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Prof. L. M. DasProf. L. M. DasCentre for Energy StudiesCentre for Energy Studies
Indian Institute of Technology DelhiIndian Institute of Technology DelhiNew Delhi - 110016
Backbone of Transport sector for developing countries
Threat of Twin Crises
IC Engines: Spark Ignition and Compression Ignition Engines
Need of Low -Emission Alternative Fuels
Transition to Hydrogen Economy
Hydrogen Compressed Natural Gas(CNG) Bio-Diesel Hydrogen Added Natural Gas Ethanol Methanol Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Biogas Producer Gas BtL ( Biomass to Liquid) GtL ( Gas to Liquid)and CTL( coal –
to-l iquid
Prospective Alternative Fuels
Alternate FuelsAlternate Fuels
Air quality degradation Air quality
degradation
Stringent Emission
Norms
Stringent Emission Norms
Reduced Fossil fuel Depletion
Reduced Fossil fuel Depletion
Reduced Emission and Smog
Reduced Emission and Smog
Lower Operating
Cost
Lower Operating
Cost
Reduced Fuel
Import Bill
Reduced Fuel
Import Bill
Increase in oil price
Increase in oil price
NEED FOR ALTERNATIVE FUELS
Transport sector contributes around 14% towards the global emissions of green house gases
Carbon dioxide represents the largest proportion of basket of greenhouse gas emissions
The Road transport alone emits around 16% of the global CO2 emissions
Source : CSE, New Delhi
EFFORTS TOWARDS CLEAN EFFORTS TOWARDS CLEAN TRANPORT FUELS IN INDIATRANPORT FUELS IN INDIA
Academic Institutions
Oil Industries
Government of India
Automobile Industries
Zero Emission Vehicles
PROGRESSIVE STEPS PROGRESSIVE STEPS TOWARDS CLEAR TOWARDS CLEAR
TRANSPORT SYSTEMTRANSPORT SYSTEM
DIESEL
GASOLINE
ULSD<50mg/kgAromatic 11% wt
Higher octane number 85 to 90
Improved distillation characteristics
CNGHYTHANEH2+CNG
NEAT H2
HYDROGEN ENERGY SYSTEM GOAL:Make Energy Use Part Of Earth’s Water Cycle
R E N E W A B L E H 2 E N E R G Y S Y S T E M
H 2 O
H 2P L A N T
H 2 O
H 2 T R A N S P O R T
H 2 F CC A R
P O W E R
R E N E W A B L EE N E R G Y
H 2 S T O R .
H 2 D I S T .
.
Distributed Generation
TransportationBiomass
Hydro
Wind
Solar
Geothermal
Coal
Nuclear
Natural Gas
Oil
Wit
h C
arb
on
Seq
ues
trat
ion
HIGH EFFICIENCY & RELIABILITY
ZERO/NEAR ZEROEMISSIONS
HYDROGEN HYDROGEN It’s abundant, clean, efficient, and can be derived from diverse
domestic /non-fossil resources.
Vision 2020Indian scientist and engineers putting efforts to result in creation of hydrogen energy
Infrastructure and Industrial base
Specialized research centre
Institutional setup
Trained and qualified manpower
Codes, standards, regulations, legislations
policy measures
Which would facilitate acceptance of hydrogen as fuel by consumers
Two Measure Initiatives on Transport and Power Generation
• Green Initiative for Future Transport (GIFT)
– It aims to develop and demonstrate hydrogen powered IC engine and fuel cell based vehicles
• Green Initiative for Power Generation (GIP)
– It envisages developing and demonstrating hydrogen powered IC engine/Turbine and fuel cell
A. Green Initiative for Future Transport(GIFT)◦ Demonstrate One Million Hydrogen vehicles
700,000 two wheelers 50,000 three wheelers 50,000 cars and taxis 100,000 buses and vans
B. Green Initiative for Power Generation(GIP)◦ Setup 1,000MW Hydrogen Based Power Generation capacity
50MW small IC engine stand alone generators 50MW stand alone fuel cell power packs 400MW Gas Turbine Based Power Plants 500MW Central Fuel Cell Power Plants
C. Investment for Infrastructure and R&D: 25,000 crores D. To be achieved through Public Private Partnership
1 million vehicles will require about 7000 tonnes of H2/ day
MNRE has supported a project for demonstrating Hydrogen(up to 30%) with CNG in 7 automobiles(3 buses, 2 cars and 2 three wheelers) to Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers(SIAM) in September, 2007
This is first project of public-private partnership undertaken in Hydrogen energy
SIAM, IOCL and OEMs(Tata Motors, Ashok Leyland, Eicher Motors, Mahindra and Mahindra and Bajaj Auto) are participating in the project
Existing Hydrogen-CNG dispensing station set up by IOC at Faridabad to be used for filling hydrogen-CNG blends in the test vehicles
Project would help in optimization of engine performance and blend ratio of Hydrogen with CNG
IIT Delhi August 18, 2004
Source: T.Nejat Veziroglu ,Hydrogen Energy Technologies, UNIDO
Building Hydrogen Energy
IIT Delhi August 18, 2004
- :- : HydrogenHydrogen :- : - Single Solutions to Dual Single Solutions to Dual
Problems Problems
JULES VERNE
Mysterious Island (1876)
….“With a new national commitment, our scientists and engineers will overcome obstacles to taking these cars from laboratory to showroom, so that the first car driven by a child born today could be powered by hydrogen and pollution-free“….. On Freedom Fuel
Energy Cris is
….“ I believe that water will one day be employed as fuel, that hydrogen and oxygen which constitute it, used singly or together will furnish an inexhaustible source of heat and light of an intensity of which coal is not capable………water will be coal of the future”
Environmental Degradation
George Bush (2003)
….“ I believe that water will one day be employed as fuel, that hydrogen and oxygen which constitute it, used singly or together will furnish an inexhaustible source of heat and light of an intensity of which coal is not capable………water will be coal of the future”
IIT Delhi August 18, 2004
Properties relevant to Engine Operation
HydrogenH2
Gasoline Diesel Fuel
MethanolCH3OH
Propane
C3H8
MethaneCH4
Ignition energy (mJ/kg)
20 250 200 250 300
Flame.limits (%)*
4-75 1-8 1-7 6-26 2-10 5-15
Auto-ignition temp.(°C)
580 400 220 380 490 650
Flame speed (m/s)
2.7 0.35 0.3 0.5 0.4 0.4
Hydrogen + CNG
Neat Hydrogen
Dual Fuelling ( Diesel + Hydrogen)
H2
Hydrogen Supplementation (Petrol + Hydrogen )
Configurations for Hydrogen Use in Engines Configurations for Hydrogen Use in Engines
FUEL CELL
Minimum Ignition Energy as a Function of Equivalence Ratio for Hydrogen and Methane
Striking a Balance : Mutually Conflicting Parameters
Gasoline
Source: NHEB Road map
Experimentally identified Causes of FlashbackExperimentally identified Causes of Flashback
(i)Presence of Hot Particles in Cylinder
(ii)Hot Spots on Spark Plugs & on Cylinder Walls
(iii)Particulate matter in residual from oilTypical to Multi-cylinder Engines(i) Communication of Fresh charge with burning exhaust
gases from another cylinder
(ii)Very lean operation with presence of still-burning gases from previous cycle—when intake valve opens
Back firing-Solid lines and Regular pressure trace with dotted lines
Spark Ignition Engines :Fuel Induction Spark Ignition Engines :Fuel Induction Techniques Techniques
Mixture formation Flow timings Supply pressure Comments
Continuous carburetion (CC)
Continuous flow A little above atmospheric
Unsuitable for neat hydrogen but can be adopted for HCNG blend
Continuous manifold injection (CMI)
Continuous flow Slightly greater than atmospheric
Not essentially different from CC
Timed manifold injection (TMI)
Flow commences after the opening of the intake valve but completed prior to IVC
1.4 - 5.5 kgf/cm2 Most appropriate
Low pressure Direct cylinder injection (LPDI)
Flow commences after the intake valve closure and is completed before significant compression pressure rise
2.0 - 8.0 kgf/cm2 Requires tough thermal environment
High pressure Direct cylinder injection (HPDI)
Flow commences at the end of the compression stroke
Abnormally high pressure
Uncontrolled combustion
Improved Thermal Efficiency Improved Thermal Efficiency
Maximum Thermal efficiency close to 44 % at lean engine operation
Nearly Zero Emissions
Lower NOx Emission at 0.4< φ < 0.6
Reference: L.M.Das, Exhaust Emission Characterization of Hydrogen- Operated Engine System: Nature of Pollutants and Their Control Techniques, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy Vol. 16, No. 11, pp. 765-775, 1991.
PRESSURE CRANK ANGLE DIAGRAM-H2
HYDRAULICALLY OPERATED
INJECTION SYSTEMCAM-ACTUATED INJECTION SYSTEM
Neat Hydrogen-fuelled S.I. Engine Genset
TOTAL HYDROGEN S.I. ENGINE GENSET USING ELECTRONIC FUEL
INJECTION SYSTEM
SIX CYLINDER HYDROGEN – DIESEL DUAL ENGINE HYDROGEN FUELLED DIESEL
ENGINE
The spontaneous fear reaction is probably attributable with “hydrogen bomb” and Hindenburg fire.
Hydrogen fires burn very rapidly and radiate very little heat, and thus are relatively short lived. A person can be closer to a H2 fire than a gasoline fire without being burned.
