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Urban Mobility and Poverty Issues and schemes
Rajendra P SharmaGPO 21488, Kathmandu, Nepal
introductionintroduction
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introductionintroduction
Shift from
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Rural – Market -Town-City
City Metropolis Megalopolis
City Metropolis Megalopolis
City Metropolis Megalopolis
Urban Renewal / Re-urbanization
Rural-urban migration
Movement of People in Urban Environments
Gentrification
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Suburbanization
Urban SprawlCounter-urbanization
Gentrification – Inward Movement
Gentrificationis a general term for the arrival of wealthier people in an existing urban district, arelated increase in rents and property values, and changes in the district's character andculture.
Page 5 http://www.eurasianet.org/node/62653Gentrification in Istanbul (Tophane)
The development of activities to increase residential populationdensities within the existing built-up area of a city.
This may include the redevelopment of vacant land, therefurbishment of housing, the development of new businessenterprises, new public transportation, new communityrecreation facilities.
Urban Renewal (Re-urbanization) – Inward Movement
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Regeneration of the London Docklands
Suburbanization – Outward Movement
The outward growth of towns and cities to engulf surrounding villages and rural areas.
This may result from the out-migration of population from the inner urban areas to the suburbs.
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the suburbs.
Urban Sprawl – Outward Movement
The unplanned and uncontrolled physical expansion of an urban area into thesurrounding countryside. It is closely linked to the process of suburbanization.
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Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Sprawl takes place up the sides of the surrounding mountains as favela communities (shanty towns) grow.
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Counter urbanization - Outward Movement
The migration of people from an urban area into the surrounding rural
area
(mostly in the low income countries).
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It might mean daily commuting, but could also require lifestyle
changes and the increased use of
Information Communications Technology (ICT).
Suburbanization Processes
Re-urbanization Processes
� Inner city decline
� Dereliction
� Poor environments – pollution, crime, noise
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Re-urbanization Processes
Regeneration, Gentrification
� Disillusionment with commute
� Walking distance to work, entertainment, education,health care
� Refurbished neighborhoods', renovated housing, newcondos, parks
Growth in Urban PopulationUNFPA, 2007 (Percentage)
Page 12Which region matches which colored bar? The regions are: North America, Africa, Oceania, Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean, and Europe?
Poverty is the inability of getting choices and opportunities, a violation of human dignity.
It means
� lack of basic capacity to participate effectively in society. It means not having enough to feed and clothe a family, not having a school or clinic to go to, not having the land on which to grow one’s food or a job to earn one’s living, not
Definitions of poverty
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having the land on which to grow one’s food or a job to earn one’s living, not having access to credit.
� insecurity, powerlessness and exclusion of individuals, households and communities.
� susceptibility to violence, and it often implies living in marginal or fragile environments, without access to clean water or sanitation.
- United Nations
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World Bank:
Poverty is pronounced deprivation in well-being, and comprises
many dimensions
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many dimensions
Dimensions of urban povertyDimensions of urban poverty
Urban poverty is usually characterised by multiple sources of deprivation:
1. Inadequate household income;
2. Limited asset base for individuals, households or communities;
3. Inadequate provision of ‘public’ infrastructure and services;
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3. Inadequate provision of ‘public’ infrastructure and services;
4. Inadequate protection by the law;
5. ‘Voice-less-ness’ and powerlessness within the political system;
6. Exploitation and discrimination;
7. Limited access to employment opportunities, adequate health and education opportunities;
8. Inadequate and insecure housing and unhealthy environment.15
Reasons for urban povertyReasons for urban poverty
1. Urbanization
2. Migration from rural to urban
3. High population growth
4. Illiteracy
5. Large families
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5. Large families
6. Improper training
7. Slow job growth
8. Unequal distribution of income
9. Livelihood issues and financial insecurities
10. Identity crisis and personal insecurities
11. Political and social exclusion16
Conclusion
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ConclusionConclusion
1. Basic Services to the Urban Poor, is an essential component of any poverty alleviation strategy.
2. The Urban Poverty Eradication Programme of the Government has recognized many of the inter-related problems associated with poverty.
3. The national programme recognizes that the needs of women and children must be an integral part of the national strategy, with women's participation forming the framework for concerted action.
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the framework for concerted action.
4. In project cities and communities, with neighbourhood groups moving towards self-reliant action, dramatic improvements have been seen in health and education indicators, with the communities and families themselves taking greater responsibility than earlier, with government playing a facilitating role.
5. Related improvements in community environments; increased employment opportunities, and efficient means of thrift and savings has resulted in credit systems which can now reach the poorest enabling them to directly improve their homes and settlements. 18
1. While millions more need to be reached, indications are that a solid foundation is in place demonstrating on a large scale the positive potential of the poverty alleviation strategy.
2. It is hoped that these inter-related themes will be a part of the National
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It is hoped that these inter-related themes will be a part of the National Action Plans and will be considered integral to settlements planning for the future.
3. We can then come closer to realizing locally and in the cities as a whole, the global goals set forth.
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1. www.india.gov.in/official-website-ministry-housing-and-urban-poverty-alleviation
2. www.mhupa.gov.in/programs/housing/twenty_point.htm
3. www.planningcommission.nic.in/aboutus/committee/wrkgrp12/hud/wg_Final_Urb_Pvt.pdf
4. http://ideas.repec.org/a/icf/icfjme/v04y2006i3p79-89.html
ReferencesReferences
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4. http://ideas.repec.org/a/icf/icfjme/v04y2006i3p79-89.html
5. http://www.jnnurm.nic.in
6. www.web.worldbank.org/wbsite/external/topics/exturbandevelopment/exturbanpoverty
7. http://www.niua.org/publications/working_papers/nakul_ruchira_urban_poverty.pdf
8. Picture courtesy: www.Google images and MHUPA website
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