If you can't read please download the document
Upload
james-neill
View
8.261
Download
3
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Welcome to Psychology 102
Motivation & Emotion
Dr James NeillCentre for Applied PsychologyUniversity of Canberra2016
Unconscious motivation
Image source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Why_books_are_always_better_than_movies.jpg
Image source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Why_books_are_always_better_than_movies.jpgImage by: Massimo Barbier, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:MaxoImage license:GNU Free Documentation License 1.2, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Free_Documentation_LicenseAcknowledgements: This lecture is based in part on instructor resource slides from Wiley.
Wednesday 19 October, 2016, 13:30-15:30, 12B27124-6665 Motivation and Emotion / GCentre for Applied PsychologyFaculty of HealthUniversity of CanberraBruce, ACT 2601, Australiaph: +61 2 6201 [email protected]://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Motivation_and_emotion
Unconscious motivation
Reading:Reeve (2015)
Ch 16(pp. 466-495)
Image source: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Alma-Tadema_Unconscious_Rivals_1893.jpg
Image source: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Alma-Tadema_Unconscious_Rivals_1893.jpgImage by: Alma-Tadema, Lawrence, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Alma-TademaImage license: Public domain
Outline Unconscious motivation
Based on Reeve (2015, p. 466)
Psychodynamic perspectivePsychoanalytic psychodynamic
Dual-instinct theory
Drive wish?
Contemporary psychodynamic theory
The unconsciousFreudian unconscious
Adaptive unconscious
Implicit motivation
Priming
PsychodynamicsRepression
Suppression
Do the Id & Ego actually exist?
Ego psychologyEgo development
Ego defense
Ego strength
Object relations theory
Criticisms
Image source: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Autoroute_icone.svg
Image source: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Autoroute_icone.svgLicense: CC-BY-A 2.5Author: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Doodledoo
Psychoanalytic psychodynamic
Based on Reeve (2015, pp. 468-470)
Psychoanalytic: Refers to the traditional Freudian approach to unconscious which includes Dual-instinct theory (Eros and Thanatos)
Psychodynamic: More general study of unconscious psychological processes (e.g., prejudice, depression, thought suppression, defense mechanisms), without necessarily subscribing to Freudian tradition
This lecture is about psychodynamic unconscious motivation, but starts with a historical perspective.
Freudian psychodynamic
structural model
Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Structural-Iceberg.svg
Image source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Structural-Iceberg.svgImage author: Historicair, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:HistoricairImage license: Public domain
Freud's dual-instinct theory
Based on Reeve (2015, pp. 470-471)
ErosInstinct for life
ThanatosInstincts for death
instincts for: sex
nurturance
affiliation
etc.
instincts for: aggression toward self (self-criticism, depression)
aggression toward others (anger, prejudice) etc.
Psychoanalysis c. 1930Image source: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Eros_bobbin_Louvre_CA1798.jpg
Eros and Thanatos are greek words.Image source: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Eros_bobbin_Louvre_CA1798.jpgImage author: Painter of London D 12Image license: Public domain
Freud's drive theory
Source of drive
Impetus of drive
Object of drive
Aim of drive
Bodily deficit(unconscious)
Intensity of psychologicaldiscomfort increases
and creates anxiety
Seek object inenvironment
capableof satisfyingbodily deficit
Satisfactionby removing thebodily deficit
Based on Reeve (2015, Ch 2: Motivation in historical and contemporary perspectives pp. 33-34)
Image sources:https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Thermometer_0.svghttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ASample_page_from_AAC_communication_book.png
Image source:https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Thermometer_0.svgImage author: Kilom691, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Kilom691Image license: GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:GNU_Free_Documentation_License
Image source:https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ASample_page_from_AAC_communication_book.pngImage author: Quadell, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:QuadellImage license; Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en
Drive wish
Based on Reeve (2009, pp. 394-395)
However, unlike hunger and thirst, neither sex nor aggression conform to a such a physiological model of drive
Drive theory evolved into a wish model - a discrepancy theory - i.e., motivation arises from a mismatch between present state and ideal state
Contemporary psychoanalysts:propose that psychological wishes, not instinctual drives, regulate and direct behaviour
focus on helping people recognise, improve upon, or avoid problematic interpersonal relationships
Contemporary psychodynamic perspective
Based on Reeve (2015, pp. 471-472)
1. The unconscious Much of mental life is unconscious.2. PsychodynamicsMental processes operate in parallel with one another.3. Ego developmentHealthy development involves moving from an immature, socially dependent personality to one that is more mature and interdependent with others.4. Object Relations TheoryMental representations of self and other form in childhood that guide the persons later social motivations and relationships.
