TOURISM FOUNDATION BASICS

INTRODUCTION

TO

TOURISM AS AN INDUSTRY

Learning Objectives

⌛ Understand and explain the basic definition of tourism

⌛ Identify the major participants and forces shaping the tourismindustry

⌛ Explain the historical factors that encouraged the development oftourism

⌛ Explain the impact of physical, human, and regional geographyon tourism activities

⌛ Explain why tourism should be studied from marketing,management and financial perspectives

⌛ Identify future challenges and opportunities facing the tourismindustry

⌛ Discuss career prospects in the tourism industry

Defining Tourism

According to Theobald “etymologically, the word tour is derived fromthe Latin word tornare / tornus and the Greek word tornos, meaning,changed in modern English to represent ‘one’s turn’.

The suffix-ism is defined as an action or process; typical behavior ofquality. While the suffix- ist denote ‘one that performs a given action’When the word tour and the suffixes-ism and – ist are combined, theysuggest the action of movement around a circle.

One can argue that a circle represents a starting point, whichultimately returns back to its beginning. Therefore like a circle, a tourrepresents journey in a round trip, i.e. the act of leaving and thenreturning to the original starting point and therefore, one who takes sucha journey can be called a “Tourist”.

What is Tourism?Four different perspectives of tourism can be identified:

• The tourist: The tourist seeks various psychic and physical experience and satisfactions.The nature of these will largely determine the destinations chosen and the activitiesenjoyed.

• The business providing tourist goods and services: Business people see tourism as anopportunity to make a profit by supplying the goods and services that the tourist marketsdemand.

• The government of the host community or area: politicians view tourism as a wealthfactor in the economy of their jurisdiction. Their perspective is related to the income theircitizens can earn from this business. They also consider the foreign exchange receiptsfrom international tourism as well as the tax receipts collected from tourist expenditures,either directly or indirectly. The government can lay an important role in tourism policy,development, promotion and implementation.

• The host community: Local people usually see tourism as a cultural and employmentfactor. Of importance to this group, for example, is the effect of the interaction betweenlarge numbers of international visitors and residents. This effect may be beneficial orharmful, or both.

Tourism is a collection of activities, services and industries

that delivers a travel experience, including transportation,

accommodations, eating and drinking establishments, retail

shops, entertainment businesses, activity facilities and other

hospitality services provided for individuals or groups traveling

away from home..….(WTO)

What is Tourism?

Tourism

“ Tourism is the temporary movement of people to destinationsoutside their normal places of work and residence, the activitiesundertaken during their stay in those destinations, and thefacilities created to cater to their needs”…

- MATHIESON AND WALL (1982)

“Tourism is the sum of the phenomena and

relationships arising from the interaction of

tourists, business suppliers, host governments

and host communities in the process of attracting

and hosting these tourists and other visitors .”

- MACINTOSH AND GOELDNER (1986)

Elements of Tourism

• Elements of tourism refer to the basic fundamentals without which

tourism activity of any kind is not possible.

• They form the base of tourism and all tourism activities are possible due

to them. anatomy of tourism phenomenon reveals, that, it is basically

composed of three elements, namely;

• Man(the human element as the creator of the act of tourism)

• Space(the physical element to be necessarily covered by the act itself)

• Time(the temporal element which is composed by the trip itself and the

stay at the destination)

Essential Requirements for Tourism

• Time, as the hours for leisure increase so does the opportunity for travel. Changes in

work days or hours, school calendars will affect how and when people can travel. The

overall travel pattern has moved from a two week vacation to three or four day mini-

vacations per year.

• Money, the majority of travel requires discretionary income. Discretionary income is

money left over after all monetary obligations (food, rent and taxes) have been paid.

• Mobility, is the access to transportation (car, bus, plane, train or ship) and the hours

required to get to their destination.

• Motivation, is the reason people travel. Motivations may include seeking novelty,

education, meet new people, adventure or stress reduction.

Tourism – Myths and Realities

Myths Realities

The majority of tourism in the world is international Tourism in the world is predominantly domestic (people

traveling their own country). Domestic tourism

accounts for about 80% of tourist trips.

Most tourism journeys in the world are by air as

tourists jet-set from country to country

The majority of trips are surface transport (mainly by

car.

Tourism is only about leisure holidays. Tourism includes all types of purpose of visit, including

business, conference and education.

Employment in tourism means substantial travel and

the chance to learn language.

Most employment in tourism is in the hospitality sector

and involve little travel.

Large multinational companies such as hotels chains

and airlines dominate tourism.

The vast majority of tourism enterprises in every

destination are SMEs

Tourism is a straightforward sector demanding little

research or planning

Tourism is a complex multi-sectoral industry

demanding high-level planning underpinned by

research to succeed.

A Tourism Model

• Dynamic and interrelated nature of tourism

• The traveling public (tourists) are the focal point (heart) ofthe model

• Tourism promoters link the traveling public with thesuppliers of services

• Tourism suppliers provide the services that tourists needwhen they travel

• External forces affect all participants in tourism; tourists,promoters and suppliers

Scope of Tourism• Hospitality – hotels, resorts , spa , restaurants

• Aviation – airport, airlines, city office

• Tours &Travel – travel agency , tour operator, travel agent, tour guide, travel

planner , Cruise Liners, Railways , Car Rental

• Education & research

• Retails

• Media – print , electronic, digital

• Events – meetings , conferences, sports , concerts , entertainment

• Retails/BPOs

• Banking

• Real estate

• Govt./private and NGOs,

• National / international/regional

• IT Sectors

• HR

Services and Tourism

• Service and Tourism go hand in hand

• Growth rate of services sector faster than anyother

• Tourism is the leader in the production of new jobs

• Tourism has developed an important part of theeconomic foundation of many countries

Bringing Tourism into Focus

• Typical reasons for travel

– Vacation and leisure trips

– Visits to friends and relatives

– Business and professional trips

• Host community affected by tourism

• Can study tourism from a variety of perspectives

• Wide variety of questions relating to tourism need to be answered

• Technology having unprecedented affect on tourism industry

Tourism

Studies

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Tourism course & Disciplines inputs to the tourism field

Different Perspective of Study on Tourism

Economics

Political science

Agriculture

Marketing

AnthropologyBusiness

management

psychology

sociology

ecology

law

history

geography

Tourism

studies

GEOGRAPHICAL PERSPECTIVE

From a geographer’s perspective the main concern of tourism is to look into aspects like geographical location of a place, the climate, the landscape, the environment

SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE

From a sociologist’s perspective Tourism is a social activity; it isabout interaction between different communities— hosts andguests encounter between different cultures

HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVEFrom an historian’s perspective tourism is a study of the factorsinstrumental in the initiation of tourism to a particulardestination, the order of happenings leading to tourismdevelopment, the reasons for happening of the occurrences inthat order

MANAGERIAL PERSPECTIVE

From the management perspective tourism is an industry ,and therefore needs managerial skills in order to be properlymanaged

ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVE

From an economist’s perspective tourism is a major sourceof foreign exchange earnings, a generator of personal andcorporate incomes, a creator employment and a contributorto government earnings

Studying Tourism from Business Perspectives

• Marketing

• Management

• Finance

Interdisciplinary Approach

Tourism takes in practically all aspects of society and attracts people from

different strata with diverse economic –socio – cultural and educational

backgrounds, thereby behaving in different ways and travelling for different

purposes .

Tourism Industry

• The tourism industry is a vast industry made up ofbusinesses and organizations that provide goods andservices to meet the distinctive needs of tourist.

• These are related to virtually all areas of the economymaking tourism a very large industry.

• The tourism industry comprises many sectors or sub-industries such as the hospitality industry , transportindustry, attractions, and entertainment .

• All these sectors are interconnected and integrated.

Tourism’s Challenges and Opportunities

• Encourage growth of tourism as it creates jobs and brings money intothe community or country

– It also serves an important need for the consumer.

– May change social structure

• Unplanned tourism can lead to excessive demands of transportation,public services and degrade the environment, can spoil culture

Importance of Tourism

• Tourism is a global phenomenon.

• It is the world’s largest and fastest growing industry. Itis characterized by constant change, developmentand highly dynamic industry. It is vulnerable tosignificant events

• Tourism generate more jobs, good source of income ,economic engine booster.

• It helps to preserve and promote , maintain culture ,heritage monuments , environment of a area.

• It act as a bridge . It has positive and negativeimpacts.

Why

• Improvements in transport (e.g. more airports)have made it quicker and easier to travel toplaces.

• Countries in more unusual destinations such asthe middle east and Africa have got better atmarketing themselves as tourist attractions. Thismeans more people are aware of them.

• Many countries have invested in infrastructure fortourism to make them more attractive to visitors.

Culture

e.g.

museums,

art galleries

Entertainment

(bars,

restaurants,

theatres)

shopping

Popular

destinations

include:

• London

• New york

• Paris

• RomeBeaches

Swimming

Snorkelling

Fishing

Water skiing

Popular

destinations

include:

• Spain

• The

Caribbean

• Thailand

scenery

walkingclimbing

skiing

Snow

boarding

Popular

destinations

include:

• Alps

• Dolomites

• Rockies

• Tourism creates jobs for local people.

• It also increases the income of other businesses that supply the tourism industry.

