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MIKKELI, 12th-16th MAY 2014 1
1) WHO DOES WATER BELONG TO?
2) WATER QUALITY?
3) WHAT DO WE DRINK?
b) WHAT DO WE DO WITH WASTE WATER?
a) HOW DO WE GET DRINKABLE WATER?
MIKKELI, 12th-16th MAY 2014 2
1) WHO DOES WATER BELONG TO?
DRINKABLE WATER
PUBLIC SERVICE
An action for the population organized by the government
DISTRIBUTION PURIFICATION
14217 water services 17 228 water services
In France:
36 000 city councils
More than
31 000 water services!!!75% of the city councils
are together.
44% of the city councils
are together.
60,9 million inhabitants 57,3 million inhabitants
MIKKELI, 12th-16th MAY 2014 3
1) WHO DOES WATER BELONG TO?
A PUBLIC SERVICE
BUT 2 KINDS OF ADMINISTRATIONS
DIRECT ADMINISTRATION DELEGATE ADMINISTRATION
The city council manages by
itself the whole or a part of the
production, the distribution and
the purification of water.
The city council asks a private
company to manage the whole or a
part of the production, the
distribution and the purification of
water, but the city council is very
involved in the decision.
DIRECT
ADMINISTRATION
DELEGATE
ADMINISTRATION
Distribution
services
Number of services 9 809 4 408
Population (in million inhabitants) 24,8 36,1
Purification
services
Number of services 13 320 3 908
Population (in million inhabitants) 33,2 24,1
MIKKELI, 12th-16th MAY 2014 4
2) WATER QUALITY?a) HOW DO WE GET DRINKABLE WATER?
Illustration of a typical drinking water treatment process.
MIKKELI, 12th-16th MAY 2014 5
2) WATER QUALITY?a) HOW DO WE GET DRINKABLE WATER?
Illustration of a typical drinking water treatment process.
Step 1: Coagulation. First, dirt and other particles must be removed from the water.Flocculants are chemicals such as alum (aluminum potassium sulfate) thatcause the dirt and other particles to stick together; flocculants are addedto the water, which creates larger particles called floc.
MIKKELI, 12th-16th MAY 2014 6
2) WATER QUALITY?a) HOW DO WE GET DRINKABLE WATER?
Illustration of a typical drinking water treatment process.
Step 2: Sedimentation. As the water moves through the sedimentation tanks, the floc particlessettle to the bottom of the tank. The clear water then flows to a filtrationunit.
MIKKELI, 12th-16th MAY 2014 7
2) WATER QUALITY?a) HOW DO WE GET DRINKABLE WATER?
Illustration of a typical drinking water treatment process.
Step 3: Filtration.Filtration removes small particles from the water by passing it throughlayers of sand, gravel and charcoal. The water then moves to disinfectionbefore storage.
MIKKELI, 12th-16th MAY 2014 8
2) WATER QUALITY?a) HOW DO WE GET DRINKABLE WATER?
Illustration of a typical drinking water treatment process.
Step 4: Disinfection.Water is disinfected with chlorine or other
chemicals, called disinfectants, to kill anybacteria and other harmful organisms. Theamount of disinfectants added to the waterhas to be carefully adjusted, because toomuch may be harmful to humans, but toolittle will not kill the harmful organisms.
MIKKELI, 12th-16th MAY 2014 9
2) WATER QUALITY?a) HOW DO WE GET DRINKABLE WATER?
Illustration of a typical drinking water treatment process.
Step 5: Storage.After disinfection, the water is stored in storage tanks until it is needed fordistribution to homes, businesses, and other water users.
MIKKELI, 12th-16th MAY 2014 10
2) WATER QUALITY?b) WHAT DO WE DO WITH WASTE WATER?
MIKKELI, 12th-16th MAY 2014 11
2) WATER QUALITY?b) WHAT DO WE DO WITH WASTE WATER?
