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Presentation for farmers and veterinarians presented on several occasions in North America. Citations are provided for data presented in slides.
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Transition Cow, Cow Comfort, Heat StressTransition Cow, Cow Comfort, Heat Stress
Jack H Britt, Ph.D.Jack H Britt, Ph.D.
Professor EmeritusProfessor Emeritus
University of Tennessee University of Tennessee &&
N.C. State UniversityN.C. State University
Daily Management:Daily Management:Transition CowTransition Cow
Days from ParturitionDays from Parturition
Phase I – Dry off until 21 days prepartum (early dry period)Phase I – Dry off until 21 days prepartum (early dry period)
TMR High fiber diet , 2-3 kg straw
NEL 1.3-1.4 Mcal/kg
12-13% CP
60-80 g Ca; 30-40 g P
Trace minerals and vitamins in TMR
Health & comfort
Dry cow mastitis treatment
Vaccines Trim feet, off concrete Provide shade
Source: Corbett, R. B. 2002. J. Dairy Sci. 85(Suppl. 1):191-192. (Abstr.)
Goal: Goal: 2121 d in close-up group d in close-up group
BetterHealth
MoreMilk
Days in close-up pen
Days in close-up pen
Goal : Cows pregnant with Goal : Cows pregnant with twinstwins, 35 days in close-up , 35 days in close-up
Phase II – 21 days prepartum (late dry period)Phase II – 21 days prepartum (late dry period)
TMR, high fiber, highly palatable TMR, high fiber, highly palatable
Adequate fiber length (> 3.75 cm)Adequate fiber length (> 3.75 cm)
1-2 kg straw1-2 kg straw
15% crude protein15% crude protein
Increase starch (NFC 38 - 42%)Increase starch (NFC 38 - 42%)
YeastYeast
Anionic salts, minerals, vitamins in TMRAnionic salts, minerals, vitamins in TMR
Rumen-protected choline; Ca salts of Omega 3 & 6 F.A. (fertility)Rumen-protected choline; Ca salts of Omega 3 & 6 F.A. (fertility)
Monitor intakes closelyMonitor intakes closelySource: J. Goff, Feedstuffs, March 8, 2004
J. S. Britt, DVM
Source: Hayirli et al, Source: Hayirli et al, J. Dairy Sci. 85: 3430-3443, 2002J. Dairy Sci. 85: 3430-3443, 2002
Feed intake Feed intake declinesdeclinesduring 3 wk pre-partumduring 3 wk pre-partum
40% decline overall40% decline overall
Abrupt decline last 5 daysAbrupt decline last 5 days
Higher BCS – greater Higher BCS – greater declinedecline
Heifers
Cows
BCS = 4.4
BCS = 3.6
BCS = 2.8
Source: Roger W. Palmer, UW Madison-Dairy Science DepartmentSource: Roger W. Palmer, UW Madison-Dairy Science Department
Transition CowTransition CowPhase II HousingPhase II Housing Calving penCalving pen Feed alleyFeed alley Lock-upLock-up Access to chuteAccess to chute
Phase III – 21 days postpartum Phase III – 21 days postpartum
TMR NEL 1.6-1.7 Mcal/kgTMR NEL 1.6-1.7 Mcal/kg
Highly palatable feeds (30-33% NDF)Highly palatable feeds (30-33% NDF)
Adequate fiber lengthAdequate fiber length
2-3 kg long stem hay2-3 kg long stem hay
16-19% crude protein16-19% crude protein
Increase starch (NFC 44%)Increase starch (NFC 44%)
Trace minerals and vitamins in TMRTrace minerals and vitamins in TMR
Rumen protected choline, Ca salts of omega 3 & 6 fatty acidsRumen protected choline, Ca salts of omega 3 & 6 fatty acids
Monitor intakes, limit total fatMonitor intakes, limit total fat Source:Source: J. Goff, Feedstuffs, March 8, 2004J. Goff, Feedstuffs, March 8, 2004J. S. Britt, DVMJ. S. Britt, DVM
PostpartumAnestrus
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
0 12 24 36 48 60 72 84Days Postpartum
1 2 3
Transition Cow: Energy Balance and Fertility
Transition Cow: Energy Balance and Fertility
Progesteroneconcentrations arehigher with morepositive energy
balance
Postpartumanestrus is shorterwith more positive
energy balance
Conception rate at first AI is higher in cows withhigher energy balance
