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Why Uploading Will Not Work How Ghosts Haunt Transhumanism Patrick D. Hopkins H+ 2010

Why Uploading Will Not Work - Patrick Hopkins - H+ Summit @ Harvard

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Transhumanists tend to have a commitment to materialism and naturalism but nonetheless pursue goals traditionally associated with religious ideologies, such as the quest for immortality. Often, they hope to achieve immortality through the application of a technology whereby the brain is scanned and the person "uploaded" to a computer. This process is typically described as "transferring" one's mind to a computer. I argue that, while the technology may be feasible, uploading will not succeed because it in fact does not "transfer" a mind at all and will not preserve personal identity. Transhumanist hopes for such transfer ironically rely on treating the mind dualistically-and inconsistently with materialism-as the functional equivalent of a soul, as is evidenced by a carefully examination of the language used to describe and defend uploading. In this sense, transhumanist thought unwittingly contains remnants of dualistic and religious categories. Patrick D. Hopkins is a philosopher and ethicist who specializes in ethical theory and in applied ethical issues in science, medicine, and technology. He has a B.A. from the University of Mississippi in Experimental Psychology, worked in neuroscience research for several years at a major medical school and a primate research center, received his Ph.D. in Philosophy from Washington University in St. Louis, and is currently Professor and Chair of Philosophy at Millsaps College in Jackson, MS. He has published numerous articles on biomedical ethics, science and technology studies, gender studies, and religious studies and has edited a book on the relationship between gender and technology.

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Page 1: Why Uploading Will Not Work - Patrick Hopkins - H+ Summit @ Harvard

Why  Uploading  Will  Not  Work

How  Ghosts  Haunt  Transhumanism

Patrick  D.  Hopkins

H+  2010

Page 2: Why Uploading Will Not Work - Patrick Hopkins - H+ Summit @ Harvard

Transhumanist  Tendencies

Naturalism

• Materialism

• Empiricism

Religious  Analogs

• Transcendence

• Enlightenment

• TransubstanGaGon

• Singularity

• Universal  consciousness

• Immortality

Page 3: Why Uploading Will Not Work - Patrick Hopkins - H+ Summit @ Harvard

Immortality  and  Uploading

• The  language  of  uploading

– Uploading  is  the  transfer  of  the  brain’s  mindpa6ern  onto  a  different  substrate  (such  as  an  advanced  computer)  which  be6er  facilitates  said  en=ty’s  ends.  Uploading  is  a  central  concept  in  our  vision  of  technological  ascension….  (Kadmon,  2003)  

– In  transhumanism  and  science  fic=on,  mind  transfer…refers  to  the  hypothe=cal  transfer  of  a  human  mind  either  into  a  computer  or  other  non-­‐human  receptacle,  or  from  one  human  body  to  another.  (Knowledgerush,  2009)

– Mind  uploading  is  a  radical  form  of  human  enhancement,  whereby  the  human  mind  is  transferred  from  the  vulnerable  organic  medium  of  the  brain  to  a  computer  system  of  some  kind.    (Human  Enhancement  and  Biopoli=cs,  2009)

Page 4: Why Uploading Will Not Work - Patrick Hopkins - H+ Summit @ Harvard

Immortality  and  Uploading

• The  language  of  uploading

– In  transhumanism  and  science  fic=on,  mind  transfer…refers  to  the  hypothe=cal  transfer  of  a  human  mind,  body  and  environment  to  an  ar=ficial  substrate.    (Fact-­‐Archive.com,  2005)

– Mind  uploading,  some=mes  called  whole  brain  emula=on,  refers  to  the  hypothe=cal  transfer  of  a  human  mind  to  a  substrate  different  from  a  biological  brain,  such  as  a  detailed  computer  simula=on  of  an  individual  human  brain.  (Sen=ent  Developments,  2009)

– Involving  the  transference  of  a  mind  from  biological  brain  to  computer  hardware—or,  for  that  ma6er,  any  other  substrate…mind  uploading  is  a  tenet  of  transhumanist  hopes  and  science  fic=on.    (Keim,  2009)

– The  last  stage,  mind  uploading,  leads  as  logically  on  from  brain  emula=on  as  brain  emula=on  does  from  neuroprosthe=cs.  Once  it  is  possible  to  emulate  a  brain,  it  should  be  possible  to  transfer  the  mind  within  that  brain  from  one  set  of  hardware  to  another.    (Virtual  Worldlets  Network,  2006)

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Metaphor  and  Language

• SomeGmes  obvious

• SomeGmes  subtle

• SomeGme  hidden  literaliGes

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Metaphor  and  Language

Argument  and  War

• Win  an  argument

• Weak  points  in  the  posiGon

• CriGcisms  on  target

ConversaGon  and  Conduit

• Got  the  idea  across

• Put  ideas  into  words

• Full  of  meaning

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Language  of  Uploading

The  Language

• “Transfer  the  mind  from  the  brain  to  a  computer”

The  Metaphors

• Loca=on– The  mind  is  “in”  or  “within”  a  

brain  and  can  be  put  “into”  a  computer

• Mo=on– The  mind  can  be  “moved”  or  

“transferred”  or  “put”  into  a  computer

• Substance– The  mind  is  a  thing  that  can  be  

moved  from  one  “receptacle”  to  another

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Problems

• Is  the  mind  an  an  object  that  is  housed  “inside”  a  brain  and  through  technology  can  be  “moved”  from  one  “receptacle”  to  another?  

• Not  according  to  most  materialist,  naturalist,  versions  of  mind  that  inform  transhumanism

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Problems

• If  we  look  for  posi=ons  that  have  held  the  view  that  minds  or  consciousnesses  are  actually  substan=al  objects  that  have  loca=on  and  can  be  moved  from  one  body  to  the  next,  we  do  not  have  far  to  look—only  so  far  as  popular  religion.

• Souls,  spirits,  ghosts

• Uploading  advocates  have  fallen  prey  to  using  the  language  of  dualism,  with  its  transmigratory  souls  and  displaceable  ghosts    

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Making  Too  Much  of  the  Language?

ObjecGon

• Just  a  metaphor,  uploading  proponents  are  not  taking  this  literally

Response

• Something  very  important  depends  on  metaphors  of  loca=on  and  mo=on

• Specific  minds  are  “transferred”• Preserva=on  of  iden=ty  treated  as  

unproblema=c  because  of  moving  a  singular  object

• The  mind  “in”  the  computer  is  the  same  mind  as  the  one  “in”  in  the  brain

• Not  the  same  type,  not  a  copy,  but  the  same  one

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Problem  of  IdenGty

• If  minds  are  not  literally  movable  substances,  the  preservaGon  of  idenGty  is  sGll  a  problem,  even  though  the  language  hides  it

• The  word  “transfer”  includes  preservaGon  of  idenGty

• When  an  object  is  simply  moved  from  one  locaGon  to  another,  preservaGon  of  idenGty  is  easy

• But  if  the  mind  is  not  literally  “moved”  or  “transferred”,  then  how  is  idenGty  preserved?

Page 12: Why Uploading Will Not Work - Patrick Hopkins - H+ Summit @ Harvard

Transferring  &  Copying

• proponents  of  uploading  do  not  believe  that  a  mind  is  literally  being  carried  from  one  place  to  another  

• “transference”  is  supposed  to  be  accomplished  by  emula8on,  simula8on,  or  replica8on—all  terms  that  boil  down  to  the  concept  of  copying  

Page 13: Why Uploading Will Not Work - Patrick Hopkins - H+ Summit @ Harvard

Copying  =  Transferring?

Method

• Example:    Moravec’s  “Transmigra=on”

• robot  brain  surgeon  microscopically  scans  the  layers  of  your  brain,  constructs  a  3-­‐D  chemical  map,  writes  a  program  modeling  the  neural  =ssue’s  behavior,  and  then  installs  and  ac=vates  the  

Consequences

• Though  you  have  not  lost  consciousness,  or  even  your  train  of  thought,  your  mind  has  been  removed  from  the  brain  and  transferred  to  a  machine  (110).  

• Ul8mately  your  brain  would  die  and  your  mind  would  find  itself  en8rely  in  the  computer  (112).

• You  may  choose  to  move  your  mind  from  one  computer  to  another  that  is  more  technically  advanced…(112).

• The  program  can  also  be  copied  to  a  future  equivalent  of  magne8c  tape.    Then,  if  the  machine  you  inhabit  is  fatally  clobbered,  the  tape  can  be  read  into  a  blank  computer…(112).

• As  a  computer  program,  your  mind  can  travel  

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Metaphysics  of  Copying

• Does  copying  “move”  something?

• For  example,  copying  a  page  from  a  book  (even  if  you  slowly  destroy  the  original  page)  does  not  “move”  the  page

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Metaphysics  of  Copying

• Does  the  copying  of  personal  idenGty  work  by  different  rules?

• Moravec  says  yes,  because  “pa^ern-­‐idenGty”  not  “body-­‐idenGty”  is  key  to  the  mind

Page 16: Why Uploading Will Not Work - Patrick Hopkins - H+ Summit @ Harvard

Metaphysics  of  Copying

• Moravec:    “PaMern-­‐iden8ty,  conversely,  defines  the  essence  of  a  person,  say  myself,  as  the  paMern  and  the  process  going  on  in  my  head  and  body,  not  the  machinery  suppor8ng  that  process.    If  the  process  is  preserved,  I  am  preserved.    The  rest  is  mere  jelly  (116-­‐117).  “

• Lets  grant  it  is  correct  to  say  that  the  process  (of  cogniGon)  is  what  defines  an  individual

• The  problem  is  in  thinking  that  copying  the  process  “preserves”  the  process

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Metaphysics  of  Copying

• We  must  be  aware  of  the  very  strong  sense  of  the  terms  needed  for  this  topic

• Moravec  says  that  copying  preserves  iden8ty  because  the  copy  is  indis8nguishable  and  because  copying  simply  transfers  a  paMern

• “Iden8ty”– Not  simply  exactly  similar,  but  the  very  same  thing;  A  is  iden=cal  to  B  only  if  A  and  B  are  the  very  same  one  thing

• “Preserve”– To  maintain  iden=ty  over  a  process;  e.g.,  

• “Indis8nguishable”– There  are  no  proper=es  A  has  that  B  has

Page 18: Why Uploading Will Not Work - Patrick Hopkins - H+ Summit @ Harvard

Metaphysics  of  Copying

• Does  copying  preserve  idenGty?

• No

• It  makes  a  new  thing  that  is  exactly  structurally  and  behaviorally  similar,  but  that’s  not  good  enough

Page 19: Why Uploading Will Not Work - Patrick Hopkins - H+ Summit @ Harvard

Why?

• DisGnguishability

• Pa^ern  IdenGty

• Understanding  Thought  Experiments

Page 20: Why Uploading Will Not Work - Patrick Hopkins - H+ Summit @ Harvard

Why?

DisGnguishability

• The  copied  mind  is  a  process  produced  by  different  ma^er  in  a  different  place  with  a  different  history

• The  relaGonship  between  the  original  and  the  copy  is  not  nearly  as  strong  as  the  “relaGonship”  between  the  original  and  itself

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Why?

Pa^ern  IdenGty

• PaMern  “iden8ty”  in  the  strong  sense  is  not  preserved  either

• PaMerns  are  not  abstracted  things  (that  are  then  treated  as  concrete  things)

• There  is  no  “paMern”  above  and  beyond  the  actual  maMer.    Take  away  the  maMer  and  you  have  no  paMern  leT.

• PaMerns  are  not  real.    “They”  are  just  nouns  that  we  use  to  talk  about  the  fact  that  material  systems  are  organized  in  par8cular  ways.  

• Exactly  similar  organiza8ons  of  maMer  produce  exactly  similar  processes,  but  there  is  no  “paMern”  that  is  “moved”  any  more  than  there  is  a  mind  that  is  “moved”

• Thinking  of  paMerns  as  movable  things  is  trea8ng  them  like  souls

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Why?

Thought  Experiments

• Photocopying  example

– Material  ink  organized  in  exactly  similar  ways

• Moravec’s  destrucGve  uploading

• But  imagine  this.    

• Gun  to  your  head  example

• Just  Kidding  variaGon

• You  are  in  exactly  the  same  relaGonship  to  the  copy  as  you  would  have  been  had  you  been  killed.  

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Conclusion

• Uploading  sounds  at  first  like  a  wondrous  marvel  of  technology  that  promises  immortality,  but  on  closer  inspec8on  it  depends  on  vague,  inaccurate,  and  faulty  assump8ons  that  are  holdovers  from  supernaturalism  and  dualism.

• Trea8ng  minds  and  paMerns  as  objec8ve  moveable  substances  or  proper8es  is  just  as  mysterious  as  beliefs  about  ghosts  and  souls  and  vital  spirits.    

• The  discourse  on  uploading  has  inherited  a  language  that  tricks  us  into  thinking  minds  work  much  the  same  way  as  souls.