• Tourism is important to the economy of both rich and poor countries e.g. tourism in France generated 35 million euros In 2006 and 2 million jobs.

• Poorer countries tend to be more dependant on income from tourism than richer ones.

Why?• People have more disposable income.

• Companies give more paid holidays than they used to.

• Travel has become cheaper (particularly air travel)

• Holiday providers now use the internet to sell their products to people directly which also makes them cheaper.

Where do you fit in?

• Projected to remain the world’s largest industry.

• Travel and tourism sales will grow at a rate of 4.1% a year

through the year 2020.

• Have the choice of working in a really fun place!

BASIC NATURE OF TOURISM

In India we see the origin of the concept of Tourism in SanskritLiterature. It has given us three terms derived from the rootword “Atana” which means going out

Tirthatana- It means going out and

visiting places of religious merit.

Paryatana - It means going out for

pleasure and knowledge.

Deshatana - It means going out of

the country primarily for economic

gains.

There are two important components that make up Tourism:

1. The practice of travelling for pleasure.

2. The business of providing tours and

services for persons travelling.

There are four basic services to be

provided for Tourists

TRANSPORTATION

ACCOMODATION

FOOD

ENTERTAINMENT

As per WTO definition, Tourism can be classified into the following forms -

INBOUND TOURISM : Visits to a country by non-resident of that country - for example, when AAmerican citizen, Mr. Sam comes to India to see theTaj Mahal, he is an inbound tourist for India

OUTBOUND TOURISM: Visits by the residents of a country to anothercountry ,for example when an Indian citizen, Mr. Ram goes to Americato see Hollywood , he is an outbound tourist for India

DOMESTIC TOURISM: It involves travelling by the

residents of the given country within their own

country, for example, when Sonia resident of Delhi

goes to see the

Taj Mahal in Agra she is a domestic Indian Tourist.

INTERNAL TOURISM: It comprises of domestic

tourism and inbound tourism.

INTERNATIONAL TOURISM

It comprises of inbound tourism and

outbound tourism

Tourism System

THE TOURISM SYSTEM

TRAVELLER

GENERATING

REGION

TOURIST

DESTINATION

REGION

DEPARTING TRAVELLERS

RETURNING TRAVELLERS

TRANSIT

ROUTE

REGION

“One of the leading models of tourism Attraction

systems was created by Leiper in 1990”

LEIPER 1979 (UPDATED 1990)

Leiper consider the phenomenon

tourism as a system, which is

functioning under various

environments.

e.g. Human, Socio-Cultural,

Economical, Technological,

Physical, Political & Legal ,

Environment

PRODUCTS INDUSTRIES

1. Accommodation services for visitors 1. Accommodation for visitors

2. Food and beverage serving services 2. Food and beverage serving activities

3. Railway passenger transport services 3. Railway passenger transport

4. Road passenger transport services 4. Road passenger transport

5. Water passenger transport servcies 5. Water passenger transport

6. Air passenger transport services 6. Air passenger transport

7. Transport equipment rental services 7. Transport equipment rental

8. Travel agencies and other reservation services8. Travel agencies and other reservation services

activities

9. Cultural services 9. Cultural activities

10. Sports and recreational services 10. Sports and recreational activities

11. Country-specific tourism characteristic goods11. Retail trade of country-specific tourism

characteristic goods

12. Country-specific tourism characteristic

services

12. Other country-specific tourism characteristic

activities

What are “whole tourism systems”?

Real WTS are people, places, organisation that interactin certain roles when tourism happens.

Models of WTS are representations of real WTS,frameworks for researching and studying tourism in acomprehensive and systematic manner.

Five elements in every WTS• At least one tourist.

• One tourist generating place (where trips beginand end).

• At least one tourist destination place.

• At least one transit route.

• At least one tourism industry.

LEIPER’S MODEL

TGR- Traveller-Generating Region. “push”

TRR- Transit Route Region.

TDR- Tourist Destination Region. “pull”

PUSH & PULL FACTORS

Push Factor : factors which

encourage individuals to

move away from their

home setting through

Tourism

Pull Factor: those

attributes of a different

place which attract or 'pull'

them towards it.

GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES

Leiper outlines three geographical elements in his model:

1) Traveller-generating region;

2) Tourist destination region; and

3) Transit route region.

The tourist destination functions as a ‘pull’ factor in the market and provide

an area for most of the tourism activity. It attracts different kinds of tourists with

such tourism products as attractions and the quality of management and

service.

Tourist Generating Region (TGRs)

TGRs are places where a tourist's trip begins and normally

ends, the generating regions are the place for the essential

markets of the tourist business and it is the basis of tourist

industry.

TRANSIT ROUTE REGION (TRR’s) The area between the Traveler Generating Region

and the Tourist Destination Region is known as

the Transit Route

While a long haul journey a Temporary stoppage is

called a transit route.