Step 1: Pumping.Wastewater treatment facilities are usually located on low ground so that gravity willmove sewage from homes to the treatment plant. Usually, pumps are needed to lift thesewage as it enters the treatment facility. The treatment facility uses gravity to move thewastewater through the treatment process.
MIKKELI, 12th-16th MAY 2014 12
2) WATER QUALITY?b) WHAT DO WE DO WITH WASTE WATER?
Step 2 : Bar screen.As it enters the treatment plant, wastewater may contain large items such as plastic bottles,cans, sticks, rocks, and even dead animals. These items are removed by the bar screen andsent to a landfill. If they are not removed, they will damage equipment in the treatmentplant.Step 3 : Grit chamber.After screening, wastewater enters the grit chamber in which larger particles (such as sandor dirt) settle out of the water. Often, the water is aerated (air is bubbled through it) tokeep smaller particles from settling out. Aeration causes some of the gases that aredissolved in the water (e.g. hydrogen sulfide that smells like rotten eggs) to be released.
MIKKELI, 12th-16th MAY 2014 13
2) WATER QUALITY?b) WHAT DO WE DO WITH WASTE WATER?
Step 4 : Sedimentation tank.In the sedimentation tank (also known as the primary clarifier), solids settle to the bottomas sludge and scum floats to the top. The sludge is pumped out of the primary clarifier andsent to the solids processing facility. The scum is composed of lighter materials such asgrease, oil, soap, and so forth. Slow-moving rakes are used to collect the scum from thesurface of the wastewater.
MIKKELI, 12th-16th MAY 2014 14
2) WATER QUALITY?b) WHAT DO WE DO WITH WASTE WATER?
Step 5 : Secondary aeration and clarifier.The wastewater is exposed to air in an aerator,which provides oxygen for microorganisms thathelp break down contaminants in the water.This may be done by spraying the wastewaterinto the air or by bubbling air through thewastewater. The aerated effluent is passed intoa secondary clarifier, which is a large tank orpond; in the clarifier, microorganismsdecompose organic material and absorbnutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus. Themicroorganisms and remaining solids settle outof the effluent as activated sludge. Most of theactivated sludge is pumped to the solidsprocessing facility, while the remaining sludge ispumped into the wastewater entering theaerator. This introduces additionalmicroorganisms to the wastewater to hasten thebreakdown of organic matter.
MIKKELI, 12th-16th MAY 2014 15
2) WATER QUALITY?b) WHAT DO WE DO WITH WASTE WATER?
Step 6: Filtration.Filtration may be used to further reduce the organic matter in the water. The water isfiltered through a substance, usually sand and rocks. During this filtration process, mostbacteria are removed, turbidity and color in the wastewater are reduced, odors areremoved, the amount of iron content in the wastewater is reduced, and any other solidsthat may have remained in the water are also removed. This water may subsequently befiltered again through a carbon filter such as charcoal to remove organic particles.
MIKKELI, 12th-16th MAY 2014 16
2) WATER QUALITY?b) WHAT DO WE DO WITH WASTE WATER?
Step 7 : Disinfection.To kill remaining harmful bacteria and other pathogens in the processed wastewater,chlorine and other chemicals are added in a disinfection tank. The chlorine can be harmfulif added in excess quantities. (You may have noticed the smell of chlorine or have hadirritated eyes when you were exposed to chlorine in a swimming pool.) Therefore, in somecases, the chlorine must be neutralized with other chemicals after it has killed the bacteriato protect marine organisms
MIKKELI, 12th-16th MAY 2014 17
2) WATER QUALITY?b) WHAT DO WE DO WITH WASTE WATER?
Step 8 : The treated water that is released by the plant is called effluent. The effluent isusually released into a local river or the ocean. In some places, this water may be used forlandscaping (e.g. to water lawns or golf courses), but not for drinking purposes.
MIKKELI, 12th-16th MAY 2014 18
2) WATER QUALITY?b) WHAT DO WE DO WITH WASTE WATER?
