World Heritage: Borobudur

Seminar in Tangible Cultural Resource Studies II Wednesday, October 23rd 2013

Maharani Dian Permanasari Graduate School of Cultural Resource Management Program

world’s cultural heritage:

borobudur temple compounds

© Maharani Dian Permanasari. 2010.

image source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Indonesia, edited by Maharani

List of World Heritage Sites in Indonesia 4 cultural heritage:

Borobudur Temple Compounds

Prambanan Temple Compounds

Sangiran Early Man Site

Cultural Landscape of Bali Province: The Subak System as a Manifestation of the Tri Hita Karana Philosophy

4 natural heritage:

Komodo National Park

Lorentz National Park

Ujung Kulon National Park

Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatera (endangered)

Borobudur temple compounds

Borobudur Temple is not only known as a Buddhist shrine, but also for a pilgrimage. Archaeologists and historians estimated that it was built during the Syailendra dynasty in the 8th century.

Borobudur is one of several temples located in Central Java built during this era. image source: http://travel.kompas.com/read/2013/01/01/12241365/Wisatawan.Saksikan.Matahari.Terbit.dari.Punthuk.Setumbu

Borobudur location

Historical Timeline of Borobudur 750-‐850 (8th century) •  Borobudur built by Syailendra Dynasty •  Possibility: three phases in its construc>on process

•  meant to be built as a structured pyramid, but finally changed to be structure on soil/hill

•  founda>on widened, added with two square levels and one circle level with main stupa

•  top circle steps were demolished, replaced by three circle levels. Stupas were built in this area, with one big stupa in the center

1006 (11th century) •  Mahapralaya (huge volcanic erup>on)

CONSTRUCTION

15th century (abandonment) •  Conflict between Syailendra and Sanjaya Dynasty,

shiUing the central ruling to East Java

16th century •  Incoming of Islam

ABANDONMENT

1814 (18th century) •  Raffles sent Cornellius to inves>gate “the temple

ruins” 1817 •  Raffles introduce “Borobudur” in his book, “The

History of Java” 1873 •  The 1st monograph of Borobodur was published 1900 •  VOC conducted the commibee for Borobudur

excava>on and restora>on

REDISCOVERY

“Borobudur” by Van Kinsbergen, 1873. Retrieved from hbp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borobudur

1907-‐1911 •  The 1st excava>on & restora>on led by Theodoor

van Erp 1926-‐1940 •  The 2nd excava>on & restora>on, stopped because

of the World War 2

EARLY RESTORATION

Early restora>on. Retrieved from hbp://www.borobudurpark.com/temple/aboutBorobudur

1956 •  Indonesian government consulted the UNESCO

about deteriora>on in Borobudur 1963 •  Indonesian government issued the Restora>on Act

of Borobudur, got cancelled by G-‐30-‐S 1968 •  UNESCO decided to give aid to save Borobudur in

the 15th Conference in France 1971 •  Indonesian Government made a team for

restora>on of Borobudur

PREPARATION FOR 2ND PHASE OF RESTORATION

Historical Timeline of Borobudur

1985 •  Terrorist abacked some stupas in the temple.

Stupas restored quickly by the government.

1991-‐1992 •  Late former 1st lady, Tien Soeharto, contributed a

female elephant from Way Kambas, Lampung. this act was followed by the late minister of Tourism and Telecommunica>on, Soesilo Soedarman, with another 2 female elephants

1992 •  TWC officially inaugurate the 82 ha “Borobudur

Archaeological Park”, and also started to manage Prambanan and Ratu Boko Temple Compounds.

1999 •  Former governor of Lampung Province contributed

each male and female elephant from Way Kambas

1991 •  UNESCO officially announced Borobudur as

World’s Heritage

2006 •  Earthquake in Yogyakarta, badly damaged nearby

Prambanan Temple, leU Borobudur unscathed 2010-‐2011 •  Borobudur was heavily affected by Merapi

erup>on, and closed from 5-‐9 November 2010 to clean up the ash-‐fall.