Here traveller stays for some time in manner to

change flight or for re fuelling.

•It includes the short period of travel to reach

the destination.

•Includes the stop over's.

•The intermediate places which the tourist

may visit en-route.

Tourist Destination Region (TDR’s)

TDRs are places where a tourist's main visiting

activities occurs. Its important for TDR to have

some special features, activities to attract tourist.

Tourist Tourist is considered as the most important

element of the System.

Without the presence of tourist the System may

not function at all

A temporary visitor staying at least 24hrs and less

than 1 consecutive year.

The following are to be considered tourists:

• Persons traveling for pleasure, for health.

• Persons traveling in a representative capacity of any

kind.

• Persons traveling for business reasons.

TOURISM INDUSTRY

• The tourism industry refers

to the businesses and

organizations that help to

promote the tourism product.

• This is the last element in

Leiper’s Model.

• The Tourism Industry is the

amalgam of different

industries.

• It includes : - Hotels

AIRLINES

TRAVEL AGENCIES

According to Leiper,

various industrial sectors

can be located in different

places.

In the traveler-generating

region, we can find travel

agents and tour operators.

In the destination region,

we can find attractions and

hospitality industry and in

the transit route region, we

have the transport sector.

All the Elements of the System interact with one

another in various contexts like delivering the

Tourism Products, Transacting the Products…….

Destination: It’s the connection of tourists with

places that makes a place a tourist destination

Destination

• A destination is a place where tourists travel

for leisure or business related activities.

• It is the place where the tourist product is

located and consumed.

• Destinations can be spread over a wide

geographical area and it is the reason for

tourism to exist.

A place becomes a tourist destination only if a tourist visit

Itinerary

• A travel plan or schedule which includes all

travel details such as date ,time, mode of

transport, accommodation, etc. for travelers

Environments

• Tourism systems are open systems, they interactwith environments

• Environments are surrounding conditions, which mayaffect a system and/or be affected by it

• Physical, social, cultural, economic, political,technical, legal etc.

Examples Of Environments Affecting WTS

Spectacular scenery, a feature of the physical

environment, can be vital for a place’s role as a tourist

destination

Political policies of governments can be vital in

determining flows of tourists out of generating regions

and into destinations.

Uses of Whole Tourism System Model

It reminds us of all the elementary things that make uptourism.

It enables us to see how the elements interrelate to maketourism happen.

A place can be viewed and studied as (i) a generatingplace, (ii) a point in transit and/or (iii) a destination

Component of Tourism & Tourism Management

• The component of tourism including:

a. The Tourist

b. The Host

c. Natural resources and environment

Components of Tourism & Tourism Management

d. The Built Environment

a. Cultural

b. Infrastructure

c. Technology

d. Information

e. Governance

Component of Tourism & Tourism Management

e. Operating sectors of the Tourism industrya. Transportationb. Accommodationc. Food servicesd. The attraction e. The eventsf. Adventure and Outdoor recreationg. The entertainmenth. Tour operatori. Travel agent

Components of Tourism

•Accommodation

•Accessibility

•Amenities

•Attractions

•Activities

• It is very basic to tourist destinations.

• A place to stay, sleep, eat, freshen up in the form of rented room and certain services on charge in a building provided by a individual or firm. e.g. hotels, guest house , resorts etc.

Accommodation

• Primary Accommodations

• Secondary Accommodations

Types of Accommodations

• Hotels

• Resorts

• Complexes

• Heritage Hotels

Primary Accommodations

• Motels

• Youth Hostels

• Holiday Centers

• Farm Houses

• Sleeper Trains

• Caravans

Secondary Accommodations

Accessibility

“Accessibility is a means by which a touristcan reach the area where attractions arelocated”…. It is also called connectivity

• Accessibility also means the transportation.

The important transportation modes areroad,rail,air and water transport.

• Accessible tourism is intended as the set ofservices and facilities capable of allowingpersons with specific needs to enjoy aholiday and their leisure time with noparticular barriers or problems.

Amenities

“The basic facilities

provided in a tourist

destination”.

• Natural Amenities

• Manmade Amenities

Types of Amenities

• Beaches

• Sea Bathing

• Possibilities of Fishing

• Opportunities of trekking

Natural Amenities

Manmade Amenities Various types of entertainment

Facilities which cater special needs

Attractions

A tourist attraction is a place of interest where tourists visit,

typically for its inherent or exhibited cultural value, historical

significance, natural or built beauty, or amusement

opportunities.

Types of Attractions

Natural Attractions

•Climates

•Landscapes

•Mountains

•Beaches

Manmade Attractions

•Theme parks

•Museums

•Ancient Monuments

•Cultural Centers

• Culture

• Traditions

• Scenic

• Entertainment

• Other Attractions

PETERS INVENTORY of Tourist

Attractions include :

Activities

“The various elements of tourism services

available which offered to tourist at the

destinations”

Tourist Typologies : Classifying Tourists

Tourist Typologies

• The classifications of tourists based on their

behaviour

• Its number has grown over the years

• These typologies serve as guide to tourism

business owners as to what products,

services and facilities should be sold to

certain tourists having the same behavior

Tourist Typologies

• Marketers and planners as well as managers of

tourism businesses consider these typologies

to guide their marketing, planning, development

and management functions

Classification of Tourists

Major points to study

• Understand Cohen's classification

• Understand Plog's classification

• Give examples on each types of tourists

• Identify the concerns and needs of

different types of tourist

Tourist

• Tourists, i.e. temporary visitors staying at least twenty fourhours but not more than one year in the country visited andthe purpose of whose journey can be classified under one ofthe following headings:

a. Leisure (recreation, holiday, health, study, religion and sport)

b. Business, family, mission, meeting

• Same – day Visitors / Excursionists i.e., temporary visitorsstaying less than twenty four hours in the country visited(including travelers or cruises).

Tourist

Takes photos, buys souvenirs, goes to famous

places, stays briefly in one place, does not

understand the local people

Do you stay in your bubble?

Environmental bubble - Surrounded by

similar living environment when travelling abroad

What makes you feel comfortable and safe when travelling?

Find the points in your travel leaflets!

Brainstorm with your neighbour!

Write down your findings inside the bubbles.

Fly with a reputable airline..

Environmental bubble?• A coach with air-conditioning

• Include travel insurance

• A comfortable hotel/ accommodation

• Choose a reputable travel agency

• Well planned itinerary

• Eat Chinese food

• Chinese-speaking tour guide

• Staff with professional training

• Speak or read the

same language

• Sufficient rest time

• Breakfast at hotel

• Buffet, choose your

own food

• Fastpass in theme park

• Special queue

Cohen’s Classification

Tourism combines curiosity to seek out new

experiences with the need for security of familiar

reminders of home

seek out new experience

Curiosity

familiar reminder of home

Security

ExplorerDrifter Individual

mass tourist

Organized

mass tourist

Non-Institutionalized

Tourists

are loosely attached to the tourist

establishment expose to host

community

Institutionalized Tourists

are dealt with in a routine way by

the tourist establishment

e.g. travel agencies, hotel chain

Explorer DrifterIndividual

Mass

Tourist

Organized

Mass

Tourist

Cohen’s Classification

Where is the tourist ?

Spend most of the time

inside/ always inside

Go further away from it/

far away from

Organized Mass Tourist• least adventurous

• spend most of their time in their comfortable “environmental bubble” throughout their trip

• the itinerary is decided in advance

• attractions are guided and well fixed

• tourists have no decision on their trip

Cohen’s Classification

Individual Mass Tourist• similar to the organized mass tourist

• the tour is not entirely fixed

• have certain control over their time and itinerary

• but all the major arrangements are still made through travel agencies

Cohen’s Classification

Explorer

• arrange their trips alone• go somewhere unusual• look for comfortable accommodation and reliable

transportation• retain some of the basic routines and comforts of

their native way of life• try to mix with local people and speak their

language• dare to leave their “environmental bubble”

Cohen’s Classification

Drifter• go further away from the “environmental bubble”

• keep away from the accustomed ways of life in home countries

• no fixed itinerary

• plan trips wholly on their own

• live with local people

• often take odd-jobs to keep themselves going

Cohen’s Classification

What type is it ?

What’s your travel personality?

• Do the psychological test to know your travel personality at besttripchoices.com

• Jot down your type and some keywordsof your characteristics

Plog’s Classification

• Destination popularity VS traveler’s personality

Your travel personality

• Authentic = Psychocentric

• Mid-authentic = Near psychocentric

• Centric authentic = Mid-centric

• Centric venturer = Mid-centric

• Mid-venturer = Near allocentric

• Venturer = Allocentric

Plog’s Classification Allocentric Type

• seek new experiences and adventure

• outgoing and self-confident

• enjoy meeting ppl from different cultures

• explore an area

• make own travel arrangements

• choose activities and tourist attractions

Plog’s ClassificationPsychocentric Type

• conservative, inhibited and unadventurous

• return to familiar destinations

• want to relax

• expect the type of food and activity

• prefer heavily structured itinerary

• safety and security are important

Plog’s Classification

Mid-centric Type

• between allocentric and psychocentric

• not particularly adventurous

• receptive to new experience

Plog’s Psychocentric-Allocentric

Model• Stanley Plog classified tourists into two

major classifications based on their

personality and curiosity to visit places:

– Allocentric type

– Psycho-centric type

Plog’s Psychocentric-Allocentric

Model• Allocentric:

– Often adventure seekers and go for newexperiences.

– Prefers outings and are self confident.

– Not only comfortable meeting strangers or newpeople but also it fascinates them for theyexplore into their cultures while such meetings.

– These people specify the area and make theirown travel arrangements.

Plog’s Psychocentric-Allocentric

Model• Psychocentric:

– Generally conservative, inhibited and unadventurous.

– Traditional and have little curiosity to visit strange places.

– Frequently these members keep returning to familiar destinations to avoid troubles.

– They want to relax, love serenity and better happy when undisturbed.

– Tourists of Psycho-centric type expect the same food and activities.

– Ultimate factor is that they are too much worried about touring is safety and security.

Cohen’s Tourist Typology

• Eric Cohen categorized tourist into four:– organized mass tourist

– individual mass tourist

– the explorer and;

– the drifter.

• This is similar to Plog’s model whereinpsychocentrics are further divided intoorganized and individualized and theallocentrics into explorers and drifters.

Cohen’s Tourist Categories

The organized mass tourist

•package tour fixed itineraries, planned stops, guided organizers making the decisions

•Familiarity at a maximum and novelty at a minimum

The individual mass tourist

•Tour not entirely planned by others

•Tourist having some control over his/her itinerary and time allocations

•Major arrangements made through travel intermediary

•Tourist remaining largely within the environmental bubble of home country ways and mixing little with locals

•Dominant familiarity

The explorer

•Tourist usually planning his/her own trips and trying to avoid developed tourist attractions

•Desire to mix with locals but still protected within the environmental bubble.

•Dominant novelty, tourist not fully integrating with locals

The drifter

•Tourist plan their trip alone

•Tourists avoid tourist attractions and live with the locals

•Almost entirely immersed in the host culture, sharing its shelter, food and habits

•Novelty is dominant and familiarity disappears.

Plog’s Classification

Global Travel Survey

• This survey done in the United Kingdom in2005 has a more general approach toclassifying tourists into adventurers,worriers, dreamers, economizers andindulgers

• These are based on how tourists perceivedtraveling

Adventurers

• Are motivated to seek new experiences

• Value diversity

• Seek new activities, cultures and people

• Are independent and in control

• Travel plays a central role in their lives

• Don’t need to be pampered

• “I feel confident that I could find my way around a city thatI have never visited before.” “I really hate traveling with agroup of people, even if they’re people I know.”

Worriers

• Suffer considerable anxiety about traveling

• Travel is relatively unimportant to them

• Are not particularly adventurous

• “Most traveling is too stressful for me.” “I

worry a lot about home when I’m away.” “I

have a fear of flying”.

Dreamers• Are fascinated by travel

• Their own travel tends to be more mundane than might beexpected give their travel ideas.

• Their trips are oriented more toward relaxation than adventure.

• Lack confidence in their ability to master the details of traveling

• Anxious about the stresses of travel.

• “I like I have to travel to enjoy life fully.” I like to be able to impresspeople by telling them about the interesting places I’ve visited.” “Ireally rely on maps and guidebooks when I travel to a newplace.”

Economizers

• They travel primarily because they need a break,

travel is not a central activity for them.

• Seek value in travel

• Their experience of travel does not add meaning to

their lives

• Their sense of adventure is low

• “Traveling first-class is a waste of money, even if you

can afford it.”

Indulgers

• Like to be pampered

• Their travel is not a central or important

experience

• Are generally willing to pay for a higher level of

service when they travel

• Do not find travel intimidating or stressful

• “I don’t worry about how much things cost when I

travel.” “It’s worth paying extra to get the special

attention I want when I travel.”

Pearce’s Travel Category

Pearce developed 15 traveler categories

based on major role-related behaviors

Pearce’s Travel Category– Tourist

– Explorer

– Traveler

– Missionary

– Holidaymaker

– Overseas student

– Jetsetter

– Anthropologist

– Businessperson

– Hippie

– Migrant

– International athlete

– Conservationist

– Overseas journalist

– Religious pilgrim

Traveler

A traveler is a person who travels from one place to another.

It is a general term used for a person who travels, irrespective ofthe purpose of travel , distance traveled ,or duration of stay.

Stays briefly in one place, experiments with local food, goes tofamous places, takes photos, explores privately.

All tourists are travelers/visitors but all travelers/visitors are nottourist

Holidaymaker

Takes photos, goes to famous places, is

alienated from society, buys souvenirs,

contributes to the visited economy

Jetsetter

Lives a life of luxury, is concerned with

social status, seeks sensual pleasures,

prefers interacting with people of his/her

own kind

Businessperson

Concerned with social status,

contributes to the economy, does not

take photos, prefers interacting with

people of his/her own kind, goes to

famous places

Migrant

Has language problems, prefers

interacting with people of his/her own

kind, does not understand the local

people, does not live a life of luxury, does

not exploit people

Conservationist

Interested in the environment, does not

buy souvenirs, does not exploit the local

people, explores places privately, takes

photos

Explorer

Explores places privately, is interested in

the environment, takes physical risks,

does not buy souvenirs, keenly observes

the visited society

Missionary

Does not buy souvenirs, searches for the

meaning of life, does not live a life of

luxury, does not seek sensual pleasures,

keenly observes the visited society

Overseas Student

Experiments with local food, does not

exploit the local people, takes photos,

keenly observes the visited society,

takes physical risks.

Anthropologist

Keenly observes the visited society,

explores places privately, is interested in

the environment, does not buy souvenirs,

takes photos

Hippie

Does not buy souvenirs, does not live a

life of luxury, is not concerned with

social status, does not take photos,

does not contribute to the economy

International Athlete

Not alienated from own society, does not

exploit the local people, does not

understand the local people, explores

places privately, searches for the

meaning of life

Overseas Journalist

Takes photos, keenly observes the

visited society, goes to famous places,

takes physical risks, explores places

privately

Religious Pilgrim

Searches for the meaning of life, does not

live a life of luxury, is not concerned with

social status, does not exploit the local

people, does not buy souvenirs

Transit Visitor

• A traveler/visitor who passes through a country

without breaking journey other than for taking

connecting transport is called a transit visitor.

• His /her destination is another country.

VFR, DINKs , SINKs , Nuptial , Empty NEST

• Visiting friends and relatives

• Double income but no kids

• Single income but no Kids

• Newly Married

• Empty Nest – term used for old and retired

people whose children are settled and they are

free, ready to travel

FIT, GIT, SIT

• Free/frequent individual traveler

• Group inclusive traveler

Special interest tourist (SIT): have particular

interest such as bird watching, food and wine,

flowers, fishing during the Sardine Run, or

attending the Book Fair etc.

Cruise Passengers

• A cruise passenger is a visitor who arrives in the country

aboard cruise ships and who does not spend a night in

an accommodation establishment in the country

Youth travel: backpackers and gap year travellers

• Backpacking or youth tourist: generally have little luggage, are ona budget, want to experience adventure and excitement, tend totravel independently, enjoy meeting other traveller, and have flexibletravel schedules. A group of young tourists on a weekend walkingtour in the mountains, or a student touring around the country by busare examples of this group of tourist.

• Gap year travellers: do not study further or enter job opportunityafter school, instead they take break called a gap year. They travel,work and earn money, learn new skills or do volunteer work inanother country. During this time they gain skills and life experiencebefore starting tertiary education. These young people are alsoknown as “gappers”.

Drawing up a tourist profile

• To make sure that the needs of all types of

tourist are met it is important for travel agents to

draw up tourist profile.

• This is a summary of facts about what tourists

want and expect form the travel experience.

A basic tourist profile contains thefollowing information about the tourist :

• name

• nationality

• age

• contact details such as address and telephone number

• occupation

• need and preferences, for, example, adventure, sport, one education

• specific requirement such as accommodation, transport, or food

• and the length of the trip, and arrival and departure date.

• Travel agents prepare tourist profiles of their clients and use the information when arranging trips for them. This will ensure that the specific needs of the tourist are met.

Using the illustration and the information below draw up a tourist profile for

John. You may need to make up some details to complete the profile:

John Brown, from Sydney, is visiting South Africa for ten days to

celebrate his 24th birthday. He wants to experience as many

adventure attractions as he can before he returns home on

Christmas day. He is a sports science consultant, does not eat

meat, and wants to taste some South African food. He wants to

take photographs of wildlife and the new friends in the hostels

in which he will stay. His back contains all his clothes and

sleeping bag. He does not have enough money for fancy

restaurant or expensive gifts. He forgot his international driver’s

license at home.

4. Tourist ProfileName Mr. John Brown

Nationality Australian

Age 24

Contact details 2 Boundary Road, Bondi Beach Sydney

(Learners may supply made up contact detail)

Occupation Sports Science Consultant

Needs and preferences • Accommodation – hostel

• Sport – watch local rugby

• Photography – trip to a game reserve

• Food – visit to township restaurant. Mr

Brown is a vegetarian so make sure

vegetarian food is available

Specific requirements • Transport- bus, for journeys between

cities, minibus taxi in and around towns,

air for the long flight

• Dietary

Budget Low to middle

Duration of visit 15 – 25 December

Recreation / Leisure

• Recreation means spending time to refresh and

revitalize the body and mind by indulging in

activities which have no monetary benefits.

