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VALUESFOR URBANISM
Challenge(the(future
SpatialPlanning&Strategy
URBANISM
we have to embrace an expanded understanding of what design is.
2
CONTENTS
• Why discuss values in planning?
• where can we find the intrinsic values of
urbanism and planning?
• The evolution of the rule of law in Europe =
meaning of planning in modern liberal
democracies
1. Why discuss values in
planning?
SIR PETER HALL SAID:
PRUITT–IGOE, SAINT LOUIS, MISSOURI
PLANNERS AND DESIGNERS DO NOT “MAKE” CITIES. THEY ARE ONE OF THE AGENTS THAT ACT IN ORDER
TO STEER THE CITY
PLANNERS AND DESIGNERS DO NOT “MAKE” CITIES. THEY ARE ONE OF THE AGENTS THAT ACT IN ORDER
TO STEER THE CITY
technique
DESIGN
ethics/ values/ideas/
aesthetic /function
Physical sciences
social Sciences URBANISM
What is planning?
THESE ISSUES ARE INTIMATELY CONNECTED TO THE OBJECTIVES OF PLANNING:
•
•
•
•
PLANET
PEOPLEPROFIT*
PROSPERITY
WHAT IS PLANNING FOR?
We are replacing ‘profit’ by ‘prosperity’. Prosperity is a much more inclusive term than ‘profit’
sust
aina
bili
ty
WHAT IS A GOOD
PLANNER?*
* This is part of an exercise proposed by Peter Kroes - TBM <[email protected]>
SEVERAL MEANINGS OF ‘GOOD’
CONCLUSION: WE NEED TO TALK ABOUT THE ETHICAL DIMENSION
2. where can we find the intrinsic
values of urbanism and planning?
PLANNERS ARE PART OF COMPLEX SYSTEMS OF GOVERNANCE
Rule of
Law
THE RULE OF LAW IS THE FRAMEWORK
THE RULE OF LAW
•
THE RULE OF LAW IS WHERE SPATIAL PLANNING AND DESIGN ARE LOCATED:
THE RIGHTS AND DUTIES OF CITIZENS, THE GOVERNMENT AND BUSINESS ARE EXPRESSED IN POLICIES, REGULATION S AND URBAN LAWS
3. The evolution of the rule of
law in Europe =
the meaning of planning in
modern liberal democracies
THE RULE OF LAW:
•
RELIGIOUS AND TRADITIONAL BELIEFS ARE A KIND OF ‘LAW’, BUT THEY CREATE NO CITIZENSHIP
RELIGION CAN IN FACT BE A FACTOR TO ‘EXCLUDE’ PEOPLE FROM FULL CITIZENSHIP (IN THE CASE OF RELIGIOUS MINORITIES)
PORTUGAL AND SPAIN DURING THE INQUISITION AND MODERN-DAY SAUDI ARABIA ARE EXAMPLES OF CITIZENSHIP CONDITIONED TO A DOMINANT RELIGION.
IN SHORT, RELIGIOUS VALUES ARE CERTAINLY VERY IMPORTANT, BUT THEY DON’T CONFER ‘RIGHTS’ TO CITIZENS. ONLY AN ORGANISED STATE CAN ESTABLISH THE RULE OF LAW AND ALLOW FOR CITIZENS TO CLAIM FOR RIGHTS.
EARLY EXPERIMENTS WITH LAW AND RIGHTS: THE CODE OF HAMMURABI 1772 BC
THE GREEK POLIS
WESTERN CIVILISATION HAS AN ENORMOUS DEBT TO ANCIENT GREECE, WHERE THE FIRST FORM OF DEMOCRACY AROSE. HOWEVER, DEMOCRACY IN GREECE WAS VERY DIFFERENT THAN MODERN DAY’S DEMOCRACY: FOREIGNERS, SLAVES AND WOMEN WERE COMPLETELY EXCLUDED FROM DEMOCRACY.
THE ROMAN WORLD
THERE WAS A VERY LIMITED FORM OF DEMOCRACY IN THE ROMAN REPUBLIC. BUT THE ROMANS REALLY BROUGHT ABOUT THE NOTION OF CITIZENSHIP AND THE STATE.
TO BE A ROMAN CITIZEN MEANT THAT ONE ENJOYED THE PROTECTION OF THE STATE AND BELONGED TO A COMMUNITY OF MEN AND WOMEN WHO BELIEVED IN CERTAIN IDEALS. THIS WAS CALLED THE PAX ROMANA.
pax romana
THE ROMAN LEGAL SYSTEM WAS INCREDIBLY SOPHISTICATED AND COMPLEX. ALTHOUGH RULERS WERE MOSTLY ABOVE THE LAW, THEY ALSO HAD TO RESPECT THE LAW IN SOME WAYS.
THE ROMAN SAYING “DURA LEX, SED LEX” (THE LAW IS HARD BUT IT IS THE LAW) EXPRESSES THIS VALUE.
BUT MANY GROUPS WERE NOT PROTECTED BY THE LAW AND HAD NO RIGHTS (FOREIGNERS, SLAVES ETC).
the greeks and the romans had ‘exclusive citizenship’. not everybody had the same rights.
THE RULE OF LAW AS WE KNOW IT TODAY HAD A LONG WAY TO GO IN WESTERN EUROPE AND THEN THE WORLD
IMPORTANT MILESTONES
•
•
•
For the development of the rule of law in the west and inclusive citizenship
THE AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT (OR THE “AGE OF REASON”): C. 1650-1700
FOR THE DECLARATION OF 1789, RIGHTS ARE
•
•
•
•
ALL ARE EQUAL IN DUTIES AND RIGHTS
•
THIS IS REVOLUTIONARY BECAUSE...
•
• The ‘Law is King’ as opposed to the ‘King is the
We are not amused!
MODERNDEMOCRACYBORN
ELECTORAL DEMOCRACIES TODAY
SYSTEMS OF GOVERNANCE TODAY
THE EUROPEAN UNION IS THE MOST INNOVATIVE AND BOLD EXPERIMENT IN HUMAN GOVERNMENT
“The [European] Union is founded on the values of :
respect for human dignity,
liberty,
democracy,
equality,
the rule of law and
respect for human rights, including the rights of persons belonging to
minorities” (European Commission, 2003)
A CONSEQUENCE OF MODERN DEMOCRACY AND THE NEED TO REGULATE THE DUTIES AND RIGHTS OF ALL CITIZENS IN THE CITY ISMODERN PLANNING
MODERN PLANNINGREGULATE ACCESS AND USE OF LAND, TO MAXIMISE THE USE OF PUBLIC RESOURCES IN INFRASTRUCTURES, TO PROMOTE ECONOMIC PROSPERITY, SOCIAL WELL-BEING AND THE SUSTAINABLE AND FAIR USE OF NATURAL RESOURCES.
SPATIAL PLANNING IS THE RULE OF LAW ORGANIZING SPACE AND DISTRIBUTING RESOURCES AND PUBLIC GOODSTHE BEST WAY)
BUT SOMEHOW, THE LACK OF PLANNING SEEMS TO PRODUCE EVEN WORSE SITUATIONS, WHERE RESOURCES ARE NOT USED IN A RATIONAL WAY: MIGINGO IS A TINY ROCK ISLAND, LESS THAN HALF-AN-ACRE OR ABOUT HALF THE SIZE OF A FOOTBALL FIELD, LOCATED IN LAKE VICTORIA, THE LARGEST LAKE IN AFRICA AND THE LARGEST TROPICAL LAKE IN THE WORLD.
SOMETIMES PLANNING ALSO CREATES OR EMPHASIZES DIFFERENCES
BUT IT DOES A GREAT JOB MEDIATING CONFLICTA4 ZUID HOLLAND
PROBLEMS PERSIST WHERE THE RULE OF LAW IS NOT STRONG AND WHERE CITIZENS DO NOT HAVE ACCESS TO RIGHTS
BUT WHERE THE RULE OF LAW IS STRONG, WHERE DEMOCRACY IS MATURE AND THERE IS ACCOUNTABILITY, IT MAXIMISES AND ORGANISES RESOURCES
SPATIAL PLANNING:
•
•
•
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THE RULE OF LAW CAN BE CLEARLY TRANSLATED INTO SPATIAL FORMRIGHTS AND PUBLIC GOODS ARE MORE EVENLY DISTRIBUTED (ALTHOUGH THIS IS NOT ALWAYS THE CASE)
BUT WHERE THE RULE OF LAW IS WEAK, THERE IS A CLEAR DEFICIT OF CITIZENS RIGHTS AND ACCOUNTABILITY FROM THE AUTHORITIES. THIS IS REFLECTED IN SPACE AND ON THE WAY PUBLIC GOODS ARE NOT WELL DISTRIBUTED AND EVEN CREATED.
THANKS FOR WATCHING & LISTENING!
Challenge(the(future
SpatialPlanning&Strategy
