UNIT 2. ANIMAL VERTEBRATES AND

INVERTEBRATES

In this unit you are going to learn:

1. Clasificación de los seres vivos

2. Características y clasificación de los animales vertebrados e invertebrados.

3. La función de nutrición, relación y reproducción.

4. Dianne Fossey y Jane Goodall.

5. Observar la naturaleza. Cuaderno de campo

1.1. Classification of living things. The five Kindogms

● We will remember that all living on our planet can be clasified into five groups or Kingdoms.

1.2. How they Nourish themselves

● Living things nourish themselves in different ways.

● PRODUCERS: which manufacture their own food by transforming inorganic substances (wáter, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, etc.) into organic substances, such as sugars (plants)

● CONSUMERS: Which feed on plants or other animals (tigers or humans)● DECOMPOSERS, which feed on dead plants and animals. Bacteria and fungi transform plants and animal

remains into inorganic substances, which return to the soli and are used again by plants.

1.4. How they Nourish themselves

2.Clasification of animals

2.1. Vertebrates animals

Vertebrates are very different, but they all share important features:● They have an internal skeleton made of bones that revolve around a

spinal column.● The body of vertebrate animals is usually divided into head, trunk

and extremities. Their extremities can be in the form of legs, wings or fins.

● Some vertebrates are oviparous or viviparous

2.1. Classification of vertebrates

2.1.1 Vertebrates: Mammals

2.1.1 Vertebrates: Mammals● Mammals are a very large and diverse group. But they share the

following characteristics.● Mammals are viviparous● At birth all maman, feed on milk produced by their mothers.● Some babies, like lambs can walk when they are born. Others cannot.

Babies Kangaroos stay in the mother´s pouch for some time.● Almost all have skin covered with fur or hair, though some have

smooth skin, like dolphins.● Marine mammals like dolphins or whales live in the sea. They have

bare skin ante they swim using their fins. Marine mammals are excellent divers. However, they need to come to the surface of the water to breathe in oxygen from the air

2.1.1 Vertebrates: Mammals● They breathe through lungs.● Most mammals have four legs and tail. They move out through the

terrestrial environment.● Flying mammals there are different types of bats. Bats fly using their

upper limbs, which are wings. The wings have layers of skin stretched over the arms and fingers. Bats have a thumb and four fingers, like people.

● Humans belong to Primates group. Gorilas, chimpazees and monkeys are also primates. All primates have big brains and their eyes are at the front of their face. They use their hands to grip objects an use them as tools

2.1.2. Vertebrates: Birds

2.1.2. Vertebrates: Birds

● Birds are oviparous animals, incubate their eggs in nests until they hatch their babies. After, they are responsible for their care and feeding until they are autonomous.

● All birds breathe through lungs● They have a beak and their skin is covered with feathers. ● Birds have two wings to fly and two legs covered with scales.● Some can fly like the eagle, and others not, like the ostrich, all have

in common the following parts:

2.2. Vertebrates: Birds● Parts of birds that have in common:

2.1.3. Vertebrates: reptiles

2.1.3. Vertebrates: reptiles● Different types of reptiles:

2.1.3. Vertebrates: reptiles● Reptiles are oviparous animals, but not incubate their eggs, leave

them. They not care for their babies at birth.● All reptiles breathe through lungs and the body covered with scales.● Some reptiles walk on four legs like lizard, others haven´t legs and

crawl like the snake.

2.1.3. Vertebrates: reptiles● Snakes have no legs and they slither● Tortoises and turtles have a hard Shell to protect their body. Turtles

are aquatic, but they brethe oxygen from the air.● Cocodriles are protected by boni scutes wher their scales are verty

thick

2.1.3. Vertebrates: reptiles.Parts of turttle and snake.

2.1.3. Vertebrates: reptiles● Parts of a lizard:

2.1.4. Vertebrates: Fish

2.1.4. Vertebrates: Fish

● Fish are oviparous animals and independent animals from birth.

● They lay many small eggs in water. These eggs have no protective covering, and the fish do not incubate them.

● Fish breathe through gills, they have diferents types of fins .● The fish are completely covered skin flakes● The fish can live in fresh water and salt water are aquatic

animals.

2.1.4. Vertebrates: Fish

2.1.4. Vertebrates: Fish

2.1.4. Vertebrates: Fish

2.1.4. Vertebrates: Fish● Parts of fish:

2.1.5. Vertebrates:Amphibians

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2.1.5 Vertebrates:Amphibians● Anphibians consists of frogs, salamanders, newts and caecilians.

