Wireless Access Evolution

BroadbandBroadband

New ServicesNew Services

EfficiencyEfficiency

Broadband

Subscribers

Voice

CoverageCoverage

MobilityMobility

Voice QualityVoice Quality

PortabilityPortability

CapacityCapacity

BroadbandBroadband

Network Network SimplificationSimplification

Cost of Cost of OwnershipOwnership

BY

AJAL.A.J

Introduction to Mobile wireless evolution:By AJAL.A.J

Mobile wireless evolution:

Before going 2 start with wireless evolution ,

Lets review

3

7.4

Classes of transmission media

GUIDED MEDIAGUIDED MEDIA

Guided media, which are those that provide a conduit Guided media, which are those that provide a conduit from one device to another, include twisted-pair cable, from one device to another, include twisted-pair cable, coaxial cable, and fiber-optic cable.coaxial cable, and fiber-optic cable.

Twisted-Pair CableCoaxial Cable

Fiber-Optic Cable

Topics discussed in this section:Topics discussed in this section:

Figure Twisted-pair cable

Figure UTP and STP cables

Types(1) shielded twisted-pair (STP)

(2) unshielded twisted-pair (UTP).

UTP connector

Twisted pair Connectors

RJ45 connectors

Coaxial cable

Outer conductor shields the inner conductor from

picking up stray signal from the air.

For frequencies ranging from100KHz to 500MHz

BNC connectors

Types of Connectors

1) BNC connector - to connect to a TV

2) BNC T connector - in ethernet networks

3) BNC terminator - used in end of the cable to

prevent the reflection of the signal.

Coaxial cable connectors

BNC Connectors - Bayone-Neill-Concelman

Optical fiber

Propagation modes

Modes

Fiber construction

Fiber-optic cable connectors

Twisted-Pair

Coaxial cable

Use metallic conductors that accept

and transport signals in the form of

electric current.

Optical Fiber Cable that accepts and transports

signals in the form of light.

UNGUIDED MEDIA: WIRELESSUNGUIDED MEDIA: WIRELESS

Unguided media transport electromagnetic waves Unguided media transport electromagnetic waves without using a physical conductor. This type of without using a physical conductor. This type of communication is often referred to as wireless communication is often referred to as wireless communication.communication.

Radio WavesMicrowaves

Infrared

Topics discussed in this section:Topics discussed in this section:

Electromagnetic spectrum for wireless communication

Propagation methods

Table Bands

Figure Wireless transmission waves

Radio waves are used for multicast communications, such as radio and

television, and paging systems. They can penetrate through walls.

Highly regulated. Use omni directional antennas

Note

Figure Omnidirectional antenna

7.27

Microwaves are used for unicast communication such as cellular telephones,

satellite networks, and wireless LANs.Higher frequency ranges cannot penetrate

walls.Use directional antennas - point to point line

of sight communications.

Note

Figure Unidirectional antennas

Infrared signals can be used for short-range communication in a closed area using line-of-

sight propagation.

Note

Wireless Channels

Are subject to a lot more errors than guided media channels.

Interference is one cause for errors, can be circumvented with high SNR.

The higher the SNR the less capacity is available for transmission due to the broadcast nature of the channel.

Channel also subject to fading and no coverage holes.

ANY QUESTIONS ? ? ?

Else , we can start with Mobile wireless evolution:

Introduction to wireless Communications Systems

• In 1897, Guglielmo Marconi first demonstrated radio’s ability to provide continuous contact with ships sailing the English channel.

• During the past 10 years, fueled by* Digital and RF circuit fabrication improvements* New VLSI technologies* Other miniaturization technologies

(e.g., passive components)

The mobile communications industry has grown by orders of magnitude.

• The trends will continue at an even greater pace during the next decade.

Evolution of Mobile Radio Communications

Mobile Radiotelephone in the U.S.

• In 1934, AM mobile communication systems for municipal police radio systems.* vehicle ignition noise was a major problem.

• In 1946, FM mobile communications for the first public mobile telephone service* Each system used a single, high-powered transmitter and large

tower to cover distances of over 50 km.* Used 120 kHz of RF bandwidth in a half-duplex mode. (push-to-

talk release-to-listen systems.)* Large RF bandwidth was largely due to the technology difficulty

(in mass-producing tight RF filter and low-noise, front-end receiver amplifiers.)

• In 1950, the channel bandwidth was cut in half to 60kHZ due to improved technology.

• By the mid 1960s, the channel bandwidth again was cut to 30 kHZ.

• Thus, from WWII to the mid 1960s, the spectrum efficiency was improved only a factor of 4 due to the technology advancements.

• Also in 1950s and 1960s, automatic channel truncking was introduced in IMTS(Improved Mobile Telephone Service.)

* offering full duplex, auto-dial, auto-trunking

* became saturated quickly

* By 1976, has only twelve channels and could only serve 543 customers in New York City of 10 millions populations.

• Cellular radiotelephone

* Developed in 1960s by Bell Lab and others* The basic idea is to reuse the channel frequency at a sufficient distance

to increase the spectrum efficiency.* But the technology was not available to implement until the late 1970s.

(mainly the microprocessor and DSP technologies.)

• In 1983, AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System, IS-41) deployed by Ameritech in Chicago.

* 40 MHz spectrum in 800 MHz band* 666 channels (+ 166 channels), * Each duplex channel occupies > 60 kHz (30+30) FDMA to maximize

capacity.* Two cellular providers in each market.

• In late 1991, U.S. Digital Cellular (USDC, IS-54) was introduced.

* to replace AMPS analog channels

* 3 times of capacity due to the use of digital modulation ( DQPSK), speech coding, and TDMA technologies.

* could further increase up to 6 times of capacity given the advancements of DSP and speech coding technologies.

• In mid 1990s, Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA, IS-95) was introduced by Qualcomm.

* based on spread spectrum technology.

* supports 6-20 times of users in 1.25 MHz shared by all the channels.

* each associated with a unique code sequence.

* operate at much smaller SNR.(FdB)

4

Mobile Radio Systems Around the World

Examples of Mobile Radio Systems

First Generation (1G)

1G (First Generation Wireless Technology). Is the analog, voice-only cellular telephone standard, developed in the 1980s. It was invented by Martin Cooper of Motorola Corp in 1973.

