UNIT 11. Life’s little UNIT 11. Life’s little lessonslessons

Time Clauses and Expressing regretdescribing hypothetical situations

Lic. Selene Rodríguez 2008/2009

Lic. Norma Dzib

Time Time clausesclauses

Before I had my first job, I was really immature

After I got my first job, I became more mature

Once I had a job, I became totally independent

The moment I moved away from home, I felt like a different person

As soon as I got my own bank account, I started to be more responsible

Until I graduated, I’d never had any important responsibilities

By the time I graduated from high school, I had already started working

Time Time clausesclauses• It’s often possible to use either the simple present or the present perfect after when, as soon as, with out changing the meaning.

“I’m going to get married as soon as I find/I’ve found the right man”

• BUT when it’s important to make it clear that one action will be finished before the second one starts, we must use the present perfect.

“I don’t want to settle down until I’ve traveled a lot”

• By here is a `preposition of time. It means “not later than”

• By the time (that) is a linking phrase. It’s always followed by a verb.

“By the time I’ve had a bath it’ll be quarter to nine”

( not later than the moment she finisher her bath)

WAYS OF USING UNTILWAYS OF USING UNTIL

•We use till or until when we talk about an activity or a situation which continues and the stops at a particular time“Ben had to wait until 9:15”

•Until and till can be link word or prepositions.

“He had to wait until Zoe was ready”

• By = not later than that time. Until = up to that time

“Zoe wasn’t ready by nine”

“Zoe wasn’t ready till 9.15”

• We use since when we refer to the beginning of a period of time which stars at a time in the past an finishes now.

“I have lived here since 1992”

PRACTICESince or Until?

You have to complete these sentences with SINCE or UNTIL.

1. There have been a lot of changes ………. you left

2. I was alone here ………. Mason arrived

3. We have had trouble with the house ……….. we bought it

4. We’ll wait for you ………. 8 o’clock

5. They stayed in the café ………. the rain stopped

6. The house has been much happier ………. my mother came back

7. Fred had to wait at his friend’s house ………. his father came to pick him up

8. They’ve been sitting here ………. I came in!

9. Food has been short ………. the war began

10.They talked quietly to each other ………. the concert started

Match the clauses in column A with the appropriate information in column B. (More than one answer is possible)

AA B B

1. By the time I was 15, … a. I didn’t appreciate my own country

2. Until I started working part time, … b. I began to understand the value of money

3. The moment I got my first paycheck… c. I learned how to communicate better

4. As soon as I left home, … d. I realized that I wasn’t a child anymore

5. Once I started sharing an apartment,.. e. I had learned how to take care of myself

6. After I began a relationship,… f. I learned hoe to get along better with people

7. Before I traveled abroad,… g. I had never saved any money

8 Until I really got sick, … h. I hadn’t understood the importance of good health

PRACTICEPRACTICE

Expressing regret and describing Expressing regret and describing hypothetical situationshypothetical situations

Expressing regret

I should have studied something more practical when I was in college.

I shouldn’t have waited so long to choose a major.

Describing hypothetical situations

If I’d been more ambitious in college, I could have learned another language.

If I hadn’t wasted so much money last year, I would have my own apartment now.

PRACTICEMatch the clauses in column A with appropriate information in

column B

A B

1. If I’d listened to my parents,. a. I wouldn’t be as broke as I am now

2. If I’d been more active,… b. I could have learned a lot more

3. If I’d been more ambitious,.. c. I wouldn’t be overweight

4. If I’d studied harder in school,… d. I could have gotten a promotion

5. If I’d saved my money,… e. I would have made more pragmatic decisions

VocabularyMatch the different celebrations

____Confirmation ____Bar mitzvah ____Bat mitzvah ____Sweet 16

4. A religious ceremony to formally accept a person as amember of a christian church.

3. A ceremony in the Jewish religion to celebrate a girl's reaching the age of 13

2. A girl's 16th birthday.

1. A ceremony in the Jewish religion to celebrate a boy`s reaching the age of 13

ConjunctionsSubordinating conjunctions:

Once/ as soon as: when one event happens, another event happens soon afterward.

The moment: a particular point of time when two events happen together.

Until: to that time and then no longer

By the time: one event is completed before another event.

VocabularyAmbitious: having a strong desire to be

successful.

Argumentative: liking to argue or disagree with people

Carefree: without any problems or worries.

Conscientious: hard-working

Naïve: lacking experience or knowledge.

Pragmatic: practical; making decisions based on facts rather than ideas.

Rebellious: reacting against rules or traditions.

BibliographyBibliographyRichards, Jack C.Interchange Third EditionCambridge University Press2005

Shepherd, J.Multilevel English Grammar ProgrammePhoenix ELT1996

Bolton, D & Goodey, NEnglish grammar in stepsRichmond Publishing2003

www.cartoonstock.com/lowres/pha0134l.jpg