Contemporary views on the unconscious
Based on Reeve (2015, pp. 472-477)
AdaptiveunconsciousImplicit motivation
Freudian unconscious Sets goals, makes judgements,and initiates action.Automatically appraises the environment.Automatically attends to emotionally linked environmental events.
Priming
Based on Reeve (2015, pp. 477-478)
Procedure that invokes an implicit response following exposure outside conscious awareness
Activate mental representation of a behaviour outside of awareness, preparing a person to enact behaviour consistent with that mental representation.
Psychological priming
Bang goes the theory
Video: (~6 mins)https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HRAKt0GakJM
How your unconscious mind rules your behaviour
Leonard Mlodinow at TEDxReset 2013
Video: (~15 mins)https://youtu.be/vcJm-y7UnLY?t=165
Psychodynamics
Based on Reeve (2015, p. 479)
The clashing of psychological forces
The mind is an arena,
a sort of tumbling-ground for the struggle of antagonistic
impulses.
- Freud, 1917
Image source:
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sigmund_Freud_Bobble_Head_Wackelkopf.JPG
Image source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ASigmund_Freud_Bobble_Head_Wackelkopf.JPGImage author: Gizlog https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:GizlogImage license: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en
Psychodynamics
Based on Reeve (2015, p. 479)
The clashing of psychological forces
IdeaDesireExcitationCathexis
(sexual desire)
Counter-ideaRepressionInhibitionAnti-cathexis
(guilt)
Ego
Id
Unconscious
counter-will Conscious volition
(Will)
Illustration of psychodynamics:
Repression
Based on Reeve (2015, pp. 479-480)
Repression is the central concept of psychodynamics (Freud, 1917).
The unconscious is seen as an overcrowded apartment where motivations reside, wanting to come into the public world.
But repression is the security guard turning down most motivations' requests to enter the public world.
Repression is the process of forgetting by ways that are unconscious, unintentional, and automatic.
Repression is Egos counterforce to the Ids demanding desires.
Illustration of psychodynamics:
Suppression
Based on Reeve (2015, pp. 480-482)
Thought can't be stopped per se, but it can be suppressed.
Suppression is process of removing a thought from attention by ways that are conscious, intentional, and deliberate.
However, suppression tends to produce rebound effects i.e., even greater occurrence of the unwanted thought (unconscious processes tend to push the thought back into consciousness).
Therefore, it makes more sense, as a suppression strategy, to accept the thought into consciousness.
Do the Id and the Ego actually exist?
Based on Reeve (2015, p. 482)
Hypothalamus, thalamus, amygdala, nucleus accumbens,
Pleasure-unpleasure brain centers.
The limbic system makes for a pretty fair Id:Learning, memory, decision-making, intellectual problem-solving
Executive control center that perceived the world and learns to adapt to it.
The neocortex makes for a pretty fair Ego:Interrelationships show how one structure affects another (e.g., how the amygdala excites and inhibits the neocortex).
Intricately interrelated neural pathways and structures of the limbic system and neocortex
Ego psychology
Based on Reeve (2015, pp. 482-483)
Ego development
SymbioticImpulsiveSelf-protectiveConformistConscientiousAutonomous(Loevinger, 1976)
Id provides instinctual psychic energy from birth
Ego develops over time through experimentation and learning about what actually works in the real world.
Motivational importance of
ego development
Based on Reeve (2015, pp. 483-484)
The Ego develops to empower the person to interact more effectively and proactively with its surroundings.
The Ego develops to defend against anxiety.
Ego defense
Based on Figure 14.1, Reeve (2015, pp. 484-487)
Ego Defenses
Reality
anxiety
Moral
anxiety
Id demands
Environmental demands
Superego demands
Extent of anxiety
Extent of ego development
Ego
Neurotic
anxiety
The day-to-day existence of the ego is one of vulnerability, therefore defense mechanisms are used to buffer against overwhelming internal and external demands.
Mature defense mechanisms better life adjustment
Based on Reeve (2015, Figure 16.3, p. 487). Source: From Adaptation to Life (p. 87, by Vaillant, 1977: Little, Brown & Company. Copyright 1977 by George E. Vaillant.
Adaptive defense mechanisms
less depression as a result of life stress
Based on Figure 16.4, Reeve (2015, p. 488)
Ego effectance
Based on Reeve (2015, pp. 487-488)
Effectancemotivation
Willingness to exerciseemerging and existingskills and capabilities
Inevitableeffects on orchanges in theenvironment
Voluntary attemptsto produce intentional,goal-directedchanges in the environment
When successful, sense of competence increases
Whites model of effectance motivation
Individual's competence in dealing with environmental challenges, demands, and opportunities.
White? (not mentioned on Reeve (2009), p. 410-411?)Sounds similar to Autonomy / Learned Optimish / Locus of Control
Object relations theory
Based on Reeve (2015, pp. 488-492)
People relate to objects (others) to satisfy their emotional and psychological need for relatedness.
Early representations of relations with caregivers influence subsequent relations with others.
The quality of anyones mental representation of relationships can be characterised by:Unconscious tone: Benevolent vs malevolent
Capacity for emotional involvement: Selfishness/narcissism vs. mutual concern
Mutuality of autonomy with others: Objects perceived as autonomous present no risk to the integrity and autonomy of perceiver
One womans representation of her relationships with men
Based on Reeve (2015, p. 491); Source: From Social Cognition and Object Relations, by D. Westen, 1991, Psychological Bulletin, 109, pp. 429-455. Copyright 1991 by American Psychological Corporation.
Criticisms of the psychodynamic perspective
Based on Reeve (2015, pp. 492-493)
Many of Freuds concepts are not scientifically testable.Motivational concepts arose from case studies of disturbed individuals.Many points about human motivation and emotion was simply wrong. (e.g., Freuds theory of superego formation; Fisher & Greenberg, 1977)Methods of data collection.Psychoanalytic theory is woeful as a predictive device. Many of Freuds concepts are not scientifically testable.Motivational concepts arose from case studies of disturbed individuals.Many points about human motivation and emotion was simply wrong. (e.g., Freuds theory of superego formation; Fisher & Greenberg, 1977)Methods of data collection.Psychoanalytic theory is woeful as a predictive device.
Summary
Based on Reeve (2015, pp. 493-495)
Freud: Biologically-based motivation model based on two instinctual drives sex and aggression which supply the body with its physical and mental energy
Contemporary psychoanalysts emphasise psychological wishes (rather than biological drives) and cognitive information processing
Four postulates:Much of mental life is unconscious
Mental processes operate in parallel
Ego development ego maturity
Mental representations in childhood guide adult social motivations
Individual differencesGrowth psychology (Ch 15)
Summary & conclusion (Ch 17)
Upcoming lectures
Image source: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Information_icon4.svgLicense: Public domain
Image source: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Autoroute_icone.svgLicense: CC-BY-A 2.5Author: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Doodledoo
References
Freud, S. (1917 [Original work published 1905]). Wit and its relation to the unconscious. Retrieved from http://www.bartleby.com/279/
Reeve, J. (2009). Understanding motivation and emotion (5th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Reeve, J. (2015). Understanding motivation and emotion (6th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Note: Image credits are in the slide notes
Open Office Impress
This presentation was made using Open Office Impress.
Free and open source software.
http://www.openoffice.org/product/impress.html
10/19/16
Title text format
Click to edit the outline text formatSecond Outline LevelThird Outline LevelFourth Outline LevelFifth Outline LevelSixth Outline LevelSeventh Outline LevelEighth Outline LevelNinth Outline Level