Before 1G technology was the mobile radio telephone or 0G (Zeroth G)

1G phones have been cloned

1. Early Cell System Non-trunk radio system

Does not use multiplexing scheme Each radio channel is fixed to a specific user or a

group of users

Trunk radio system (synchronous or asynchronous) multiplexing scheme Channels are shared and available to all users Advantage: increased efficiency of spectrum usage Disadvantage: more complex architecture required

1. Early Cell System Trunk radio system (AMPS) BTS (base station): controls the air interface between

the mobile station and MTSO Mobile station: having frequency-agile machine that

allows to change to a particular frequency designated for its use by the MTSO

MTSO: responsible for switching the calls to the cells providing Interfacing with telephone network and backup Monitoring traffic Performing testing and diagnostics, network management

functions

Differences Between First and Second Generation Systems Digital traffic channels – first-generation systems are

almost purely analog; second-generation systems are digital

Encryption – all second generation systems provide encryption to prevent eavesdropping

Error detection and correction – second-generation digital traffic allows for detection and correction, giving clear voice reception

Channel access – second-generation systems allow channels to be dynamically shared by a number of users

1G45

First Generation

What we will look at 1st Generation technology Analogue signals Frequency Division Handover Infrastructure

First Generation

Early Wireless communications Signal fires Morse Code Radio

Radio Transmitter 1928 Dorchester

First Generation

1st Generation devices Introduced in the UK by Vodafone

January 1985 UK Technology (and Italy)

Total Access Cellular System (TACS) This was based on the American design of AMPS

Used the 900MHz frequency range Europe

Germany adopted C-net France adopted Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT)

First Generation

Operates Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)

Covered in next slide Operates in the 900MHz frequency range

Three parts to the communications Voice channels Paging Channels Control Channels

PCS – 1G to 2G technology

FDMA Breaks up the available frequency into 30 KHz channels

Allocates a single channel to each phone call The channel is agreed with the Base station before transmission

takes place on agreed and reserved channel The device can then transmit on this channel

No other device can share this channel even if the person is not talking at the time!

A different channel is required to receive The voice/sound is transmitted as analogue data, which means

that a large than required channel has to be allocated.

PCS – 1G to 2G technology

FDMAFrequency

PCS – 1G to 2G technology

FDMA You use this technology all of the time!

Consider your radio in the house As you want different information you change the frequency

which you are receiving

PCS – 1G to 2G technology

Voice calls Are transferred using Frequency modulation The rate at which the carrier wave undulates is changed

Encoding information More resistant to interference than AM radio

(www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0030280.html, 2004)

PCS – 1G to 2G technology

1G infrastructure

Mobile Switching Centre

PSTN

First Generation

Infrastructure Base Station

Carries out the actual radio communications with the device

Sends out paging and control signals MSC

Takes responsibility Controls all calls attached to this device Maintains billing information Switches calls (Handover)

First Generation

Cellular Architecture Allows the area to be broken into smaller cells The mobile device then connects to the closest

cell

Cell

Cell Cell

Cell Cell

Cell Cell

Cell

Cell

Cell Cell

Cell Cell

Cell Cell

Cell

First Generation

Cellular Architecture continued Cellular architecture requires the available frequency to be

distributed between the cells If 2 cells next to each other used the same frequency each

would interfere with each other

Cell

Cell Cell

Cell

Cell Frequency 900

First Generation

Cellular Architecture continued There must be a distance between adjoining cells This distance allows communications to take place

Cell

Cell Cell

CellCell

Cell

Cell

Cell Frequency 900

Frequency 920

Frequency 940

Frequency 960

First Generation

Cellular Architecture continued This is referred to as the “Minimum Frequency Reuse Factor”

This requires proper planning and can be an issue for all radio based wireless communications

Planning the radio cell and how far a signal may go

Cell

Cell Cell

Cell

First Generation

Radio Planning Logically we picture a cell as being a

Octagon In reality the shape of a transmission will

change depending on the environment In this diagram of a cell you can see this

The building are the rectangles in dark green The darker the shade of green the stronger

the signal

Cell

Cell Cell

Cell Cell

First Generation

Radio Planning Planning needs careful thought You must cover the entire area with the minimum of base

stations Base stations cost the company money They also make the potential for radio problems greater

Simulations can be used but accurate models of the area is required Best solution is to measure the signals at various points

From this a decision can be made

Cell

Cell Cell

Cell

First Generation

Cellular infrastructure why ?? Cells with different frequencies allow devices to

move between these cells The device just informing what frequency they are

communicating at Cellular communications can only travel a certain

distance Discussed in the wireless LAN’s lecture Cell sizes are flexible

Examples in the TUK TACS system were up to 50 Miles!

First Generation

Cellular infrastructure Once you get to the ‘edge’ of a cell you will need

a handover Handover allows the user to move between cells

After a certain distance the amount of data which is sent in error becomes greater than the data sent correctly at this point you need to connect to a new cell which is closer.

TACS carries this out by monitoring the amplitude of the voice signal

First Generation

Cellular infrastructure Communicating with BS1

Moving towards BS2

BS2BS1

Transmission BS2Transmission BS1

First Generation

Cellular infrastructure Power of signal now weakening

BS2BS1

First Generation

Cellular infrastructure Paging signal stronger so hand over to new MSC

BS2BS1

First Generation

Handover Once a handover is decided upon by the BS

The MSC is informed All BS in the area of the current location are informed to

start paging the device The BS with the strongest signal is then handed over to The call can continue In reality a lot of calls were dropped whilst waiting for a

handover to take place Ending a call

A 8Khz tone is sent for 1.8 seconds The phone then returns to an idle state

First Generation TACS

Problems Roaming was not applicable outside of the UK

All of Europe was using different standards Different frequencies Different frequency spacing Different encoding technologies

Security Calls were easily ‘listened’ upon Limited capacity of the available spectrum Analogue signal meant a larger than required amount of the

frequency had to be allocated to each call Expansion of the network was difficult

This was unacceptable GSM was introduced

Next weeks lecture!

First Generation

Summary 1G systems

TACS Frequency Use Infrastructure Handover Problems

Cellular standards

• Analog cellular: G1 cellular systems– AMPS: AT&T and Motorola; rapidly giving

way to digital technology worldwide.– N-AMPS: narrow-band AMPS; Motorola.– NMT (Nordic mobile telephone) in scandinavia– TACS (Total access communication system)

developed in England.

TDMA Design Considerations Number of logical channels per physical channel

(number of time slots in TDMA frame): 8 Maximum cell radius (R): 35 km Frequency: region around 900 MHz Maximum vehicle speed (Vm):250 km/hr Maximum coding delay: approx. 20 ms Maximum delay spread (m): 10 s Bandwidth: Not to exceed 200 kHz (25 kHz per

channel)

2G

2G73

Cellular standards continued

• Digital cellular: G2 cellular systems– GSM (Global System for Mobile communication): dominates

worldwide; adopted in 1987 for pan-Europe systems; operates in the 800 and 900 MHz ranges and is ISDN compatible; 4-cell reuse plan and each cell is divided into 12 sectors; used CDMA; supporting roaming from country to country.

– D-AMPS (Digital AMPS): AKA US TDMA is the N. Am. Standard; operates in the same 800 MHz band as AMPS and uses the same 30 kHz bands as AMPS; 3:1improvement on band utilization over AMPS; co-exists with AMPS; data rate up to 28.8 bps.

• Others: PDC (Japanese Digital Cellular), PCS (Personal digital system).

Spectrumonomics !

Cellular Communications

• Mobile telephone service - a system for providing telephone services to multiple, mobile receivers using two-way radio communication over a limited number of frequencies.

• Mobile wireless evolution:– First generation– Second generation– Third generation

Evolution of Mobile Radio Communications

• Major Mobile Radio Systems– 1934 - Police Radio uses conventional AM mobile communication system.– 1935 - Edwin Armstrong demonstrate FM– 1946 - First public mobile telephone service - push-to-talk– 1960 - Improved Mobile Telephone Service, IMTS - full duplex– 1960 - Bell Lab introduce the concept of Cellular mobile system– 1968 - AT&T propose the concept of Cellular mobile system to FCC.– 1976 - Bell Mobile Phone service, poor service due to call blocking– 1983 - Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS), FDMA, FM– 1991 - Global System for Mobile (GSM), TDMA, GMSK– 1991 - U.S. Digital Cellular (USDC) IS-54, TDMA, DQPSK– 1993 - IS-95, CDMA, QPSK, BPSK

Example of Mobile Radio Systems

• Examples

– Cordless phone

– Remote controller

– Hand-held walkie-talkies

– Pagers

– Cellular telephone

– Wireless LAN• Mobile - any radio terminal that could be moves during operation

• Portable - hand-held and used at walking speed

• Subscriber - mobile or portable user

• Classification of mobile radio transmission system– Simplex: communication in only one direction

– Half-duplex: same radio channel for both transmission and reception (push-to-talk)

– Full-duplex: simultaneous radio transmission and reception (FDD, TDD)

• Frequency division duplexing uses two radio channel– Forward channel: base station to mobile user

– Reverse channel: mobile user to base station

• Time division duplexing shares a single radio channel in time.

Forward Channel

Reverse Channel

Paging Systems

• Conventional paging system send brief messages to a subscriber

• Modern paging system: news headline, stock quotations, faxes, etc.

• Simultaneously broadcast paging message from each base station (simulcasting)

• Large transmission power to cover wide area.

Cordless Telephone System• Cordless telephone systems are full duplex communication

systems.

• First generation cordless phone– in-home use

– communication to dedicated base unit

– few tens of meters

• Second generation cordless phone– outdoor

– combine with paging system

– few hundred meters per station

Cellular Telephone Systems

• Provide connection to the PSTN for any user location within the radio range of the system.

• Characteristic – Large number of users , - Large Geographic area

– Limited frequency spectrum , - Reuse of the radio frequency by the concept of “cell’’.

• Basic cellular system: mobile stations, base stations, and mobile switching center.

• Communication between the base station and mobiles is defined by the standard common air interface (CAI)

– forward voice channel (FVC): voice transmission from base station to mobile

– reverse voice channel (RVC): voice transmission from mobile to base station

– forward control channels (FCC): initiating mobile call from base station to mobile

– reverse control channel (RCC): initiating mobile call from mobile to base station

Cellular Call Completion

• Components of a signal:– Mobile Identification Number (MIN) - an enclosed

representation of the mobile telephone’s 10-digit telephone number.

– Electronic Serial Number (ESN) - a fixed number assigned to the telephone by the manufacturer.

– System Identification Number (SID) - a number assigned to the particular wireless carrier to which the telephone’s user has subscribed.

Cellular Call Completion

Call Completion

How Cellular Telephony Works (continued)

Advanced Mobile Pone Service (AMPS)

• A first generation cellular technology that encodes and transmits speech as analog signals.

Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)

Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)

• Each voice signal is digitized and assigned a unique code, and then small components of the signal are issued over multiple frequencies using the spread spectrum technique.

Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM)

• A version of time division multiple access (TDMA) technology, because it divides frequency bands into channels and assigns signals time slots within each channel.

• Makes more efficient use of limited bandwidth than the IS-136 TDMA standard common in the United States.

• Makes use of silences in a phone call to increase its signal compression, leaving more open time slots in the channel.

Wireless Local Loop (WLL)

• A generic term that describes a wireless link used in the PSTN to connect LEC central offices with subscribers.

• Acts the same as a copper local loop.

• Used to transmit both voice and data signals.

Local Multipoint Distribution Service (LMDS)

• A point-to-multipoint, fixed wireless technology that was conceived to supply wireless local loop service in densely populated urban areas and later on a trial basis to issue television signals.

• A disadvantage is that its use of very high frequencies limits its signal’s transmission distance to no more than 4km between antennas.

Multipoint Multichannel Distribution System (MMDS)

• Uses microwaves with frequencies in the 2.1 to 2.7 GHz range of the wireless spectrum.

• One advantage is that because of its lower frequency range, MMDS is less susceptible to interference.

• MMDS does not require a line-of-sight path between the transmitter and receiver.

Short Message Service (SMS)• Globally accepted wireless service that enables the transmission of

alphanumeric messages between mobile devices and external systems• Available in US on GSM-based PCS as well as TDMA and CDMA

based cellular systems

• Short Message Service Center (SMSC) acts as a relay and store and forward system for messages

• Point to point delivery of messages• Active mobile handset is able to receive or send a short message at any

time, independent of whether a voice or data call is in progress• Utilizes out-of-band packet delivery and low-bandwidth message

delivery• Guarantees delivery of the short message by the network. Temporary

transmission failures are identified, and the message is stored in the network until the destination becomes available

2.5G103

2.5G, which stands for "second and a half generation," is a cellular wireless technology developed in between its

predecessor, 2G, and its successor, 3G.

"2.5G" is an informal term, invented solely for marketing purposes, unlike

"2G" or "3G" which are officially defined standards based on those

defined by the International Telecommunication (ITU). The

term "2.5G" usually describes a 2G cellular system combined with

General Packet Radio Services (GPRS )

A 2.5G system may make use of 2G system infrastructure, but it implements a

packet-switched network domain in addition to a circuit-switched domain.

2.5 G 2G (GSM standard)—GPRS (General Packet

Radio Service )was introduced in 2001. It added packet switching protocols to mobile communications technology and TCP/IP thus making possible the reading and sending of e-mails, instant messaging (IM), and browsing the Internet. SMS or short message service is heavily used.

2.5 G added MMS.

MMS

Multimedia Message Service, a store-and-forward method of transmitting graphics, video clips, sound files and short text messages over wireless networks using the WAP protocol. Carriers deploy special servers, dubbed MMS Centers (MMSCs) to implement the offerings on their systems.

MMS also supports e-mail addressing, so the device can send e-mails directly to an e-mail address. The most common use of MMS is for communication between mobile phones. MMS, however, is not the same as e-mail. MMS is based on the concept of multimedia messaging. The presentation of the message is coded into the presentation file so that the images, sounds and text are displayed in a predetermined order as one singular message. MMS does not support attachments as e-mail does.

To the end user, MMS is similar to SMS.

2.5G

An enhancement to 2G networks that allows them to operate in a "packet switched" manner

2.5G networks incorporate 2G technology with GPRS' higher speeds to support data transport. 2.5G is a bridge from the voice-centric 2G networks to the data-centric 3G networks.

GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) is a radio technology for GSM networks that adds packet-switching protocols. As a 2.5G technology, GPRS enables high-speed wireless Internet and other data communications. GPRS networks can deliver SMS, MMS, email, games, and WAP applications.

GPRS

GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) is a specification for data transfer on TDMA and GSM networks.

The theoretical limit for packet switched data is approx. 170 kb/s.

A realistic bit rate is 30-70 kb/s. . GPRS supports both TCP/IP and X.25 communications. It provides moderate speed data transfer, by using unused TDMA

channels on a GSM network. GSM circuit switch connections are still used for voice, but data is

sent and received in "packets" in the same way as it would be in the fixed internet environment.

The advantage is that network resources are used more efficiently. Rather than maintaining a circuit for the duration of the connection, which ties up resources regardless of whether anything is actually being sent or received, GPRS only consumes resource when information packets are transmitted.

HSCSD

HSCSD (High Speed Circuit Switched Data) is a specification for data transfer over GSM networks. HSCSD utilizes up to four 9.6Kb or 14.4Kb time slots, for a total bandwidth of 38.4Kb or 57.6Kb.

14.4Kb time slots are only available on GSM networks that operate at 1,800Mhz. 900Mhz GSM networks are limited to 9.6Kb time slots. Therefore, HSCSD is limited to 38.4Kbps on 900Mhz GSM networks. HSCSD can only achieve 57.6Kbps on 1,800Mhz GSM networks.

HSCSD vs. GPRS

HSCSD has an advantage over GPRS in that HSCSD supports guaranteed quality of service because of the dedicated circuit-switched communications channel. This makes HSCSD a better protocol for timing-sensitive applications such as image or video transfer.

GPRS has the advantage over HSCSD for most data transfer because HSCSD, which is circuit-switched, is less bandwidth efficient with expensive wireless links than GPRS, which is packet-switched.

For an application such as downloading, HSCSD may be preferred, since circuit-switched data is usually given priority over packet-switched data on a mobile network, and there are few seconds when no data is being transferred.

Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) spread spectrum modulation 902-928 MHz 2.4-2.4835 GHz (home of

microwave oven band) 5.725-5.850 GHz

under 1 watt transmitter output power

more bandwidth with higher frequencies, which support higher data rates.

ISM Frequency BandsThe three ISM frequency bands are the only ones available for unlicensed wireless transmission in the US. Only one band has world-wide availability.

Lifi….the latest technology in wireless communication

• LiFi is a new class of high intensity light source of solid state design bringing clean lighting solutions to general.

• With energy efficiency, long useful lifetime, full spectrum and dimming , LiFi lighting applications work better compared to conventional approaches.

• This technology gives the general construction of LiFi lighting systems and the basic technology building blocks behind their function.

Advantages• Using this innovative technology 10,000 to 20,000

bits per second of data can be transmitted simultaneously in parallel using a unique signal processing technology and special modulation

• As communication technology is expanding at a rapid pace we are running out of radio frequency spectrum but this new visible light spectrum has 10,000 times more capacity than radio frequency.

•

• Cellular masts or base stations worldwide uses a lot of energy particularly for cooling and it operates at only five percent efficiency whereas LiFi technology can transmit data through the 14 billion light bulbs already installed worldwide. So it is virtually free .

• The whole process of transmitting data through light is more energy efficient than using radio frequency.

Applications

• Can be used in the places where it is difficult to lay the optical fiber like hospitals. In operation theatre LiFi can be used for modern medical instruments.

• In traffic signals LiFi can be used which will communicate with the LED lights of the cars and accident numbers can be decreased.

• Thousand and millions of street lamps can be transferred to LiFi lamps to transfer data.

Conclusion

• The design and construction of the LiFi light source enable

• efficiency,• long stable life, • full spectrum intensity • that is digitally controlled • and easy to use.

Any Questions ?