•  UNESCO donated US$3 million as a part of rehabilita>on: restore the drainage system, replant trees & vegeta>on, campaign

RESTORATION

1971 •  Interna>onal Consulta>ve Commibee consists of

several countries was established. This commibee got sponsored by UNESCO and fund most 80% of Borobudur restora>on

1973 •  President Soeharto inaugurated the Borobudur

restora>on, and it is officially started 1980 •  Government Organiza>on, PT Taman Wisata Candi

Borobudur, was established 1983/1984 •  Borobudur restora>on finished

TOURISM & BRANDING STRATEGY

REHABILITATION BOROBUBUR NOWADAYS

hbp://www.borobudurpark.com/AppManual/in>/content/manualimageimage/borobudur_aerial.jpg

Overview: Borobudur

Borobudur is built as a single large stupa, and when viewed from above takes the form of a giant tantric Buddhist mandala, simultaneously representing the Buddhist cosmology and often drawn repeatedly as a meditative mechanism.

Working from the exterior to the interior, three zones of consciousness are represented, with the central sphere representing unconsciousness or Nirvana. According to this Buddhist cosmology, the universe is divided in to three major zones. The Borobudur temple represents these zones in its layers.

Zone 1 Kamadhatu The phenomenal world, the world inhabited by common people.

Zone 2 Rupadhatu The transitional sphere, in which humans are released from worldly matters.

Zone 3 Arupadhatu The highest sphere, the abode of the gods.

images are recreated from http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borobudur

Borobudur Building Structure

•  The foundation is a square, approximately 118 metres (387 ft) on each side. •  The one main dome in the centre is the highest point of the monument: 35 metres (115 ft) above ground level. •  It has nine platforms, of which the lower six are square and the upper three are circular. •  The upper platform features 72small stupas surrounding one large central stupa. •  Each stupa is bell-shaped and pierced by numerous decorative openings. Statues of the Buddha sit inside it.

image source: http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borobudur

Borobudur cross section, building ratio, statues, and relief

•  A survey conducted in 1977 revealed frequent findings of a ratio of 4:6:9 around the monument.

•  There are Buddha statues inside niches on each wall in Rupadhatu level, and inside each stupa in Arupadhatu level.

•  This ratio is also found in the designs of Pawon and Mendut, nearby Buddhist temples.

image source: http://www.borobudurpark.com

Zone 1 Kamadhatu •  Karmawibhangga 160 panels

Zone 2 Rupadhatu •  Jataka and Avadana 720 panels •  Bhadracari 72 panels •  Lalitavistara 120 panels •  Gandavyuha 388 panels

Zone 3 Arupadhatu No reliefs.

image source: http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borobudur

Borobudur Relief

Borobudur Statues

http://www.borobudurpark.com/temple/aboutBorobudur

Borobudur Reliefs Panels

Zone 1: Kamadhatu •  K a r m a w i b h a n g g a

160 panels

Zone 2: Rupadhatu •  Jataka and Avadana

720 panels •  Bhadracari

72 panels •  Lalitavistara

120 panels •  Gandavyuha

388 panels

ICOMOS evaluations Criterion (i): “to represent a masterpiece of human creative genius”

Criterion (ii): “to exhibit an important interchange of human values, over a span of time or within a cultural area of the world, on developments in architecture or technology, monumental ar ts, town-planning or landscape design”

Criterion (vi): “to be directly or tangibly associated with events or living traditions, with ideas, or with beliefs, with artistic and literary works of outstanding universal significance”

Criterion (i): Borobudur Temple Compounds with its stepped, unroofed pyramid consisting of ten superimposing terraces, crowned by a large bell-shaped dome is a harmonious marriage of stupas, temple and mountain that is a masterpiece of Buddhist architecture and monumental arts.

Criterion (ii): Borobudur Temple Compounds is an outstanding example of Indonesia’s art and architecture from between the early 8th and late 9th centuries that exerted considerable influence on an architectural revival between the mid-13th and early 16th centuries.

