Unfair Boundary Division 1947

Presented by:Muhammad BilalJunaid AtherAdil JavedFahad Ali ZiaHaris NajamSyed Ahmad Zimad

Moth-eaten Map of Pakistan

The Radcliff Award (17 August 1947)

▪ Sir Cyril Radcliff appointed by the parliament on 15 July 1947 to conduct the “free-and-fair” partition.

▪ Award Completed on 9 or 10 August and Announced on 17 August.

Problems

▪ Problems in the process– Boundary-making procedures

(Not Qualified)

– Political representation

(Judges were biased)

– NO Local knowledge

– Haste and indifference

(1 month time)

– SECRECY

– Implementation

Demand

• Partition on Communal bases.

Congress

• Partition on Majority Bases.

Muslim League

Partition Idea Long Planed

▪ Mountbatten had made up his mind to divide the Punjab and Bengal in case of the partition of India even before he took over as viceroy. He discussed this idea with the British Cabinet as early as March 13, 1947

(Minutes of Meeting of Ministers on Indian Questions, March 13, 1947, IOR, L/P&J/10/78 )

Why was there a Conflict???

East of the Sutlej canal within India's domain instead of Pakistan's. This area consisted of two Muslim-majority tehsils.

▪ WHY?

▪ the area housed an army arms depot

▪ contained the headwaters of a canal which irrigated the princely state of Bikaner, which would accede to India

Why was there a Conflict???

▪ Arms And Ammunition

▪ Water Head-Works

▪ Allocation of a part of district of Gurdaspur to India provided a corridor through which it got access to Kashmir

Conflicts due to the L.O.C.

▪ Border conflicts led to the events in

▪ War in 1948

▪ War in 1965

▪ War in 1971

▪ May 1998 dual tests of nuclear weapons

▪ Kargil conflict of 1999.

HOW AND WHY??

▪ The truth of how and why these decisions were made may never be known, since Radcliffe DESTROYED all of his records.

The Understandable Reason

Ferozpur was planned to be added to Pakistan.

Mountbatten was threatened by Maharaja of Bikaner due to the fact that his state was irrigated by water canals that originated from Ferozpur district.

And the decision changed at the last moment.

Jazzak Allah