CONTEMPLATE THE FOLLOWING:

1. HOW DO WE USE WRITTEN AND SPOKEN LANGUAGE AS HUMAN

BEINGS?

2. WHAT WOULD IT BE LIKE TO LIVE WITHOUT ANY LANGUAGE?

3. HOW COULD YOU MANAGE TO COMMUNICATE IF YOU COULD ONLY

USE 2 DIFFERENT SOUNDS OR LETTERS?

DO LETTERS (SYMBOLS) HAVE ANY INHERENT

MEANING?WHY DO WE CONSTRUCT

LANGUAGES/CODES?

ORIENTATION IN TIME AND SPACE + PERSPECTIVE=

THINK OF PAST FORMS OF COMMUNICATION AND PAST

CIVILIZATIONS. CAN YOU THINK OF ANY EXAMPLES OF LANGUAGES OR CODES

THAT DON’T USE THE LETTERS OF THE ALPHABET?

?

PUNCHED CARDS

PUNCHED CARDS WERE WIDELY USED THROUGHOUT THE 20TH CENTURY FOR CONTROLLING TEXTILE LOOMS.

EARLY DIGITAL COMPUTERS USED PUNCHED CARDS AS THE PRIMARY MEDIUM FOR INPUT OF BOTH COMPUTER PROGRAMS AND DATA.

According to IBM’s 1964 video, the use of punched cards for words and numbers wasn’t

implemented for nearly 200 years since the Jacquard loom in 1801;

however, there is at least one person who thought of

programming with punched cards as far back as 1837!

Charles Babbage

He is known as the “father of the computer.”

He is credited with inventing the first mechanical computer.

Charles Babbage

While Babbage's machines were mechanical (not digital), their basic architecture was similar to a modern computer. The operation was instruction-based and the machine had a separate input/output unit.

Charles Babbage

The Analytical Engine

The major innovation was that the Analytical Engine was to be programmed using punched cards: the Engine was intended to use loops of Jacquard's punched cards to control a mechanical calculator. It was not created in Babbage’s lifetime.

INPUT DEVICES

PUNCHED CARD READERS ARE AN EARLY EXAMPLE OF COMPUTER INPUT DEVICES

INPUT DEVICES PROVIDE OUTSIDE INFORMATION FOR THE COMPUTER TO

PROCESS

INPUT DEVICES

YOUR BRAIN IS ESSENTIALLY A COMPLEX

PROCESSOR OF INFORMATION.

WHAT INPUT DEVICES SEND INFORMATION TO YOUR

BRAIN?

INPUT DEVICES

THESE DEVICES SEND OUTSIDE DATA TO THE

COMPUTER FOR PROCESSING.

WHAT ARE MORE MODERN EXAMPLES OF INPUT

DEVICES?

OUTPUT DEVICES

THESE DEVICES SEND DATA FROM THE COMPUTER

PROCESSOR TO THE USER IN A FORM HUMANS CAN

UNDERSTAND.WHAT ARE SOME

EXAMPLES OF OUTPUT DEVICES?

BINARY

A BINARY CODE REPRESENTS COMPUTER

PROCESSOR INSTRUCTIONS USING THE BINARY

NUMBER SYSTEM'S TWO BINARY DIGITS, 0 AND 1.

BINARY

AT THE CORE OF ALL DATA PROCESSING IS A SERIES OF 0’S AND 1’S IN THE

COMPUTER PROCESSOR.

THINK BACK TO THE QUESTION ABOUT SPEAKING IN ONLY TWO

LETTERS/SOUNDS.

ENIAC

Electronic Numerical Integrator

And Computer

ENIAC – 1943 (WW2)

It was the first electronic general-purpose computer. It

was digital and capable of being reprogrammed to solve "a large class of numerical problems.“It was originally designed for

military purposes (to calculate artillery firing tables). The war

ended before its completion.

ENIAC (Vacuum Tubes)

It contained nearly 18,000 vacuum tubes. The vacuum tubes

performed the calculations acting as switches representing on and off as an electric current passed

through them resulting in the binary language of 1s and 0s.

Vacuum Tubes

The problem with vacuum tubes were

that they got very hot, used a lot of electricity, and frequently burned

out. One had to be replaced in the ENIAC every few minutes.

Following its development in 1947 by American physicists

at Bell Labs, the transistor revolutionized the field of electronics.

This small, light electrical switch allowed the development of miniaturized electronic devices.

Transistors in a CPU (computer processing unit) act as electrically charged switches which either hold an electric current or don't. (yes or no, 1 or 0).

How do our computers and smart phones turn 1’s and 0’s into all of the amazing outputs that we experience as a user?

The integrated circuit (microchip) was invented in 1958. It networks large numbers of tiny transistors into a small silicon chip.

• NASA used the integrated circuit in the development of its Guidance computers on the Apollo Lunar Orbiter and Lander.

• They’re in virtually all electronic equipment today.

• Computers, mobile phones, and other digital home appliances are all made possible by the low cost of integrated circuits.

1971 - Intel developed the first microprocessor, which combined the calculating power from integrated circuit and a control unit (essentially an entire computer on a single chip).

In 1975 a calculator manufacturer, MITS, incorporated the chip into the first successful personal computer, the Altair 8800 . This new computer was introduced in the January 1975 issue of Popular Electronics Magazine.

Microsoft’s first sale was the license for the BASIC programming language for the Altair which started the computer revolution. Shortly thereafter Microsoft was formed and Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak released the Apple 1 in 1976.

MICROSOFT AND APPLEARE NOW BOTH FAMOUS

FOR THEIR SYSTEM SOFTWARE, WHICH

INCLUDES THE PROGRAMMING THAT CONTROLS THE

COMPUTER HARDWARE (THE OS).

SYSTEM SOFTWARE INCLUDES THE “KERNEL” WHICH TRANSLATES THE

0’S AND 1’S GENERATED BY THE PROCESSOR, AND THE “SHELL” WHICH MAKES THE OUTPUT INTERFACE LOOK A CERTAIN WAY TO THE USER.

SYSTEM SOFTWARE ALSO ACTS AS A PLATFORM ON

WHICH TO INSTALL/CREATE APPLICATION SOFTWARE.

CAN YOU GIVE EXAMPLES OF SYSTEM SOFTWARE AND APPLICATION SOFTWARE

THAT YOU HAVE USED?

ORIENTATION IN TIME AND SPACE + PERSPECTIVE=

WERE BILL GATES AND STEVE JOBS IN THE RIGHT PLACE AT THE RIGHT

TIME?

HOW DID THEIR UNIQUE PERSPECTIVES CONTRIBUTE TO

THEIR SUCCESS?

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