Hydrogen being the smallest and lightest element in nature, it diffuses rapidly to the surroundings to non-combustible proportions.
The hydrogen flame has begun to subside, the gasoline fire is intensifying. After 100 seconds, all the hydrogen was gone and the interior of the car was undamaged. The gasoline car continued to burn for a long time and was totally damaged.
[Dr. Michael R. Swain 2001]
A picture from a video which compared fire from a leak in a gasoline engine car and the same kind of leak from a hydrogen car. The pictures are taken at one minute after ignition
HYDROGEN UTILISATION IN DIESEL ENGINE
Auto ignition temperature of Hydrogen is 576o C-ignition by compression alone –not possible even at a CR of 29 (Study at Cornell Univ)
Prof Ikegami’s work at Kyoto University
Dual fuel operation - mode of diesel engine operation using hydrogen
Small horse power diesel engine – hydrogen-diesel operation in IITD
Multicylinder Diesel engine --- 45% Energy substitution
Shri. Kariya Munda, The then Minister for Non – Conventional Energy Sources discussing about the Hydrogen – operated S.I. Engine Genset developed at I.I.T. Delhi during the “Demonstration of Hydrogen Operated vehicles and other systems” held at New Delhi, in Feb.2004
Prof. T. N. Veziroglu and Ms. Ayfer Kayle having a closer look at the Hydrogen-operated Genset developed in IIT Delhi
Prof. T. N. Veziroglu along with the Union Minister of Petroleum and Natural Gas and other dignitaries visiting IITD stall during the International Symposium of Fuels and Lubricants, New Delhi, India (2003)
Effect of charge DiluentsEffect of charge Diluents
No Diluent
Water:2640 ppm
Heleium:10% Nitrogen:30%
*Water was found to be the best diluent permitted up to 66% full load energy substitution by hydrogen
* Avoided engine knock considerably
*brought down the exhaust smoke density and NOx emission level
In 2006 IITD submitted the feasibility study report to UNIDO which was then selected from amongst 12 International feasibility studies that it had funded
Subsequently UNDO-ICHET collaborated with IITD in setting up the consortium with scope to demonstrate
hydrogen technology
Exhaustive Lab tests were carried in collaboration with Mahindra over a span of four years and the results have been
transformed into 15 hydrogen powered 3- Wheelers
1. Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (IITD)
2. UNIDO-India
3. Mahindra & Mahindra (M&M)
4. Air Products (AP)
5. India Trade Promotion Organization (ITPO) Delhi
Hydrogen operated Three Hydrogen operated Three Wheeler- Passenger VersionWheeler- Passenger Version
Demonstrated in Auto Expo 2010
Hydrogen operated Three Hydrogen operated Three Wheeler- Passenger VersionWheeler- Passenger Version
Demonstrated in Auto Expo 2010
His Excellency Mr Binali Yildirim Minister of Transport Republic of Turkey, is discussing with Prof.L.M.Das about the newly designed passenger version.
Kick-off Meeting Photographs Kick-off Meeting Photographs on 12 th March 2009
Hydrogen operated Three Hydrogen operated Three Wheeler- Passenger VersionWheeler- Passenger Version
Demonstrated in Auto Expo 2010
Hydrogen operated Three Hydrogen operated Three Wheeler- Passenger VersionWheeler- Passenger Version
Demonstrated in Auto Expo 2010
His Excellency Mr Binali Yildirim Minister of Transport Republic of Turkey, is discussing with Prof.L.M.Das about the newly designed passenger version.
• Duration of Injection
• Start of injection
• Ignition Timing
• Emissions – NOx
• Torque
Critical Operating Parameters Optimized during Lab Tests for 3W Vehicular Engine
Performance Characteristics
Engine OptimizationPerformance,
Durability Validation
Field Trials, Vehicular
Optimization and Maintenance
Fuelling Station
Hydrogen Supply
IIT Delhi M&M Air Products
Ms Ayumi Fujino, UR, UNIDO India at DELHY 3W Inauguration
Ms Rita Menon, Chairman-cum-MD of the IPTO at at DELHY 3W Inauguration
Prof. L.M.Das, IIT-Delhi, at DELHY 3W Inauguration
Dr. Pawan Goenka, President M&M, at DELHY 3W Inauguration
Official inauguration was held on 9th January 2012 in Pragati Maidan, New Delhi
Dr. K. Yumkella, Director General of UNIDO having joy Ride in DELHY 3W
Mission Mode project sponsored by MNRE to
IIT Delhi and
Mahindra and Mahindra
IIT-Delhi professor tames hydrogen for engines.mp4
…..The woods are lovely dark and deep but I have promises to keep.And miles to go before I sleep,And miles to go before I sleep…….
Robert Frost
LOOKING AHEAD……..
Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi