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WESTWARD EXPANSION
Standard 5-2 The student will demonstrate an understanding of the continued westward expansion of the United States.5-2.1 Analyze the geographic and economic factors that influenced westward expansion and the ways that these factors affected travel and settlement, including physical features of the land; the climate and natural resources; land ownership and other economic opportunities
5-2.2 Summarize how technologies (such as railroads, the steel plow and barbed wire), federal policies (such as subsidies for the railroads and the Homestead Act), and access to natural resources affected the development of the West.
5-2.3 Identify examples of conflict and cooperation between occupational and ethnic groups in the West, including miners, farmers, ranchers, cowboys, Mexican and African Americans, and European and Asian immigrants
5-2.4 Explain the social and economic efforts of westward expansion on Native Americans, including opposing views on land ownership, Native American displacement, the impact of the railroad on the culture of the Plains Indians, armed conflict, and changes in federal policy.
http://app.discoveryeducation.com/core:player/view/assetGuid/E7002DEE-1C06-493D-BADD-7DAD2DA686AB
OBSTACLES OF THE WEST
Mountain Ranges, rivers, and deserts formed obstacles
OBSTACLES OF THE WEST
Why do you think
these were
obstacles?
Pioneers traveled to beginning points which became known as the “Gateway to the West.” St. Louis was a famous starting point.
From there they traveled by covered wagons across trails that Native Americans had used.
COVERED WAGONS
PHOTOS OF THE DIFFICULTIES TRAVELING
WESTCan you imagine?
Explorers and mountain men followed the Native American trails and wrote guidebooks to help show the way to pioneers who came afterwards
These trails were traveled often, which created a well defined trail.
After the Civil War, the transcontinental railroad provided a way for those who had the money to travel to the West.
OTHER WAYS OF TRAVELING WEST
The first Transcontinental
Railroad
Migrants first settled on the west coast and skipped over the Great Plains.
The Great Plains were called the “Great American Desert,” because it was flat and dry land. Migrants did not realize the potential for farming.
DISCUSS WITH YOUR GROUP:
How were people able to travel to the West?
Travelers to the West had to travel the plains, major rivers, and the Rocky Mountains.
The major river systems of the West:MississippiColumbiaColoradoSnake River
RIVERS IN WEST
Trails through the mountains were often impassable during spring rains and winter snows, so travelers had to leave St. Louis in time to avoid these conditions
The climate of the West was also a challenge to both travelers and
settlers. Weather was unpredictable (storms, tornadoes).
OBSTACLES CONTINUE
ONCE IN THE WEST
Cause EffectHot, dry summers Drought, dust
storms, tons of insects
Snowy winters Spring floodsEarly snow or late spring hailstorms
Crops would ruin, lives destroyed
CLIMATEWinterBitter cold
Deadly blizzard
SpringTornadoe
sHailstorm
sFlooding
SummerBlazing
heatLittle rain
FallDried
grassesFires
When would you have wanted to
travel to the west? Why?
Talk with a friend!
Based on what you, your partner, & the class discussed, respond in writing… but think a little deeper this time.
When would you have wanted to travel to the
west? Why?Discuss the weather and challenges
you may have faced. How would you have gotten there? Explain in detail.
You have 10 minutes for a quick write.
RESPOND IN YOUR NOTES WITH THIS QUICK WRITE:
TECHNOLOGY OF THE WEST
Let’s create a chart for “Technology of the West” to use
for the next slides.Technology What it did How it
helpedPicture
RailroadsSteel Plow
WindmillMechanical Reaper
Technology helped create the plains into the “Breadbasket of the country.”
The development of plows and irrigation systems helped with farming.
Development of Railroads
TECHNOLOGY
Let’s come up with a motion to remember
this
STEEL PLOWhelps cultivate the hard
packed earth
Let’s come up with a motion to remember
this
WINDMILLbrings scarce water to the
surface
Let’s come up with a motion to remember
this
MECHANICAL REAPER
gathers the crops at harvest
Let’s come up with a motion to remember
this
Windmill
Steel Plow
Railroad
Mechanical Reaper
MATCH THEM UP!Gathers the crops
at harvest
Helps cultivate the land
Brings water to the surface
Helped people travel to the west and import/export cattle, people, or
crops
TRANSCONTINENTAL RAILROAD
TRANSCONTINENTAL RAILROAD
TRANSCONTINENTAL RAILROAD
encouraged trade and economic growth
provided western farmers with a means of getting their crops to market
Cash crops(corn and wheat) became profitable as did the raising of cattle and hogs
transported products to processing centers
helped major industries (flour milling) and meat processing develop in cities
WHAT WERE SOME EFFECTS OF THE TRANSCONTINENTAL
RAILROAD?
Transcontinental Railroad
tracks had an impact on natural environment
coal burning engines required more and more fuel
led to an increase in mining
WHAT HAPPENED TO THE ENVIRONMENT?
Pollution –As industries developed, smoke from factories and wastes from processing
plants polluted the air.
Conflict in the West
Ranchers & CowboysEuropean ImmigrantsAfrican AmericanMexican ImmigrantsAsian ImmigrantsNative Americans
DIFFERENT GROUPS OF PEOPLE IN THE WEST
RANCHERS AND COWBOYS
Cooperated to develop the cattle industry
Ranchers owned the animals, cowboys drove the
herdsCowboys drove herds:- Across open plains- To the nearest railroad to
ship cattle to processing plants in the east
Rustlers – people known for trying to steal cattle from cowboys
Townspeople didn’t care for the cowboys & ranchers
After Civil War – farmers settled &
fenced in their land and animals (which
messed up the cattle drives)
Cowboys hated fencesSome fences were made from barbed
wire
Eventually the idea of “cattle
drives” died out while farming became a top
priority
Southwestern part of US and California coast had both belonged to Spain and then Mexico until the Mexican War in the 1840s
Mexicans - owned propertyAfter war, Mexicans were discriminated against & many lost title to their land
MEXICAN AMERICANS
discrimination in the Southeager to move westAfter the Civil War, many moved west in hopes of owning their own land
Exodusters - encouraged to move to Kansas
primarily settled in Nicodemus, Kansas
AFRICAN AMERICANS
many were too poor to move to the West and stayed in industrial cities of the East and Midwest
Many settled with others from their home countries
EUROPEAN IMMIGRANTS
• resented by those who had been born in the
United States (nativism)• formed communities that
engaged in cooperative activities, such as barn
raisings• helped each other to be
successful in this new land
searching for gold built transcontinental railroads
Chinese workers laid rails from west to east paid less discrimination at work sites because of their unique culture presence was tolerated attempted to compete with white men in mining and services competition for scarce resources and jobs led to increasing
prejudices against the Chinese
………………………………………………………………………………………………... US government would later pass a law excluding the Chinese
from entrance as immigrants to the United States
ASIAN IMMIGRANTS
In the early stages, Native Americans welcomed and cooperated with explorers of the West.
It all changed when rich mineral deposits were discovered on some reservations. This drove more settlers out West.
NATIVE AMERICANS
Native Americans tried to resist/fight back these groups that were on their land, but conflict eventually led to a series of Indian Wars
Native Americans said the land was not suitable for farming & wanted to keep their traditional way of life
In the second half of the 1800s, farmers and miners claimed the land of Native Americans that they believed was theirs.
Native Americans were pushed onto smaller reservations and some tribes went to war against the settlers and soldiers.
Sand Creek Massacre was one that claimed the lives of Native American women and children.
Once silver was discovered in the Black Hills, the Native Americans were driven out.
Social and economic effects
of westward expansion
http://app.discoveryeducation.com/search?Ntt=transcontinental+railroad
THE TRANSCONTINENTAL RAILROAD
iron rails became damaged by herds of bison
owners of the railroad hired riflemen & shot animals doing damageThe bison population
decreased, which greatly affected the life of the
Native Americans because they depended heavily on
the animal!!
TRANSCONTINENTAL RAILROAD
What all do you see in this picture?
FINAL THOUGHTS OF
SOCIAL/ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF
NATIVE AMERICANS
The treaties between the US government and Native
Americans granting them reservations on their tribal
land were often not honored or recognized by the
government.
The Battle of Little Bighorn resulted in Native Americans being forced off their
land due to the discovery of gold. This war was between the Native Americans and
the US army, which created public support for a much larger military that crushed Native American resistance in the area.
BATTLE OF LITTLE BIGHORN
One tribe tried to flee to Canada until the US Army
had them surrounded. They were promised to be allowed to return to Oregon, but the
Army did not keep their promise and they were
forced to Oklahoma.
In Wounded Knee, South Dakota, the US soldiers killed 300 men, women, and children.
Native American tribes sent to new reservations had trouble adapting their culture to the new lands.
Poverty, starvation, and depression were common on the reservations.
Reformers tried to make Native Americans give up their ways and adopt the “white man” culture.
They turned these reservations into farms and they failed.
Reformers also believed the children should learn the ways of the “white man.” They were taken from their families and sent to boarding schools far away. They were taught to speak English and their hair was cut.
As a result of a civil rights movement among the Native
Americans, the culture is being preserved and their rights honored. Life is still very hard and many Native Americans live in poverty.