Or else lets EDGE

Going through the Going through the Edge,Edge,

from 2.5G to 3G from 2.5G to 3G

Going through the Going through the Edge,Edge,

from 2.5G to 3G from 2.5G to 3G

2.75 G124

2G/2.5G Voice & Data Handset still dominates the market while 2.75G is

trying to fill the technology gap before 3G is mature.

Advancement of Cellular TechnologyAdvancement of Cellular Technology

•GSM ANSI 136 Interoperability Team•GERAN – GSM EDGE Radio Access Network•UTRAN –UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network

All IP RAN

GSM

TDMA

GAIT*

GP

RS EDGE

Classic

EDGECompact

ED

GE

GP

RS

-136

HS

IMT2000

FDD:WCDMA

TDD:WCDMA

TD:CDMA

TD:SCDMA

UMTS

2G 2.5G 2.75G 3G

<9.6kbps <115kbps <384kbps <2Mbps

Western Europe

ED

GE

Ph

ase

II

<384kbps

EGPRSEDGE

Phase1Rel99

EDGEPhase2Rel4,5, 6

and beyond

UTRANGERANiDEN

cdma2000™1XEV-DV

cdma2000™1xEV-DO

cdma2000™1XRTTCDMA

PDC

>2Mbps

4G

UWBSDRHSDPA….

20022002 20032003 2004200420012001

Bluetooth™ WLAN

EDGE• Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution (EDGE) is a bolt-on

enhancement to 2G and GPRS networks. This technology is compatible with TDMA and GSM networks. EDGE uses the same spectrum allocated for GSM850, GSM900, GSM1800 and GSM1900 operation.

• Instead of employing GMSK (Gaussian minimum-shift keying) EDGE uses 8PSK (8 Phase Shift Keying) producing a 3bit word for every change in carrier phase. This effectively triples the gross data rate offered by GSM. EDGE, like GPRS, uses a rate adaptation algorithm that adapts the modulation and coding scheme (MCS) used to the quality of the radio channel, and thus the bit rate and robustness of data transmission. It introduces a new technology not found in GPRS, Incremental Redundancy, which, instead of retransmitting disturbed packets, sends more redundancy information to be combined in the receiver. This increases the probability of correct decoding.

EDGE provides data speed three times that of GPRS

• EDGE is a mobile network radio technology that allows current GSM networks to offer 3G services within existing frequencies. As an evolution of GSM/GPRS, EDGE is an upgrade to GPRS' data and GSM's voice networks..

3G129

Why 3G?

Why 3G?• Higher bandwidth enables a range of new applications!!• For the consumer

– Video streaming, TV broadcast– Video calls, video clips – news, music, sports– Enhanced gaming, chat, location services…

• For business– High speed teleworking / VPN access– Sales force automation– Video conferencing– Real-time financial information

3G

• 3G networks promise next-generation service with

transmission rates of 144Kbps and higher that can support multimedia applications, such as video, video conferencing and Internet access. Both UMTS (WCDMA) and EDGE will support 3G services. 3G networks operate on a different frequency than 2G networks.

Emerging Third Generation (3G) Technologies

The promise of these technologies is that a user can access all her telecommunication services from one mobile phone.

• CDMA2000 - a packet switched version of CDMA.

• Wideband CDMA (W-CDMA) - based on technology developed by Ericson, is also packet-based and its maximum throughput is also 2.4 Mbps.

3G 3G—UMTS (Universal Mobile

Telecommunications System)--Can reach 384 kbps. The technology made video phones, watching streaming video, downloading music and getting broadband access possible. UMTS can be used on both mobile phones and computers. It is capable of transferring 385 kbps for mobile systems and up to 2Mbps for stationary systems.

3G services in Asia• CDMA (1xEV-DO)

– Korea: SKT, KTF– Japan: AU (KDDI)

• WCDMA / UMTS– Japan: NTT DoCoMo, Vodafone KK– Australia: 3 Hutchinson– Hong Kong: 3 Hutchinson

IS-95 (CdmaOne) IS-95: standard for the radio interface IS-41: standard for the network part Operates in 800MHz and 1900MHz bands Uses DS-CDMA technology (1.2288 Mchips/s) Forward link (downlink): (2,1,9)-convolutional code,

interleaved, 64 chips spreading sequence (Walsh-Hadamard functions)

Pilot channel, synchronization channel, 7 paging channels, up to 63 traffic channels

Reverse link (uplink): (3,1,9)-convolutional code, interleaved, 6 bits are mapped into a Walsh-Hadamard sequence, spreading using a user-specific code

Tight power control (open-loop, fast closed loop)

Advantages of CDMA Cellular Frequency diversity – frequency-dependent

transmission impairments have less effect on signal

Multipath resistance – chipping codes used for CDMA exhibit low cross correlation and low autocorrelation

Privacy – privacy is inherent since spread spectrum is obtained by use of noise-like signals

Graceful degradation – system only gradually degrades as more users access the system

Drawbacks of CDMA CellularSelf-jamming – arriving transmissions from

multiple users not aligned on chip boundaries unless users are perfectly synchronized

Near-far problem – signals closer to the receiver are received with less attenuation than signals farther away

Soft handoff – requires that the mobile acquires the new cell before it relinquishes the old; this is more complex than hard handoff used in FDMA and TDMA schemes

CDMA Design ConsiderationsRAKE receiver – when multiple versions of

a signal arrive more than one chip interval apart, RAKE receiver attempts to recover signals from multiple paths and combine themo This method achieves better performance than

simply recovering dominant signal and treating remaining signals as noise

Soft Handoff – mobile station temporarily connected to more than one base station simultaneously

RAKE Receiver RAKE Receiver has to estimate:

o Multipath delayso Phase of multipath componentso Amplitude of multipath componentso Number of multipath components

Main challenge is receiver synchronization in fading channels

Principle of RAKE Receiver

Forward Link Channels Pilot: allows the mobile unit to acquire timing

information, provides phase reference and provides means for signal strength comparison

Synchronization: used by mobile station to obtain identification information about cellular system

Paging: contain messages for one or more mobile stations

Traffic: the forward channel supports 55 traffic channels

Forward Traffic Processing StepsSpeech is encoded at a rate of 8550 bpsAdditional bits added for error detectionData transmitted in 2-ms blocks with

forward error correction provided by a convolutional encoder

Data interleaved in blocks to reduce effects of errors

Data bits are scrambled, serving as a privacy masko Using a long code based on user’s electronic

serial number

Forward Traffic Processing Steps Power control information inserted into traffic

channel DS-SS function spreads the 19.2 kbps to a rate of

1.2288 Mbps using one row of 64 x 64 Walsh matrix

Digital bit stream modulated onto the carrier using QPSK modulation scheme

Reverse Traffic Processing Steps Convolutional encoder at rate 1/3 Spread the data using a Walsh matrix

o Use a 6-bit piece of data as an index to the Walsh matrixo To improve reception at base station

Data burst randomizer Spreading using the user-specific long code mask

Third-Generation Capabilities

Voice quality comparable to the public switched telephone network

144 kbps data rate available to users in high-speed motor vehicles over large areas

384 kbps available to pedestrians standing or moving slowly over small areas

Support for 2.048 Mbps for office use Symmetrical/asymmetrical data transmission rates Support for both packet switched and circuit

switched data services

Typical application: road traffic

ad ho

cUMTS, WLAN,DAB, GSM, TETRA, ...

Personal Travel Assistant,DAB, PDA, laptop, GSM, UMTS, WLAN, Bluetooth, ...

1.4.1

Overlay Networks - the global goal

regional

metropolitan area

campus-based

in-house

verticalhand-over

horizontalhand-over

integration of heterogeneous fixed andmobile networks with varyingtransmission characteristics

1.23.1

Influence of mobile communication to the layer model

service location new applications, multimedia adaptive applications congestion and flow control quality of service addressing, routing,

device location hand-over authentication media access multiplexing media access control encryption modulation interference attenuation frequency

Application layer

Transport layer

Network layer

Data link layer

Physical layer

3G Standards• 3G Standard is created by ITU-T and is called as IMT-

2000.• The aim of IMT-2000 is to harmonize worldwide 3G

systems to provide Global Roaming.

IS-95 IS-136 & PDCGSM-

EDGE

GPRS

HSCSDIS-95B

Cdma2000-1xRTT

Cdma2000-1xEV,DV,DO

Cdma2000-3xRTT

W-CDMA

EDGE

TD-SCDMA

2G

3G

2.5G

3GPP3GPP2

Upgrade paths for 2G Technologies

3G: Winners & Losers ?? UMTS

Huge delays (terminals availability) Very expensive license fees Clear evolution path

HSxPA (Peak Data Rates), LTE (Long Term Evolution) (Network Simplification)

WCDMA Compelling peak data rates (EV-DO) Unclear evolution path

3xRTT? WIMAX?

• UMTS Band : 1900-2025 MHz and 2110-2200 MHz for 3G transmission.

• Terrestrial UMTS (UTRAN) : 1900-1980 MHz, 2010-2025 MHz, and 2110-2170 MHz bands

UMTS Frequency Spectrum

CDMA was commercially introduced in 1995 with IS-95A or cdmaOne. IS-95A is the CDMA-based second generation (2G) standard for mobile communication. The following

are the key aspects of this standard:

• Support for data rates of upto 14.4 kbps

• IS-95A has been used exclusively for circuit-switched voice

• Convolutional Channel coding used

• Modulation technique used is BPSK

IS-95A

IS-95B or cdmaOne is the evolved version of IS-95A and is designated as 2.5G. IS-95B maintains the Physical Layer of IS-95A, but due to an enhanced MAC layer, is capable of providing for higher speed data services. The following are the key aspects of the standard:

• Theoretical data rates of upto 115 kbps, with generally experienced rates of 64 kbps

• Additional Walsh codes and PN sequence masks, which enable a mobile user to be assigned up to eight forward or reverse code channels simultaneously, thus enabling a higher data rate

• Code channels, which are transmitted at full data rates during a data burst

• Convolutional Channel coding

• Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) as the Modulation technique used

IS-95B

•Supports theoretical data rates of upto 307 kbps, with generally experienced rates of 144 kbps

• The newly introduced Q-PCH of CDMA 2000 enables the mobile to be informed about when it needs to monitor F-CCCH and the Paging Channel, thus improving on the battery life

• Introduction of Radio Configurations – Transmission formats characterized by physical layer parameters such as data rates, modulation characteristics, and spreading rate. RCs help in providing for additional data rates.

• Quality and Erasure indicator bits (QIB and EIB) on the reverse power control sub channel. These help in indicating to the BS about bad frames or lost frames received at the mobile station, so that they can be retransmitted

• Code channels are transmitted at full data rates during a data burst

• Convolutional and Turbo coding techniques used

• Modulation technique used is QPSK

CDMA 2000 1X

• Offering data speeds up to 2 Mbps

• Using three standard 1.25 MHz channels within a 5 MHz band

• Leveraging deployment experiences, and manufacturers’ learning curves of today’s widely adopted, commercially available CDMA systems

• Using Convolutional and Turbo coding techniques

• Using QPSK as the Modulation technique

CDMA 2000 3X

• Supporting data rates of up to 2.4 Mbps

• Having no backward-compatibility with CDMA 2000

• Including two inter-operable modes: an integrated 1x mode optimized for voice and medium data speeds, and a 1xEV mode optimized for non real-time high capacity/high speed data and Internet access

• Providing Adaptive Rate Operation with respect to channel conditions

• Providing Adaptive modulation and coding

• Providing Macro diversity via radio selection

• Providing an always-on operation of 1xEV-DO terminals in the active state

• Using a multi-level modulation format (QPSK, 8-PSK, 16-QAM)

1X EV-DO

1xEV-DV

• Backward compatible with CDMA 2000.

• EV-DV can be easily extended to operate in 3x mode under the framework of current system.

• Forward peak data rate : 3.072 Mbps.

• Reverse peak data rate: 451.2 kbps.

• Addition of three new channels to f/w link and reverse link for packet data operation and its support.

• Adaptive modulation and coding : QPSK, 8- PSK, 16-QAM

• Variable frame duration

• Mobile station can select one of N base stations.

