Rizwan Sarwar Awan (2013-MS-GS-02)

University of Engineering and Technology Lahore

STRUCTURE AND STRATIGRAPHY OF AZAD KASHMIR & RAWALPINDI.

Contents

• Introduction•Objectives•Stratigraphy

INTRODUCTION

•The project area is the part of Sudhnoti and Rawalpindi districts, Azad Kashmir and Pakistan.•The Himalayan molasses deposits are exposed in the area.•The present study deal with the geological and structural mapping of the area.•The formations are distinguished mainly on the basis of mineralogical and lithological characters.

Figure 1.1: Regional Tectonic map of northwest Himalayas of Pakistan. The rectangle shows the location of the project area. (Modified after Baig and Lawrence 1987; Monaliza and Azam 2004).

OBJECTIVES

• To prepare the geological and structural maps of the area• To prepare the detailed structural cross- sections of the area

STRATIGRAPHY

Formation Age DescriptionQuaternary alluvium Recent Consist of unconsolidated deposits of clay silt, gravel. …………………………….Unconformity…………………………….Mirpur Formation Pleistocene Poorly sorted conglomerates consisted of consisted of pebbles, cobbles of

igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks.

…………………………….Unconformity…………………………….Soan Formation Pliocene Brown, yellow gray clays and clay stone, gray sandstone.Dhok Pathan Formation Late Miocene Dominantly consists of sandstone, siltstone and clays. Sandstone is grey, fine to

medium grained and medium to thick bedded.Nagri Formation Late Miocene Dominantly it consists of greenish grey sandstone, siltstone and mudstone.

Sandstone has massive beds and has medium to coarse grained texture. Sandstone alternates with clay and are 60% and 40% respectively.

Chingi Formation Middle to late Miocene Red to purple, greenish grey, ash grey sandstone and siltstone and purple and reddish brown mudstone. 60% clays and 40% sandstone.

Kamlial Formation Early to middle Miocene Mainly sandstone, clays and intraformational conglomerates.Murree Formation Early Miocene Mostly clays, shales and sandstone. Sandstone is red to purple red in color and is

fine to medium grained.Kuldana Formation Middle to Late Eocene Variegated shales with subordinate sandstone. Shales are arenaceous.Chorgali Formation Early Eocene Mostly Calcareous shale, nodular limestone and dolomitic limestone, clays and

quartzite.Margalla Hill Limestone Early Eocene Main nodular fossiliferous limestone with shales.Patala Formation

Late Paleocene Mainly shales with interbedded limestone.

Lockhart formation Early Paleocene Grey to dark grey limestone with subordinate shales.Hangu Formation Early Paleocene Mainly Laterite, bauxite and fireclay.

…………………………….Unconformity…………………………….Muzaffarabad Fm. Cambrian Mainly Dolomitic limestone with cherty dolomite and chert bands. …………………………….Unconformity…………………………….Dogra Formation Precambrian Slates ,phyllite and shales with limestone.

REGIONAL STRATIGRAPHIC TABLE OF KASHMIR BASIN

SCANNED GEOLOGIC MAP

Contours

DIGITIZED STRATIGRAPHY OF THE AREA

Jehlum River & Contours

River & Streams

Jehlum Fault

Cross Section Lines

Cross Section Lines & Synclines

Synclines and Anticlines

Thrust Faults

Localities

Dip and Strike

Composite Geological Map of Project Area

Structural Cross Sections

Structural Cross Sections By Kink Fold Method

Sub Surface Formation’s Trend

Faults

Faults and Dips

Anticlines

Anticlines and Synclines

Final Map

Final Structural Map

Final Structural Cross Section of Project Area

Results

•The project area lies in the southeastern part of Hazara Kashmir Syntaxis.

•Hazara Kashmir Syntaxis is an antiformal structure which is the part of Himalayan foreland fold-and-thrust belt.

•The core of Syntaxis comprises of Tertiary molasse deposits.

• The molasse deposits are result of the collision of the Indian and Eurasian plates.

• The project area is highly deformed due to folds and faults

• The faults are southwest-northeast trending.

• Jhelum Fault is left lateral strike-slip fault.

• The folds are close to gentle in nature.

Applications

• In petroleum Industry different kind of traps are essentially focused for exploration purposes.• These includes

1. Anticlinal Traps

2. Synclinal Traps

3. Fault associated traps

These all kind of traps are found in our project area. Mechanism of these traps are given below.

Anticlinal Traps

Anticlinal Traps

Synclinal Traps

Fault Associated Traps

QUESTIONS ???

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