Criterion (vi): Laid out in the form of a lotus, the sacred flower of Buddha, Borobudur Temple Compounds is an exceptional reflection of a blending of the very central idea of indigenous ancestor worship and the Buddhist concept of attaining Nirvana. The ten mounting terraces of the entire structure correspond to the successive stages that the Bodhisattva has to achieve before attaining to Buddhahood.

ICOMOS evaluations of borobudur temple compounds

Criterion (ii): “to exhibit exhibit an important interchange of human values, over a span of time or within a cultural area of the world, on developments in architecture or technology, monumental arts, town-planning or landscape design” •  an outstanding example of Indonesia’s ar t and

architecture from between the early 8th and late 9th centuries that exerted considerable influence on an architectural revival between the mid-13th and early 16th centuries.

Criterion (vi): “to be directly or tangibly associated with events or living traditions, with ideas, or with beliefs, with artistic and literary works of outstanding universal significance” •  an exceptional reflection of a blending of the very

central idea of indigenous ancestor worship (lotus) and the Buddhist concept of attaining Nirvana (ten mounting terraces).

Criterion (i): “to represent a masterpiece of human creative genius” •  a harmonious marriage of stupas, temple and mountain

that is a masterpiece of Buddhist architecture and monumental arts.

UNESCO Statements

The map of Borobudur Archaeological Park and its surrounding, showing that Mendut, Pawon, and Borobudur forming a straight line. Self made, redrawed by Gunawan Kartapranata, 2011. r

developments in tourism or anything that could compromise the extraordinary relationship between the main monument and its wider setting could be a threat towards the Outstanding Universal Value of the property.

Integrity: The boundaries contain three temples (Borobudur Temple, Mendut Temple, and Pawon Temple) including imaginary axis between them.

Protection and Policy Law concerning with the site

•  Indonesian Law No. 11/2010 concerning Cultural Heritage and its surrounding cultural landscape.

•  The legal and institutional framework for the effective management of the property is regulated by a Presidential Decree Number 1 Year 1992.

•  a New Presidential Regulation is still being formulated by a Coordinating Board (14 Ministries and local authorities as well as representatives of local communities)

•  Monitoring programs has been effectively executed to monitor the growing rate of deterioration of building stone and also damage by unsupervised visitors.

•  The Borobudur Heritage Conservation Office has conducted community development programs targeting especially at the youth to raise their awareness.

UNESCO Jakarta Annual Report 2011

Contemporary Borobudur ----Borobudur nowadays----

images source: http://www.kompastravel.com

•  Rehabilitation (towards natural disasters)

images source: http://www.portal.unesco.org

Borobudur in present days

•  Mitigation (towards ash fall caused by volcanic eruption)

images source: http://www.antarafoto.net


images source: http://www.antarafoto.net

•  Maintenance


•  Contemporary Events: International Festival

images source: http://www.borobudurpark.co.id


borobudur in present days

•  Contemporary Events: Pilgrimage; Holy Ceremony

•  Vesak/Waisak: to celebrate the bir th, enlightenment and death of Buddha Siddharta Gautama.

images source: http://www.travel.kompas.com

•  Tourism & Management: Visitors of Borobudur


images source: http://www.travel.kompas.com; http://www.antara.org; http://www.bumn.go.id

Borobudur in present days Tourism & Management: Museums (Karmawibhangga & Samudraraksa)

•  Karmawibhangga Museum/Borobudur Museum, is an archaeology museum located just several hundred meters north of 8th century Borobudur Buddhist monument, within Borobudur Archaeological Park.

