WORD CLASSES: OPEN CLASSContent words

GLIEZEL L. CABALTICAN

WORD

A minimum free form (Bloomfield)

Smallest form that can own by itself

OPEN CLASS

Open class words (content words) carry semantic contents. We can and regularly add new words to these classes.

Nouns Verbs Adjectives Adverbs

STRUCTURAL GRAMMAR VS. TRADITIONAL GRAMMAR

TRADITIONAL STRUCTURAL

• Classify and identify words according to meaning

• Classify and identify words according to form

I will water the plants.

Did you plant these?

It’s a planted evidence.

Give me water.

The watering can has a hole.

NOUN

Common

Proper

Count

Non-count

ABSTRACT: difficulty, remark

CONCRETE: girl, chair

ABSTRACT: music, anger

CONCRETE: milk, gold,

oxygen

A noun can be extended to a noun phrase. In the example phrases given below, the noun (in the first example) and the noun phrase (in the remaining examples) is in bold. Note how much the noun phrase can be extended by adding extra information each time.

Dogs can be vicious Some dogs can be vicious Some of the dogs can be vicious Some of the bigger dogs can be vicious Some of the bigger dogs in the dog

pound can be vicious

NOUN (hammer)

ADJECTIVE

(small hammer)

DETERMINER

(such hammer)

PREPOSITION

(with the hammer)

Properties of nouns:

Can be pluralized by adding /-s/ Can occur in frame: [Det (Adjective) ___] Can be added with /-’s/ to show possession

NOUN FUNCTIONS

Subject

Barnabas chewed your loafers. (pre-verb)

Your loafers were chewed by Barnabas. (post-verb)

Direct Object of Transitive Verbs (post-transitive verb)

We love Barnabas.

Subjective Complement (post-linking verb)

My favourite pet is Barnabas.

Indirect Object (between verb and DO)

We give Barnabas some biscuits to eat.

Object of the Preposition (Prepositional Complement) (after a preposition)

These bones are for Barnabas.

Object Complement (after DO)

We named our dog Barnabas.

Appositive (after another noun)

Our old dog, Barnabas, died at the garage.

Noun Phrase ModifierThe bedroom walls are all oak panels.Books are repaired in the Conservation Lab.

DeterminativesA determinative is a noun or noun phrase plus

the possessive clitic (apostrophe s or s apostrophe) that indicates possession of or some other relationship to another noun or noun phrase.

The cat is eating the dog's food. My parents' house is in the same part of town

as mine.

FULL VERBS

A full verb is a word that tells what someone or something is, does or experiences.

Transitive

Intransitive

Commands Statements

Yes-no questions Wh-questions

Command: Baste the chicken.

Yes-no question: Did you baste the chicken?

Are you finished talking?

Wh-question: How will you baste the chicken?

Why should I baste the chicken?

Statement: Someone will baste the chicken.

Regular Verbs Irregular Verbs

Base form dance clear sing cut throw

-s form dances clears sings cuts throws

-ing participle

dancing clearing singing cutting throwing

Past form danced cleared sang cut threw

Past participle

danced cleared sung cut thrown

Present and past participles of verbs may occur in noun or adjective positions depending on how they are used in the sentence or structure.

Cooking

Subject Cooking is what kept her alive.

Direct Object Mrs. Josh loves cooking.

Indirect Object She gave cooking a new name.

Subject Complement

Her hobby is cooking.

Object of the Preposition

She is so tired of cooking for you.

Appositive His first love, cooking, will always be his first love.

Here are examples of present and participle forms of verbs used as adjectives.

The lady was accompanied by a giggling maidservant.

Note: The maidservant is giggling. (verb)

Roy’s family sells woven baskets and mats.

Properties of verbs:

Can be marked for tense, person and number Can receive /–ing/ suffix Can appear in frame: [Aux ___] (Aux =

‘helping verb’) Can appear in frame: [Please ___]

Exercise1. You must use a good hammer for this job.2. You must hammer the joists like this.3. Jake is hammering the floor joists now.4. Several hammers went missing yesterday.

Question: Is hammer a noun or verb in the above sentences?

ADJECTIVES

Adjectives are usually placed as

subject complements

Placed before the noun described if they are single-word adjectives

Placed after nouns if they are clausal or phrasal

Subjective Complement That car is so expensive.

Pre-noun position What an expensive car!

Post-noun position This car, so expensive like a 4-year college tuition, should be maintained properly.

Phrasal adjective The lady in the blue dress is your new boss.

Clausal adjective I want to meet the man who broke your heart into pieces.

An adjective gives the reader or speaker extra information about a noun or delimits it in some way. It can occur in two positions in a phrase:

before the noun as in clear water, beautiful beaches, a terrible decision. The adjectives in these examples are said to be attributive, following any form of the verb be (e.g. am, is, was, been) and similar verbs (seem, appear,become) as in the water became clear, the beaches are beautiful. These adjectives are in predicative position.

ADVERBS

Adverb of time may occur in sentence-initial

or sentence-final positions.

Adverbs of manner and place are usually found after the verb and may

interchange their positions, provided that single-modifiers come

before phrase modifiers.

Time initial: [Time+Sentence+Manner+Place]

Yesterday, the dancers came quietly at the palace.

Time final: [Sentence+Manner+Place+Time]

The dancers came quietly at the palace yesterday.

[Sentence+Place+Manner+Time]

The dancer came here alone yesterday.

Mid-position adverbs are found in the middle of the sentence. These adverbs are adverbs of frequency and their position in the sentence depends on the verb they modify.

Verb to be (is, are, was, were) – the adverb of frequency comes after the verb

Action verb – the adverb of frequency comes before the verb

Verb phrase – it is placed after the first auxiliary

[verb to be + mid-position adverb]

Jackson is usually early.

[mid-position adverb + action verb]

Jackson regularly cleans the car.

[auxiliary + mid-position adverb + main verb]

You should always listen to me.

He has never been known to listen to anyone.

The traditional approach to adverbs has been to assign mainly those words which are made from adjectives by the addition of the ending –ly (quickly, hopelessly), plus certain other words which are difficult to classify, like not, just and soon.

Their main function is to qualify the action of the verb in the clause in some way, but they can also be used to add more information to an adjective or other adverb e.g. awfully good, incredibly slowly. The class of adverbs is very wide-ranging in form and is used to add comments to many of the other word classes.

WORD CLASSES: OPEN CLASS

JANUARY 23, 2015

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