2.1.5 Vertebrates:Amphibians● Anphibians share five characteristics:● Amphipians have bare skin and they can breathe through lungs and

through their skin.● They have four legs.● Frogs and toads have longer hindquarters and no tail.● Newts and salamanders have four equal legs and a long tail● Dooble-loop circulation.● A partially divided heart.● Cutaneus circulation● Theses characteristics alow amphibians to thrive or land.

2.1.5. Vertebrates:Amphibians● Amphibians are oviparous ●Tadpoles hatch from eggs laid in water. Tadpoles are different from the adults. They breathe trough gills and have a tail to swim. They live in water. As they develop, tadpoles grow legs. They leave the water and live on

2.1.5 Vertebrates:AmphibiansThe process of metamorphosis

2. Animals invertebrates.

2.Invertebrate animals. Characteristics

● Invertebrate animals are the most numerous group of land. They are very different from each other but, all have common characteristics:

● They have no bones and spinal column.● Some insects have skeleton, but it is external,● Cuttlefish have an internal skeleton, but is not made of bones.● They are oviparous● The invertebrate animals are classified in the following way:

arthropods, molluscs, annelids, echinoderms, cnidarians, porifera,

2.1.Animals invertebrates. Arthropods

2.1.1 Animals invertebrates.Arthropods.Insect

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2.1.1 Animals invertebrates.Arthropods.Insect

sThe main characteristics of insects are:●It has six legs and a pair of antennas●Body divided into three parts: head, abdomen and thorax●They have tracheal breathing●Some have one or two pairs of wings

2.1.1 Animals invertebrates.Arthropods.Insect

s● The life cycle of insects:● Insects are oviparous. When the egg hatches, the offsprirng looks like

a worm. It hasn´t got any wings or antennae. It is called a larva for some insects, and a caterpiller for butterflies and moths. Larvae and caterpillers eat all the time.

● In the case of the silk moth, when the Caterpillar grows large, it makes a cocoon. . It goes through many more changes. Finally, an adult silk moth emerges from the cocoon

2.1.1 Animals invertebrates.Arthropods.Insect

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2.1.1 Animals invertebrates.Arthropods.Insect

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2.1.2 Animals invertebrates.Arthropods.Arach

nids● Arachnids have 8 legs● Their bodies are divided into two parts: cephalothorax and

abdomen● They have tracheal breathing● The first pair of appendages can take the form of tongs or

poisonous nails

2.1.2 Animals invertebrates.Arthropods.Arach

nids

2.1.3 Animals invertebrates.Arthropods.Crusta

ceansThe main characteristics of Crustaceans are:●They are primarily aquatic●They have two pairs of antennae and two legs●Their bodies are covered by a carapace●Their bodies are divided into two parts: cephalothorax and abdomen

2.1.3. Animals invertebrates.Arthropods.Crusta

ceans

2.1.4.Animals invertebrates.Arthropods.Myria

pods● The Myriapods have the following characteristics:● Its body is divided into head and trunk● They have two antenae on its head● The trunk consists of articulated rings● Each ring has two pairs of legs● They are terrestrial and breathe by traqueas.

2.2 Animals invertebrates. Molluscs

● Molluscs are the second most numerous group of invertebrates.● Their bodies are soft and some have shell.● They breathe through lungs or gills● They are oviparous● Molluscs are classified into three groups: gastropods, bivalves and

cephalopods

2.2.1.Animals invertebrates. Molluscs. Gastropods

● Characteristics of Gastropods:● Have a single shell, they move in a muscular foot● The snail belongs to this group● Their eyes are located at the end of a few tentacles

2.2.2. Animals invertebrates.Molluscs Bivalves

● Characteristics of Bivalves:● They have two shells, are aquatic and have gills that

are specialized for feeding● Clam belongs to this group

2.2.3. Animals invertebrates.Molluscs.

Cephalopods● Characteristics of cephalopods:● They are marine● Have a single head● Octopus belongs to this group.

2.3 Animals invertebrates. Porifera

● General characteristics of the porifera: ● They are aquatic● Body perforated by pores and channels that let water through

them.● Sexual and asexual reproduction● Pluricelulars

2.4. Animals invertebrates. Echinoderms

● They are aquatic● They have spines and arms● They live at the bottom of the sea or glued to the rocks● They breathe through gills● Unisexual reproduction● They undergo metamorphosis. also by fragmentation of arms

2.5. Animals invertebrates. Cnidarians

● They are aquatic.● They live at the bottom of the sea, as is the case of Anemones● They can live floating in the water, as the Jellyfish.● With the tentacles they catch their prey which are their food.● They are several waysn :Polyps, Jellyfish and Corals

2.6. Animals invertebrates. Annelids

● They have elongated, soft body and cylindrical● Your body is made up of rings, which help them to move and dig

tunnels● Some are parasites, feeding on their victims and cause serious

diseases● The most common is the earthworm● The aquatic breathe through gills and terrestrial have cutaneous

respiration

2.7.Animals invertebrates. Annelids

3.The nutrition function, the interaction function and reproduction function in

animals● Animals use many different strategies to help them survive. Some hunters

use their size, otrhers their speed; some, like scorpions an many snakes, are poisonous, other make webs, like spider.