• DTX transmission supported for saving battery life.

3G: Technology Summary Technology Convergence on Wideband-CDMA WCDMA

Successor to CDMA, 4 core standards – 1xRTT, 1x EV-DO, 1x EV-DV, 3xRTT

1xRTT provides 2x voice capacity increase over CDMA and a peak data rate of 144kbps

EV-DO Rev A provide peak data rates of 3.1 downlink / 1.8 uplink (800kbps typical)

UMTS (Universal Mobile Telephone System) Successor to GSM, based on W-CDMA Peak data rates of up to 1920kbps (384kbps typical) HSDPA peak data rate of up to 14.4Mbps

Global Subscriber Counts

0

0.5 Bn

1 Bn

1.5 Bn

2 Bn

2.5 Bn

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

CDMA

GSM

W-CDMA

The future of cellular radio: G3?

• Market increases quickly over the years worldwide, often beyond projection.

• Cost continues to drop: $.45/minute in the early 90s to 9.4 cents in 2000.

• G3 proposals are under consideration– Calls for data rate from 144 kbps (fast moving)

to 384 kbps (pedestrian).– Supports global roaming

3. 5 G162

(HSPA)

3.5G (HSPA)High Speed Packet Access (HSPA) is an amalgamation of two mobile telephony protocols,

High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA)

and

High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA),

that extends and improves the performance of existing WCDMA protocols

3.5G features

3.5G introduces many new features that will enhance the UMTS technology in future. 1xEV-DV already supports most of the features that will be provided in 3.5G. These include:

- Adaptive Modulation and Coding

- Fast Scheduling

- Backward compatibility with 3G

- Enhanced Air Interface

HSDPA EVOLUTION

3.5G (HSDPA)

High Speed Downlink Packet Access

Why HSDPA?

Comparison Between 3G & 3.5G.Data Rate ( 2Mbps -----> 10 Mbps)

Modulation ( QPSK -----> QPSK&16QAM)

TTI( 10ms ----> 2ms )

HSDPA FeaturesHSDPA Features

Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request Fast cell site selection Fast cell site selection Adaptive Modulation and CodingAdaptive Modulation and Coding

Reducing delay ” T T I ”.Reducing delay ” T T I ”.

3.5G

3.5G or HSDPA (High Speed Downlink Packet Access) is an enhanced version and the next intermediate generation of 3G UMTS. It comprises the technologies that improve the Air Interface and increase the spectral efficiency, to support data rates of the order of 30 Mbps. 3.5G introduces many new features that will enhance the UMTS technology in future. 1xEV-DV already supports most of the features that will be provided in 3.5G. These include:• Adaptive Modulation and Coding• Fast Scheduling• Backward compatibility with 3G• Enhanced Air interface

IS-95B

IS-95BUses multiple code channelsData rates up to 64kbpsMany operators gone direct to 1xRTT

CDMAIS-95A

IS-95A14.4 kbpsCore network re-used inCDMA2000

1xRTT

CDMA2000 1xRTT: single carrier RTTFirst phase in CDMA2000 evolutionEasy co-existence with IS-95A air interfaceRelease 0 - max 144 kbpsRelease A – max 384 kbpsSame core network as IS-95

1xEV-DO

CDMA2000 1xEV-DO: Evolved Data Optimised Third phase in CDMA2000 evolutionStandardised version of Qualcomm High Data Rate (HDR)Adds TDMA components beneath code componentsGood for highly asymmetric high speed data appsSpeeds to 2Mbps +, classed as a “3G” systemUse new or existing spectrum

1xEV-DVCDMA2000

3xRTT

CDMA2000 1x Evolved DVFourth phase in CDMA2000 evolutionStill under developmentSpeeds to 5Mbps+ (more than 3xRTT!)Possible end game.

CDMA2000 evolution to 3G

What next after 3G?What next after 3G?

1990 2000 2010

GSM(2G)

W-CDMA(3G)

GPRS/EDGE(2.5G)

• The future path has fractured into a number of possibilities• Operators and vendors must create viable strategies to prosper within this complexity

4G

3G+

3G &WLAN

3G &WLAN &Brdcst

3G+ &WLAN

3G &WLAN &Ad-hoc

3G+ &WLAN &Ad-hoc

4G &WLAN

4G &WLAN &Brdcst

4G &WLAN &Ad-hoc

2.5G &WLAN

3.9G172

LTE (3.9G)

and

LTE-Advanced (4G)

Long-Term Evolution

After comparison the LTE-Advanced (4G) is better than LTE (3.9G) in some

specifications such as:• LTE-Advanced 4G have Data rates up to 1Gbps in stationary

scenarios, Coverage enhancements for high• frequency bands, LTE-Advanced will be a smooth evolution of

LTE, Numerology and access technologies will be the same, Bandwidth up to 100MHz supported, Contiguous and non-contiguous carrier aggregation,

• New technologies are being proposed, Enhanced MIMO, cooperative transmission, relaying etc.

• LTE-Advanced is a very flexible and advanced system, further enhancements to exploit spectrum availability and advanced multi-antenna techniques.

LTE/WIMAX Overview

Two Key technologies are evolving to meet the Wireless Broadband Requirements

802.11n(smart antennas)802.11Mesh extns.

Lo

cal A

rea

Fix

ed

Wid

e A

rea

Mo

bile

Co

vera

ge/

Mo

bili

ty

Met

ro A

rea

No

mad

ic

802.16(Fixed LOS)

802.16a/d(Fixed NLOS)

802.11b/a/g

Mobile Industry

Fixed Wireless Industry

4G Air Interfaces

Data Rates (kbps)100,000 +

3GPP2CDMA

2000-1X

HRPDA1x

EVDO

1x EVDV Rel. C

1x EVDVRel. D

GSM UMTS HSPAGPRS EDGE LTE 3GPP

MOBILE BROADBAND

DSL ExperienceDial Up

Higher Data Rate / Lower Cost per Bit

802.16e(Mobile WIMAX)

4G (LTE)

• LTE stands for Long Term Evolution• Next Generation mobile broadband

technology• Promises data transfer rates of 100 Mbps• Based on UMTS 3G technology• Optimized for All-IP traffic

4G179

Why 4G?

4G: Anytime, Anywhere Connection

• Also known as ‘Mobile Broadband everywhere’• ‘MAGIC’

– Mobile Multimedia Communication– Anywhere, Anytime with Anyone– Global Mobility Support– Integrated Wireless Solution– Customized Personal Service

• According to 4G Mobile Forum, by 2008 over $400 billion would be invested in 4G mobile projects.

• In India, communication Minister Mr. Dayanidhi Maran, has announced a national centre of excellence to work in 4G arena.

4G

4G—The fourth generation cell phone is being championed in Japan. It will boost the data rates to 20 Mbps. These speeds enable high quality video transmission and rapid download of large music files. The first 4G phones appeared in 2006.

4G: Data rate Facts Transmission at 20 Mbps 2000 times faster than mobile data rates 10 times faster than top transmission rates planned in final

build out of 3G broadband mobile 10-20 times faster than standard ADSL services. Companies developing 4G technology

Cellular phone companies: Alcatel, Nortel, Motorola, IT Companies: Hughes,HP,LG Electronics

…and Beyond Technology Convergence on OFDM (Orthogonal

Frequency Division Multiple Access)

HSOPA Improved bandwidth, latency over UMTS/HSxPA Radio technology based on MIMO-OFDM, peak data

rates of up to 70Mbps Network simplification

Operator Objectives

Voice+Growth to Wireless

Data+ Growth to

Broadband

Network Goals are SimilarDifferentiation on Access & Business goals

Mobile Operators Subscriber growth Wireless Data / 3G Wireline Substitution

Fixed Operators Broadband Line Growth Revenue Protection

Cable, Satellite, ISP Network Leverage New Markets Video Play

Evolution of Cellular Networks

1G 2G 3G 4G2.5G

Advantages of LTE

3G/HSDPA vs. WIMAX/LTE Network Architecture

Traditional Cellular Architecture

Base Stations

Carrier Access Point (CAP) Architecture

=

Operator’sIP Network

MSSSGSN

GGSN MediaGateway

CAPController

VoIP Gatewayor IMS

DataGatewayor IMS

Internet PSTN Internet PSTN

Base StationControllers

Access Points

Lower Cost!Any off-the-shelf IP network with

Mobile IP support=

outdoor CPE

“By 2012, 18 million laptops will have WIMAX

built-in” - Intel

digital cameras

set top boxes

WIMAX technology will in most consumer devices

CHANGING THE WAY WE:

laptops

Gaming consoles

pdas

televisions

MP3 player

vehicles

Videocameras

indoor CPE

handsets

Comparison of LTE Speed

LTE Architecture

Higher frequency selectivity

Severer power limited condition

Under these conditions, system should be optimized with considering the trade-off between cell throughput and cell coverage

Example 1: Self-deployment of eNodeBs • More autonomous deployment becomes

obviously more interesting – Without planning of radio parameters– Also useful study item for home NodeB deployment

• Start with minimal coverage and gradually increase cell size• Radio scanning to find unused resources• Negotiation with neighbor cells about spectrum resource usage

Example 2: Self Neighbor Scanning HeNB

• Operator will have many thousands/millions of home eNB.– Human operation based configuration of each hEB is not

economical.

• Home eNB frequently scan – All neighbors of own or other PLMN ID

• heNB capable of scanning neighboring macro cells/frequencies

– All neighbors of other RAT• heNB capable of scanning neighboring UMTS/WIMAX cells

– Scan results are sent to the central server

Home eNB frequently scan…

Example 3: Self Coordinating Interference Management

• To coordinate scheduling in interfering cells, – Alt1: Semi-static restrictions for users close to cell

borders• Self coordination between cells set by rules • Agreed in Release 8 as HII

– Alt2: Short time-scale coordination • Very high speed of coordination for re-optimization

based on load in different cells

Self Coordinating Interference Management

Example 4: HO Parameterization Optimization

• Handover parameter optimization triggered by “performance problems”

• Optimization of individual neighbor-to-neighbor parameters– E.g. HO hysterisis control

• Slow optimization loop – Cautiously change parameter to avoid user

perceivable degradation– Evaluate results through performance monitoring

HO hysterisis control

Example 5: UE Measured Performance Reporting

Example 6: Common Channel Self Optimization

RACH, PCH, BCH Power optimizations

• Instead of drive tests: slow optimization based on UE reports– received signal strength, channel quality, neighbor

signal strength– Ideally also location of UE

• Cautious adjustment of power in one cell, monitoring of effects– search optimal settings, e.g. gradient descent

Example 7: Reduction of Energy Consumption by RAN

Reduction of Energy Consumption by RAN

• Partial or complete eNB power down during low load, e.g. at night

• Stored profiles used to reconfigure radio parameters for the new topology

• Wake up based on timers or external triggers

Advantages in Femto cell deployment in a Radio Aspect

interference scenarios

LTE vs UMTS• Functional changes compared to the current

UMTS architecture

NGN Context

Evolved hardware technologies+

Improved network bandwidth=

Entertainment apps on mobile

208

209

When you are NOT mobile, you use

210

When you are mobile, you use

211

Millions of passengers per day!

Market promoters

January 16- 2010China Star Optoelectronics Technology (CSOT)’s

8.5-generation LCD panel project was officially launched

2005The sales volume of TCL color TV sets

ranked first place in the world. 

 world's 25th-largest consumer electronics producer and sixth-largest television producer (after Samsung, LG, Sony, Panasonic and Sharp).

also Refer ….1. Erik Dahlman, Stefan Parkvall, and Johan Skold, 4G

LTE/LTE-Advanced for Mobile Broadband, Elsevier Ltd., 2011, pp.11-12,379-380.

2. Christian Mehlfuhrer, Martin Wrulich, Josep Colom �Ikuno, Dagmar Bosanska, Markus Rupp, SIMULATING THE LONG TERM EVOLUTION PHYSICAL LAYER, 17th European Signal Processing Conference (EUSIPCO 2009) Glasgow, Scotland, August 24-28, 2009,pp.1.

3. FAROOQ KHAN, LTE for 4G Mobile Broadband Air Interface Technologies and Performance, Cambridge University Press, New York, 2009, pp.3.