Daily Management:Peripartum Problems Reduce Fertility
Problems Affecting Fertility
• Dystocia
• Twins
• Retained Placenta
• Metritis
• Metabolic diseases>> ketosis, milk fever
Relationships Between Primary and Secondary Postpartum Disorders
PPrriimmaarryy DDiissoorrddeerr ((ooccccuurrss ffiirrsstt))
SSeeccoonnddaarryy DDiissoorrddeerr ((ooccccuurrss nneexxtt))
MMiillkk ffeevveerr
DDyyssttoocciiaa
RReettaaiinneedd ppllaacceennttaa
MMeettrriittiiss
DDiissppllaacceedd aabboommaassuumm
KKeettoossiiss
DDyyssttoocciiaa XX
RReettaaiinneedd ppllaacceennttaa XX XX
MMeettrriittiiss XX XX XX
DDiissppllaacceedd aabboommaassuumm XX XX XX
MMaassttiittiiss XX XX XX XX
LLooww ccoonncceeppttiioonn.. XX XX XX XX XX XX
Daily Management:Daily Management:Postpartum Reproductive DisordersPostpartum Reproductive Disorders
RecommendationsRecommendations
Monitor temperature and appetiteMonitor temperature and appetite
Treat Treat sicksick cows systemically cows systemically
Delay treatment for other cowsDelay treatment for other cows
Monitor diameter of cervix @ 3-4 wkMonitor diameter of cervix @ 3-4 wk
Treat endometritis after 30 daysTreat endometritis after 30 days
TraitSmallest
1/3Largest
1/3
Percentage of cows 40% 26%
1st service conception 67% 47%
Days open 85 108
Cervix Diameter Group
Daily Management:Daily Management:Monitor Cervix DiameterMonitor Cervix Diameter
* 21-28 days postpartum* 21-28 days postpartum
Source: Oltenacu et al. 1983. J Dairy Sci. 66: 612.
*492 cows in 8 commercial herds, Michigan
Daily Management: Daily Management: Mastitis and Milk LossMastitis and Milk Loss
Source: Wilson et al. J Dairy Sci. 2004. 87: 2073.
Impact of clinical mastitis Impact of clinical mastitis on milk yieldon milk yield
Primiparous (DIM = 22)Primiparous (DIM = 22)
Multiparious (DIM = 81)Multiparious (DIM = 81)
Primiparous
Multiparous
Approximately 1600 cows on two commercial farms in New York state.
Trait NoneBefore 1st
AISoon after
1st AI
After Preg.
DiagnosisNo. Cows 501 250 147 103
Con. Rate 1st AI 29% 22% 10% 38%
Preg. @ 320 DIM 85% 72% 59% 93%
Abortion 6% 12% 12% 10%
Mastitis Status
Daily Management: Daily Management: Mastitis and Conception RatesMastitis and Conception Rates
Source: Santos et al. 2004. Animal Reproduction Science 80:31-45.
Daily Management:Daily Management:Heat StressHeat Stress
Shade <> Cooling <>VentilationFeed Intake <> Protein <> Water
Managing Heat Stress
Daily Management:Daily Management:Heat StressHeat Stress
Source: Faust et al. 1988. J. Dairy Sci. 71:3092
Seasonal conception rate3200 Holsteins cows southeast US
Heifers
Cows
Sartori et al. 2002. J. Dairy Sci. 85:2803.
Cows affected more than heifers
Heat stress affects cows more than heifers.Heat stress affects cows more than heifers.
Heat Stress ManagementHeat Stress Management
WaterWater• CleanClean• Exit alleysExit alleys
FeedingFeeding•Monitor intakeMonitor intake• Adjust proteinAdjust protein
ShadeShade•Over cows Over cows •Over feedOver feed
Fans over stalls
Cooling Cows During Heat StressCooling Cows During Heat Stress
FansFans
SprinklersSprinklers
Fans & sprinkler over feed bunkFans & sprinkler over feed bunk
Cow ComfortCow ComfortTransition & Heat Stress ManagementTransition & Heat Stress Management
AlleysAlleys• Rubber floor stripsRubber floor strips• GroovedGrooved
Free stallsFree stalls•SandSand• SizeSize
Holding pensHolding pens•Ventilation Ventilation •Water in exit alleysWater in exit alleys Fans over stallsFans over stalls
Cow Comfort:Cow Comfort:Estrus is Affected by Footing SurfaceEstrus is Affected by Footing Surface
0102030405060708090
100
0 to 5 6 to 10 11 to 15 16 to 20 21 to 25 26 to 30
Minutes from Movement
Dirt
Concrete
Number of Mounts per 5-Minutes
Britt et al. 1986. J. Dairy Sci. 69: 2195.DirtDirt
ConcreteConcrete
Gracias!