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ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE CLIMATE: CONTINENTAL (SUBARCTIC) LAXMI INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTURE, SARIGAM

Tropical climate climate continental (subarctic)

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ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

CLIMATE: CONTINENTAL (SUBARCTIC)

LAXMI INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTURE,

SARIGAM

The subarctic climate (also called sub polar climate or boreal climate) is a climate characterised by long, usually verycold winters, and short, cool to mild summers. It is found on large landmasses, away from the moderating effects of anocean, generally at latitudes from 50° to 70°N pole ward of the humid continental climates. In very small areas at highaltitudes around the Mediterranean Basin, Iran, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkey, Alaska and other parts ofthe northwestern United States (Eastern Washington, Eastern Oregon and Idaho) the climate is classified as with a drysummer climate, such as in Seneca, Oregon.

Subarctic Climate:

Where is it Usually Located?Subarctic climate is usually found in the interior (not coastal) of high latitude continents usually between 50 and 70 degrees latitude. Since there are no large continents in high latitudes in the Southern Hemisphere,

Subarctic climate is only found in the Northern Hemisphere.

What seasons does it have? Subarctic climate has 2 seasons. The winter is much longer and extremely cold, with the cool to mild

summer lasting only 2-3 months. The summer is sometimes only 1 month long.

What temperature like? Since it is found away from the coast (interior), the ocean water doesn't help to warm the land in the winter. The main cause of the temperatures in Subarctic is latitude. Temperatures can reach -40 degrees in the winter and be as high as 85 degrees in the summer--which is the widest range of temperatures of any climate. That would be a 125 degree temperature range.

How much precipitation does it receive? There is very little evaporation because of the cold temperatures, so very little precipitation falls here. Between 10 and 20 inches of rain falls in Subarctic areas. Most of the rain falls in the summer, when evaporation levels are higher. Subarctic regions are covered in snow for most of the year. The short warm summer melts most of the snow.

What kinds of vegetation (plant) Does it have? Not all trees are able to survive the long winters, but evergreen trees (conifers) such as pine and spruce are hardy enough to survive the cold. The forests of Subarctic climate are often called the Taiga. Taiga is the largest land biome in the world since large areas of Russian and Canada are covered in Subarctic Taiga. A biome is an area that is similar in climate and geography. Other ferns, shrubs and grasses can be found during summer months.

Conifer Needles Conifers are green in winter--"Evergreen"

Conifers are found in many climates

What Kind of Animals Does it Usually Have?Many animals can survive the harsh climate of the Subarctic. Black and Grizzly Bears, Bald Eagles, wolves, bobcats, and

wolverines are some of the animals found here. Caribou and moose are also found here. All of these animals either hibernate

or migrate during the coldest months of winter. Thick fur also allows them to survive the cold winters. In the summers,

mosquitoes are known to swarm is huge groups and drive people crazy.

Brown Bear

Mosquito Swarms Bobcat

DistributionThe Dfc climate, by far the most common subarctic type, is found in the following areas:

•Much of Siberia

•The Kamchatka Peninsula

•Parts of Scotland

•The northern and central parts of the Kuril Islands and Sakhalin Island

•The Western Alps between 1,600 and 2,100 meters (5,200 and 6,900 ft), and the Eastern Alps between 1,450 and 1,800 meters (4,760 and 5,910 ft) –France, Switzerland, Germany, Italy and Austria.

•The center of Romania.

•In some parts of Germany.

•The Tatra Mountains in Poland, above 800m.

•The Eastern Anatolia, between 1,600 and 2,100 meters (5,200 and 6,900ft) – Turkey.

•The Pyrenees, between 1,600 and 2,100 meters (5,200 and 6,900 ft) – Andorra, France and Spain.

•The northern half of Scandinavia (milder winters in coastal areas)

•Most of Interior, Western and South-central Alaska

•The high Rocky Mountains in Colorado, Wyoming, Idaho and Montana and the White Mountains of New Hampshire

•Much of Canada from about 53–55°N to the tree line, including:

•Southern Labrador

•Certain areas within Newfoundland interior and along its northern coast

•Quebec: Jamésie, Côte-Nord and far southern Nunavik

•Far northern Ontario

•The northern Prairie Provinces

•The Rocky Mountain Foothills in Alberta and British Columbia.

•Most of the Yukon

•Most of the Northwest Territories

In parts of Asia, the Siberian High makes the winters so dry (typically with around 5 millimeters (0.20 in) of rainfall equivalent per month) that snow cover is very

limited, creating aDwc climate in:

•Much of northern Mongolia

•Russia:•Most of Khabarovsk Krai except the south

•Southeastern Sakha Republic

•Southern Magadan Oblast

•Northern Amur Oblast

•Northern Buryatia

•Zabaykalsky Krai

•Irkutsk Oblast

•China:•Tahe County and Mohe County in Heilongjiang

•Northern Hulunbuir in Inner Mongolia

•Gannan in Gansu (due to extreme altitude)

•Huangnan, eastern Hainan and eastern Guoluo in Qinghai (due to extreme altitude)

•Most of Garzê and Ngawa Autonomous Prefectures (due to extreme altitude) in Sichuan

•Most of Qamdo Prefecture (due to extreme altitude) in the Tibet Autonomous Region

•Parts of Ladakh (including Siachen Glacier) and Spiti regions of India.

Settlements and Housing: •The Subarctic People used different kinds of houses, but all were small, easy to set up and take down, and move from place to place. •Most Dene people lived in either plains-type tipis- skin tents supported by whalebones- or lean-tos of brush. •Double Lean-tos covered in hide and brush were used. •Lean-tos were free-standing beams of wood or whale bone that were layered against a log or large rock, lashed together, and covered in brush and hide, resulting in a slanted roof and an opening for entering or exiting. •Hides kept the fur or hair on the side placed on the interior of the shelter, providing more warmth. •Some Dene used Pit Houses; layers of sod placed around a foundation built with whalebone or driftwood. •Since they were semi-nomadic, natives of the Sub-arctic had few possessions. •At fishing camps in the Cordillera there were roughly built log cabins called smokehouses. •The Innu lived in the round Wigwam. •A Montagnais person would dig a slanted hole about a foot deep, then lean alder branches around the opening of the hole, to make a shelter. The floor of the Wigwam was covered in Balsam boughs. •The northern Ojibwa lived in dwellings called ridge poles; conical lodges covered with birch bark.

Double lean-to

Pit house

Exs. Of Vernacular Archi.

Ex. Of Morden architecture