Colombia, Chile and India were established.

• With cooperation of Rockefeller, Ford and Local governments…. Following centers were established..

International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) was established. in Philippines in 1960

International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) in Mexico in1966

International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) in Nigeria in 1968

International Center of Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) in Colombia in 1969

Additional Centers

• The consortium, known as the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR), consists of wealthy countries, development banks, and other foundations and agencies.

• The CGIAR receives help in determining research priorities from a technical advisory committee, which consists of13 scientists and economists.

• Additional centers established are;….

International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-AridTropics (ICRISAT) in India in 1972

International Potato Center (CIP) in Peru, also in 1972

Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center (AVRDC) in Taiwan, in 1972

International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) in Syria

Other Centers

• West Africa Rice Development Association (WARDA) in Gold Coast

• IFPRI, International Food Policy Research Institute

• ISNAR, International Service for National Agricultural Research

• IPGRI, International Plant Genetic Resources Institute

Other Centers

• ICRAF, International Center for Research in Agro forestry

• ILRI, International Livestock Research Institute• IIMI, International Irrigation Management

Institute• CIFOR, Center for International Forestry

Research• ICLARM, International Center for Living

Aquatic Resources Management

Initial Studies

• The first course in plant pathology was offered at Harvard University by M. A. Farlow in 1875.

• The early courses were primarily descriptive of the diseases of various types of crops .

• In the United States the main textbooks by Duggar (1906), Stevens and Hall (1921), Heald (1926, 1943),and Walker (1950).

• In the main time specialized books were also published.

Initial studies

• Students learned most of their trade by watching and working together with their professor.

• Ph.D. was awarded on successful study

Trends in Teaching and Trainingin Plant Pathology

• Ph.D. Scholars and MS Students • Professors• Researchers• Consultant to growers• Extension plant pathologists in state• Doctor of Plant Medicine was offered for the

first time by the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences of the University of Florida in the year 2000.

Plant Disease Clinics(Earlier)

• Firstly plant disease clinics worked under supervision of extension plant pathologists

• Equipments; surface sterilants, dissecting scopes, microscopes, test tubes, and nutrient media for culturing fungi and bacteria

• Low sampling and data/sample transferring facilities

• Free of cost services.

Plant Disease Clinics(Modern)

• Plant disease clinics has at least a scientist and advanced laboratory assistants.

• Labs equipped with sophisticated equipments to treat with bacteria, fungi and viruses specifically.

• Have computers, CD capabilities etc..• Fees is charged.

The Practice and Practitioners of Plant Pathology

• Graduate, MS & Ph.D. students have a great contribution till present discoveries in Plant Pathology.

• Extension plant pathologist demonstrates the research to the needy ones

• Extension plant pathologist train the country extension agents

• Scientists research on disease samples in research centers

The Practice and Practitioners of Plant Pathology

• In some states B.S., M.S., or Ph.D. scholars practice as private plant doctors.

• Agronomists, horticulturists, entomologists have very little knowledge of plant disease as compared to plant pathologists

Certification of Professional PlantPathologists

• Degrees were awarded on the basis of the two characters demanded by growers viz. Appropriate education & and appropriate training.

• Since the 1960s and 1970s, many states have required the licensing of pest control advisers, pesticide applicators, etc

• In addition several societies were formed who produced certified agronomists , certified crop scientists and so on.

Certification of Professional PlantPathologists

• A proposal for establishing an American registry of professional plant pathologists was submitted to the American Phytopathological Society in 1980, but it was not approved until 1991.

• During this period a board of six plant pathologists, named by the American Phytopathological Society was authorized to determine eligibility and other academic aspects for certification.

Certification of Professional PlantPathologists

The standards set by the board for private consultants:

• B.S degree in plant pathology and 5 years of professional experience,

• M.S. in plant pathology and 3 years of professional experience

• Ph.D. in plant pathology and 1 year of professional experience

Certification of Professional PlantPathologists

• The board also set curriculum for students to become certified professional plant pathologists.

• The board set standards for continual education and training so that certified professional plant pathologists can keep abreast of new information, techniques and conditions of different areas.