● Animals defend themselves by running away, forming groups, hiding, being poisonous, etc.

● Some animals have very interesting way of hunting or escaping called mimicry: they look like other animals, or camouflage themselves in their surroundings.

● For example, there are flies that look like dangerous wasps, some insects look like keaves, some caterpillers look like the twigs of the treees where they live.

3.1.The nutrition function● Animals are multicelular organism. They are consumers

(heterothophs). This mean they fead on other living things.

● HOW THE NUTRITION FUNCTION WORKS:● Four processes:

1. The taking and digestión or food

2. The taking of oxygem through breathing.

3. The distribution of substances through the organism

4. The excretion of residues

3.1.The nutrition function● Remember!

3.1.The nutrition function

3.1.The nutrition function

3.1.1.The nutrition. Taking and digestion of food

● The taking of food: Almost all animals take food into their bodies through their mouth which can have tentacles, a tongue, a beak, teeth, etc.

● The digestión of foof: Digestion involves the extraction of useful substances from food and the excretion of what we do no need.

● To perform digestión most animals have a digestive system. The simplest is a digestive cavity.

● Most have a digestive tract. These are tubes that start at the mouth and end at the anus

● They have different organs, like the stomach and the intestines.

3.1.2..The nutrition.Breathing● Animals that take oxygen from wáter do it through their skin or gills.● Animals that take oxygen from the air have tracheas (fine tubes all

round their bodies) or lungs (“sacks” which the animal fills with air to extract the oxygen).

3.1.3.The nutrition. Distribution of substances

● Blood distributes oxygen, and the substances animals extract from food around the body, through the circulatory system

3.1.4.The nutrition. Excretion of residues

● Animals excrete residues through the excretory system.

The nutrition function

● To perform the interaction function Works:● Receptors: Which detect information● A nervous system: which receives information, elaborates a response

and sends instructions.● Effectors: Like muscles, which execute the instructions; animals react

by moving, producing substances, communicating, etc.

3.2.The interaction function. How interaction function in animals

● Animals have cells called neurons. Neurons are interconnected. They form a network, called the nervous system. Which receives information form the receptors, elaborates a response and sends instructions to the effectors .

● Invertebrates have a very simple nervous system. In vertebrates it is formed of the brain, the espinal cord and the nerves.

3.2.1. The interaction function.The sense organs

(receptors)

3.2.2.The interaction function.Effectors. The muscles

● Muscles contract when they receive instructions from the nervous system. They move the structures which animals use to move; feet, wings, fins, tentacles, etc.

● In vertebrates these structures contain bones which, together with the muscles, for the locomotor system

The interaction function.

The interaction function

3.3.The process of reproduction. Animals vertebrates

● Through the process of reproduction animals can produce new offspring.

● So that vertebrates can reproduce fertilization needs to take place. An ovule and spermatozoid have to come together. When this happens, the new offspring starts to grow inside or outside the mother´s baby.

● Fertilization in vertebrates can be external when the ovule and the spermatozoid come together outside the mother´s body, as in amphibians and fish.

● Or it can be internal when they come together insife the mother´s body, as in birds and reptiles

3.3.The process of reproduction. Animals vertebrates

3.3.1.The process of reproduction. Oviparous

vertebrates.● In oviparous vertebrates, the new offspring grows inside an egg,

outside the mother´s body. (birds, reptiles, amphians and fish reproduce in this way.

● Female birds and reptiles lay eggs that are protected by a Shell. The embryro grows inside the shell until it is born.

● Lots of birds incubate the eggs. When the growth of the new offspring is complete, the eggs hatch, the Shell breaks and the baby comes out.

● Female amphibians and fish lay their eggs in the wáter and then abandon them. These eggs have no shell.

3.3.2. The process of reproduction. Viviparous

vertebrates. METARMOPHOSIS● In vertebrates that are not oviparous, the new offspring grows inside the

mother´s body. Mammals are viviparous● The baby grows in the mother´s uterous during pregnancy.● When the baby is formed, it is born. ● After the birth the mother feeds the babies with milk that she produces

in her breast. It has a tail and no legs.● After a short time, the tapole grows four legs, first two at he front and

then two at he back.● Next, it loses its tail and develops lungs.● When the amphibians is an adult, it leaves the wáter and breathes in air

through its lungs.

3.3.3.The process of reproduction. Vertebrates

Metamophosis● Metamophosis refers to all of the changes that a living thing underoes

from when it is born to the moment becomes an adult.● Female amphibians lay eggs under the wáter.● A tadpole is born from each egg. It lives in the wáter and breathes

through gills.

3.4.The process of reproduction.Invertebrates

● All invertebrates are oviparous; the grow and develop outside the female´s body. For the egg to form, fertilization is necessary.

● The new offspring that leave the invertebrate´s egg are called larvae.● Some larvae are very similar to the adult animal but other look very

different. This happpens with insects that undergo metamophosis to become adults

The process of reproduction

Let,s reviewTake your notebook!!

4.Jane Goodall and Diane Fossey

Jane Goodall● In July 1960, at the age of 26, Jane Goodall traveled from

England to what is now Tanzania and bravely entered the little-known world of wild chimpanzees. She was equipped with nothing more than a notebook and a pair of binoculars. But with her unyielding patience and characteristic optimism, she won the trust of these initially shy creatures, and she managed to open a window into their sometimes strange and often familiar-seeming lives. The public was fascinated and remains so to this day.

Jane Goodall

The Jane Goodall Institute● Today, Jane’s work revolves around inspiring action on

behalf of endangered species, particularly chimpanzees, and encouraging people to do their part to make the world a better place for people, animals, and the environment we all share. The Jane Goodall Institute works to protect the famous chimpanzees of Gombe National Park in Tanzania, but recognizes this cannot be accomplished without a comprehensive approach that addresses the needs of local people who are critical to chimpanzee survival.

The Jane Goodall Institute

The Jane Goodall institute● This community-centered conservation programs in Africa

include sustainable development projects that engage local people as true partners. These programs began around Gombe in 1994, but they have since been replicated in other parts of the continent. Likewise, Jane Goodall’s Roots & Shoots, which Jane started with a group of Tanzania students in 1991, is today the Institute’s global environmental and humanitarian youth program for young people from preschool through university with nearly 150,000 members in more than 130 countries.

The Jane Goodall institute

Diane Fossey ● Dr. Dian Fossey’s life was marked by many challenges and

successes. Fossey, whom Rwandans knew as Nyiramachabelli – "the woman who lives alone on the mountain" – is remembered throughout the world for her heroic struggle to preserve, protect and study the mountain gorilla. As founder of the Digit Fund (later renamed the Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International), her firm commitment to wildlife preservation, especially that of the mountain gorilla, resulted in a truly remarkable career that spanned two decades.

Diane Fossey

Diane Fossey ● Diane Fossey's early interest in animals and her childhood

dream of becoming a veterinarian led her to San Jose State College. While in college she changed her major to occupational therapy; however, her love for animals never faltered, and she was at the same time becoming increasingly interested in Africa. In 1963, while on a six-week sabbatical in Africa, Fossey met Dr. Louis Leakey, who spoke urgently about the need for research on the great apes. Under the direction of Leakey, Fossey agreed to undertake a long-term field study of the mountain gorillas.

Diane Fossey ● In 1966, Fossey won support and funding from the National

Geographic Society and the Wilkie Brothers’ Foundation for a research program in the Congo (then Zaire). Due to intense political upheaval and rebellion in Zaire, Fossey left and moved to Rwanda. In 1967, she founded the Karisoke Research Center in Rwanda's Parc National des Volcans, between two volcanoes: Mt. Karisimbi and Mt. Visoke.

Diane Fossey

Diane Fossey´s Legacy ● In 1983, Fossey published Gorillas in the Mist, an account

of her life and work at Karisoke™. The book became an international best seller. A movie based on the book was released in 1988. The film, starring Sigourney Weaver as Dian Fossey, achieved great popular success and helped attract public support for Fossey’s work.

Diane Fossey´s Legacy

Diane Fossey´s Legacy ● Fossey was killed in 1985 in her cabin at

Karisoke. The name of the Digit Fund was changed after her death to the Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International. In subsequent years her legacy has grown through the Fossey Fund’s programs, which are dedicated to the conservation and protection of gorillas and their habitats in Africa.

Diane Fossey´s Legacy

5.Field Notebook● What is a field notebook?● The field notebooks are basically a Notepad in which researchers

write or draw their observations.● This research tool is usually used by biologists, geologists,

environmental scientists, geographers, paleontologists, archaeologists, anthropologists (ethnographers), and sociologists

5.Field Notebook

5.Field Notebook● How do we make a field notebook?1. Select the type field notebook that you would like to make

2. Make or buy an suitable field notebook

3. See the world that surrounds you

4. Write your observations on your notebook

5.Field Notebook

Let´s reviewTake your notebook!!