Step 9 : Solids processing.Solids include the sludge and scumremoved in the sedimentation tank andthe activated sludge removed from thesecondary clarifier. These solids may beprocessed further in devices calleddigesters, which are heated and enclosedtanks. The solid wastes are kept in thesetanks for 20–30 days to reduce thevolume of the material, reduce odors, andalso destroy any organisms that have thepotential to cause disease. Depending onthe source and composition of thewastewater, the digested solids are eithersent to a landfill or used as fertilizer forcrops. The use of the processed solidwastes as fertilizers is usually done onlyafter careful testing for any potentialdangerous contamination.
MIKKELI, 12th-16th MAY 2014 19
3) WHAT DO WE DRINK?
Marque nature Price for 1 litre type
Tap water tap water water: 0,019€
(water+
purification):
0,036€
Plain water
Label 1
BADOIT
An 1 litre bottle 0,85€ Sparkling water
Mineral water from
2 to 3 litres
per day
for a 5 person
family
Label 2
CONTREX
An 1 litre bottle 0,39€ Plain water
Mineral water
Label 3
EVIAN
An 1 litre bottle 0,43€ Plain water
Mineral water
Label 3
CRISTALLINE
An 1 litre bottle 0,33€ Plain water
Spring water
MIKKELI, 12th-16th MAY 2014 20
Badoit
Country France
Source St. Galmier
Type still/sparkling
pH 6
Calcium (Ca) 190
Chloride (Cl−) 40
Bicarbonate (HCO3) 1300
Fluoride (Fl) 1
Magnesium (Mg) 85
Potassium (K) 10
Silica (SiO2) 35
Sodium (Na) 150
Sulfates (SO) 40
TDS 1200
All values in milligrams per liter (mg/l)
MIKKELI, 12th-16th MAY 2014 21
Country France
Source Contrexéville
Société Nestlé Waters
Type still
Elements Proportion in mg/L
Calcium (Ca2+) 486
Magnesium (Mg2+) 84
Sodium (Na+) 9,1
Potassium (K+) 3,2
Sulfate (SO42-) 1187
Hydrogencarbonate (HCO3-) 403
Nitrate (NO3-) 2,7
Fluorides 0,33
Chlorides 10
MIKKELI, 12th-16th MAY 2014 22
Country France
Source Évian-les-Bains
Type still
pH 7.2
Calcium (Ca) 80
Chloride (Cl−) 6.8
Bicarbonate (HCO3) 360
Magnesium (Mg) 26
Nitrate (NO3) 3.7
Potassium (K) 1
Silica (SiO2) 15
Sodium (Na) 6.5
Sulfates (SO) 12.6
Website http://www.evian.com
All values in milligrams per liter (mg/l)
MIKKELI, 12th-16th MAY 2014 23
Spring water Sainte-Cécile Sainte-Sophie
Calcium 39 67
Magnesium 25 26
Sodium 19 84
Potassium 1,5 20
Fluorides < 0,3 0.9
Hydrogencarbonates 290 473
Sulfates 5 61
Chloride 4 32
Résidu sec à 180 °C 270 564
pH 7,7 7,4
MIKKELI, 12th-16th MAY 2014 24
PAGES 2&3 :
adapted from http://www.eaufrance.fr/IMG/pdf/spea2009_201202_synthese.pdfPAGES 4-9 :
By CK-12 Foundation (File:High_School_Engineering.pdf, page 73) [CC-BY-SA-3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)], via Wikimedia CommonsPAGES 10-18 :
By CK-12 Foundation (File:High_School_Engineering.pdf, page 75) [CC-BY-SA-3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons
PAGES 20 :
CC-BY-SA 3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.fr) Source : Article Badoit of Wikipédia in English (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badoit).PAGES 21 :
By CC-BY-SA 3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.fr) Source : Article Contrex de Wikipédia en anglais (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contrex),PAGES 22 :
By CC-BY-SA 3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.fr) Source : Article Evian de Wikipédia en anglais (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evian). PAGES 23 :
By CC-BY-SA 3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.fr) Source : Article Cristaline de Wikipédia en français (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristaline).