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• Geography - Studies the Earth's surface. It also occupies a unique position in the field of knowledge due to the richness of its content. It also provides connecting links between among various disciplines.

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• Arts and Humanities

• Physical Sciences

• Biological Sciences

• Social Sciences

• Mathematical Sciences

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• Natural Science

–Studies Nature ( water, landforms, minerals, soil, climate and the surface of the Earth)

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• Artistic works, like paintings, sculptures, literature, music, dance

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(Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto. These 9 planets revolving around the sun follows elliptical orbits to maintain fine balance of the 2 opposing forces. (Gravitational Attraction, Centrifugal Force)

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also known as GRAVITY, keeps the planets from sailing out into space as they revolve around the sunin their particular orbits

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• This force tends to make moving bodies fly away from the center of rotation.

• an apparent force that acts outward on a body moving around a center, arising from the body's inertia.

Asteroids - group of planetary fragments

Meteors - chaotic wanderers

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- source of solar radiation also called sunlight

- most important to the Earth and to the geographic study

- center of the Solar System

- richest source of electromagnetice energy (in the form of heat and light)

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• is a minor planet bound to an extraordinary star in the outskirts of a galaxy known as Milky Way, far out in the immeasurable universe

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• it is nearly but not exactly spherical, it is known that the Earth departs from a perfect sphere.

• Equatorial diameter - 7,926 miles

• Polar diameter - 7,900 miles

• The earth is pear shaped or an oblate ellipsoid

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• Crust- outermost layer that covers the Earth like a thin skin

• composed of 3 kinds of rocks

• Igneous-primary rocks of the Earth's crust

• Sedimentary- cover much of the Earth surface, develop from materials that were once part of older rocks, plants, animals

• Metamorphic- formed deep in the crust when igneous and sedimentary rocks are changed by heat and the weight of the crust presses on them

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• Mantle- thick layer beneath the crust , it goes down about 1,800 miles or (2,900 km)

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• Core- occupies the central region, center of the Earth

• it's divided into zones

• Inner core- radius about 780 miles is quite rigid

• Outer core- its surrounding is almost liquid

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• Rotation

– rotates on its axis from west to east.

– causes the alternatives of day and night

• Revolution

– motion of the Earth in its travel path or orbit around the Sun, west to east

– Period of revolution is 1 year

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• International Date line or also known as IDL, eliminated the problems on time

• is the place where one calendar day ends and the next begins

• an imaginary line located at 180 degrees longitude

• Leap year- an extra day added to the calendar, every four years of February

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• Seasons- are the divisions of the year into dry or wet, or into spring, autumn, summer and winter

• Summer Solstice-days are longer in the Southern Hemisphere, Nights are longer in the Northern Hemisphere

• Winter Solstice- days are longer in the Northern Hemisphere, Nights are longer in the Southern Hemisphere

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• It is the equal day and night

The Equinoxes

• Vernal Equinox

• Autumnal Equinox

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• Dr. Cecilio D. Duka, World Geography, Rex Bookstore Inc., 2001