•  The museum featuring: •  pictures of Karmawibhangga bas reliefs carved on the hidden foot of Borobudur •  disassembled Borobudur stones, archaeological artifacts founds around Borobudur and Central Java •  The Borobudur architecture and structure •  The documentation of restoration project conducted between 1975 and 1982 under UNESCO guidance

•  The museum was built in traditional Javanese architecture; the joglo house with pendopo pavilion. •  The museum is integrated within Borobudur Archaeological Park inaugurated in 1983.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karmawibhangga_Museum

Borobudur in present days Tourism & Management: Museums (Karmawibhangga & Samudraraksa)

•  Also located within Borobudur archaeological complex, right on west side of Karmawibhangga Museum is Samudra Raksa Museum displaying Borobudur Ship. The museum featuring: •  the ancient maritime Indian Ocean trade links between ancient Indonesia, Madagascar, and East Africa

popularly dubbed as "the cinnamon route". •  The centerpiece of museum is the full scale reconstruction of Borobudur ship that have took the journey

across Indian Ocean from Jakarta, Indonesia, to Accra, Ghana in 2003—2004. •  The Ship Museum Samudra Raksa was opened by Coordinating Minister for Welfare Prof.Dr. Alwi Shihab of the

Republic of Indonesia on 31 August 2005. A fitting tribute to the crew and all who worked with and supported the Borobudur Ship Expedition.

•  The entry to both museums are included within the entrance ticket of Borobudur Archaeological Park.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samudra_Raksa_Museum

Borobudur in present days •  Tourism & Management: Souvenirs and Environments

Borobudur in present days •  Tourism & Management: Infrastructures & Facilities (Package Tour)

http://manoharaborobudur.com/package/

•  Borobudur Sunrise / Sunset •  Borobudur Museum •  Mahakarya Borobudur •  Elephant Safari •  Village Tour •  Yogyakarta Tour •  Prambanan Temple Compounds

Borobudur in present days •  Tourism & Management: Infrastructures & Facilities

Borobudur in present days •  Tourism & Management: Infrastructures & Facilities

http://www.borobudurpark.com/temple/borobudurTemple at 2011

“The people who ran Borobodur were fervent exploiters of tourists (Prambanan was marginally less bad), charging foreigners 10 times what locals paid. It isn't that bad to go on the overpriced tours (at about 100,000 Rp - which don't include admission), unless

you want to take your time.” -a tourist’s review on TripAdvisor-

Entrance fees: •  US$20/Rp 190,000 for adult non-Indonesians. (as

of Jun. 2013) •  US$10/Rp 95,000 for non-Indonesian registered

students (proof, e.g. ISIC, is required). •  Rp 30,000 for Indonesian adults or foreign holders

of an Indonesian work permit (as of Aug. 2012).


Visitors of Borobudur in 2012 reached 3.020.526 or exceed the target of Taman Wisata Candi Borobudur (TWCB) which is 2.700.000 visitors. Head-Chief Operational I of TWCB, Suryono, Magelang, Thursday (3/1/2013), said, the successful fulfillment of the target visitors can not be separated from several contributing factors, such as the access road to the temple is back to normal, promotion to schools, as well as improving the quality of services and facilities. ( h t t p : / / t r a v e l . k o m p a s . c o m / r e a d / 2 0 1 3 / 0 1 / 0 4 / 0 9 0 8 3 3 6 9 /Pengunjung.Borobudur.Melebihi.Target)


problems in the maintenance and utilization of borobudur

•  natural disasters (earthquake, volcanic eruption, etc.) •  vandalism on reliefs and statues. •  there is no system to limit the number of visitors per day. •  there is no system to introduce mandatory guided tours only. •  uncivilized behaviour of visitors during holy ceremony.

images source: http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2013/06/04/a-tranquil-waisak-borobudur-despite-hiccups.html

Tourism Management Factors, or variables that can be affected or controlled: •  the number of visitors •  the types of activity •  visitors’ behavior •  the environment’s physical •  and social resistance and resilience. (whc.unesco.org/uploads/activities/documents/activity-113-2.pdf‎)

strategies to tourism management problems in borobudur temple compounds

management actions

direct

regulations

raising the entrance fees

for certain groups,

certain days, or

threatened areas

make borders to

avoid vandalism

restricting activities

restricting opening

hours and adding security guards

one-way-road system

to avoid walking traffic in temple

indirect

education

teaching respect and protection

issues

information

designing promotion/campaign to influence the use of one area over another

persuasion

by providing or not

providing facilities in

certain areas

© Maharani Dian Permanasari.

thank you for your attention

Education

World Heritage: Borobudur