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Section 1 The High Middle Ages

World History Ch. 14 Section 1 Notes

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Page 1: World History Ch. 14 Section 1 Notes

Section 1The High Middle Ages

Page 2: World History Ch. 14 Section 1 Notes

Section 1The High Middle Ages

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• Starting Points Map: Europe,1095

• Main Idea / Reading Focus

• Launching the Crusades

• Fighting the Crusades

• Map: The Crusades

• Effects of the Crusades

• Quick Facts: Causes and Effects of the Crusades

The Crusades

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Section 1The High Middle Ages

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Section 1The High Middle Ages

Reading Focus

• Why did the Europeans launch the Crusades?

• What happened during the Crusades?

• What were the effects of the Crusades?

Main Idea

1. The Crusades, a series of attempts to gain Christian control of the Holy Land, had a profound economic, political, and social impact on the societies involved.

The Crusades

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Section 1The High Middle Ages

• Jerusalem in control of North African Muslims, Fatimids, late 1000s

• Turkish Muslims took control of Persia, other lands, persecuted Christians visiting region

• Turks attacked Byzantine Empire, destroyed army, 1071

• Emperor turned to Western Europe, Pope Urban II, for help

Muslims Control Holy Land

• European Christians launched series of religious wars, Crusades, in Middle Ages

• Goal to take Jerusalem, Holy Land, away from Muslims

• Jerusalem site of Holy Temple of Jews, also where Jesus crucified, buried, was to come again

• Vital to Christians to control city

Goal of Crusades

Launching the Crusades

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The Council of Clermont

Pope Urban II called church leaders to council in Clermont, France

• Described dangers faced by Byzantines

• Called on Christian warriors to put aside differences, fight against Turks

– Effective call to arms

– Hundreds of knights, nobles volunteered for Crusade

– Set out to meet foes with slogan “God wills it!”

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Sequence

What events led to the call for a Crusade?

Answer(s): Seljuk Turks conquered Holy Land, threatened Byzantines; Byzantine emperor called on pope for assistance

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2. Crusaders left France in 1096 in First Crusade. In all, nine Crusades set out between 1096 and 1291 to claim or protect the Holy

Land.

• Crusaders in two groups, peasants and knights

• Unskilled peasants answered Pope’s call– Eager to fight non-Christians in

Holy Land– On the way attacked and

slaughtered German Jews despite protests

– Fell to Seljuk Turkish army at Jerusalem

First Crusade

• Better trained in warfare than peasants, but unprepared for hardship of journey

• Traveled three years

• Siege of Jerusalem victory for Crusaders, disaster for city

• Renamed four states in Holy Land, intended to be strongholds against future Muslim conquests

Knights

Fighting the Crusades

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Third Crusade

• New leader arose in Muslim world, 1177

• Salah ad-Din, known to Europeans as Saladin

• Overthrew Fatimids, took title of sultan

• Set out to take back Crusader states, succeeded, drove European Christians out of Jerusalem

Second Crusade

• Muslims began retaking lands lost in First Crusade

• Took city of Edessa, capital of one Crusader state, 1144

• European leaders called for Second Crusade, launched in 1147

• Second Crusade a failure, took no lands from Muslims

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Three Kings

• Richard, Philip, Frederick set out from Europe on Third Crusade• Frederick was killed, Philip quarreled with Richard, returned home• Only King Richard the Lion-Hearted of England fought in Holy Land

Fierce Fighting

• Richard, Saladin fought fiercely for control of Holy Land• Richard won several battles, not able to drive Muslims out of Holy Land• Richard could not take Jerusalem, had to return to England

Mutual Respect

• Richard, Saladin admired each other as military leaders, gentlemen• Made proposals for peace, including marriage alliance of Richard’s sister,

Saladin’s brother; never took place because of religious differences

Third Crusade

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Section 1The High Middle Ages

Fourth Crusade, 1201 • Jerusalem still in Muslim hands• Crusaders could not pay

Venetians to take them to Holy Land

• In lieu of payment, Crusaders agreed to attack Zara

Constantinople• Crusaders pushed on• Attacked Christian city of

Constantinople• Ransacked city, made one

leader new emperor

Zara• Zara once belonged to Venice,

now held by Christian king of Hungary

• Pope angered that Christian city attacked, excommunicated all

More Failures• Disorganization, lack of

leadership made Fourth Crusade failure

• Five other Crusades followed, none successful

Fourth and Later Crusades

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The High Middle Ages Section 1

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Find the Main Idea

What was the goal of the Crusades?

Answer(s): to take Jerusalem and the Holy Land away from the Muslims who controlled it

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3. Economic Changes• Historic evidence of trade between Muslims, Byzantines, Europeans prior to

Crusades• Crusades enhanced existing trade• Returning Crusaders brought more goods, spices, textiles, to Europe• Increase in trade added to changing European economy during Middle Ages

• Crusades led to deaths of many knights, nobles

• Lands left vulnerable

• Other ambitious nobles took control of unoccupied lands

• Nobles then had more power, influence in Europe

Political Changes

• Some Europeans respected other cultures, others intolerant

• Many viewed non-Christians as enemies, persecuted Jews

• Holy Land Jews saw Crusaders as cruel invaders

• Relations strained for centuries

Social Changes

Effects of the Crusades

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Draw Conclusions

Why did people’s attitudes change after the Crusades?

Answer(s): Europeans became more intolerant and saw Jews and Muslims as enemies; Jews and Muslims saw the Crusaders as enemies