• Leisure – it is defined as one’s free or unoccupied

time in a relaxed manner for entertainment or rest.

Tourist Product

• The tourist product is the reason of travel

to the destination and may be defined as

the total experience of travel and other

attractions at the destination.

Market Segmentation

• Market segmentation is similar to tourist

typology

• It is another way of classifying tourists

and understanding them

• Segmentation is a sort of grouping people

with the same characteristics such as

geographic, demographic, psychographic,

and product-related characteristics

Tourist Market Segmentation

Geographic

segmentation

Grouping of potential tourists is based on their location

Demographic

segmentation

Grouping is based on the tourist’s gender, age, ethnicity, occupation,

income, household size and family situation.

Psychographic

segmentation

Grouping is based on how tourists live and on their priorities and

interests.

Product-related Grouping of tourists is based directly on what they want and need in a

particular good or service.

– Identifies WHO your market is.

– Broken down by age, gender, income and

occupation.

Demographics

– Identifies WHERE your market is.

– A matter of place whether regional or national

or within a section of a city/mall (Macro and

Micro Markets)

Geographic

– Identifies HOW and WHY your market buys.

– The behavior of your customers as they purchase a particular product.

• Divides buyers based on social class, lifestyle, and personality characteristics.

• Buyers can also be grouped according to the product benefits they seek.

Psychographics

CHARACTERISTICS OF TOURISM INDUSTRY

Characteristics of Service Marketing

• Can’t be seen, tasted, felt, heard,

or smelled before purchase.

• Can’t be separated from service

providers.

• Quality depends on who provides

them and when, where and how.

• Can’t be stored for later sale or use.

INTANGIBILTY

INSEPARABILTY

VARIABILITY

PERISHABILITY

Intangible

• Unlike a tangible product, say, a motor car or

refrigerator, no transfer of ownership of goods is

involved in tourism. The product here cannot be

seen or inspected before its purchase.

• Instead, certain facilities, installations, items of

equipment are made available for a specified time and

for a specified use. For example, a seat in an aero

plane is provided only for a specified time.

Tangible and Intangible

Products/Services

Tangible goods

with some

services

Hybrid :Equal

Part good and

service

Major service

With minor

good

Pure Service:

No Tangible

Good.Pure tangible

good;no service

Chocolate Computer

& WarrantyMeal at a

restaurantHair

Styling

Legal Advice

VARIABILITY

• Services are highly variable

• Services are produced and consumed simultaneously.

• Service consistency depends on the service provider’s skill.

• Lack of consistency a major source of customer disappointment.

• Guest expectations are different.

“Quality can not be controlled; must be produced”

PSYCHOLOGICAL

• A large component of tourism product is

the satisfaction the consumer derives from

its use. A tourist acquires experiences

while interacting with the new environment

and his experiences help to attract and

motivate potential customers.

Highly Perishable

• A travel agent or tour operator who sells a

tourism product cannot store it.

• Production can only take place if the customer

is actually present. And once consumption

begins, it cannot be stopped, interrupted or

modified.

• If the product remains unused, the chances are

lost i.e. if tourists do not visit a particular place,

the opportunity at that time is lost. It is due to

this reason that heavy discount is offered by

hotels and transport generating organisations

Perishability

Lack of ability to inventory

Lack of ability to inventory – services can

not be stored

Capacity and demand must be

successfully managed

Involve customer in the service delivery

system

Composite Product

The tourist product cannot be provided by

a single enterprise unlike a manufactured

product. The tourist product covers the

complete experience of a visit to a

particular place. And many providers

contribute to this experience.

For instance, airline supplies seats, a hotel

provides rooms and restaurants , travel

agents make book for stay and

sightseeing, etc.

Unstable Demand

• Tourism demand is influenced by

seasonal, economic political and others

such factors. There are certain times of

the year which see a greater demand than

others. At these times there is a greater

strain on services like hotel bookings,

employment, the transport system, etc.

Fixed supply in the short run

• The tourism product unlike a

manufactured product cannot be

brought to the consumer; the

consumer must go to the product. This

requires an in-depth study of users’

behavior, taste preferences, likes and

dislikes so that expectations and

realities coincide for the maximum

satisfaction of the consumer.

Absence of Ownership

You neither own the automobile nor the

driver of the vehicle. Similarly, hotel

rooms, airline tickets, etc. can be used

but not owned. These services can be

bought for consumption but ownership

remains with the provider of the service.

So, a dance can be enjoyed by viewing

it, but the dancer cannot be owned.

Heterogeneous

• Tourism is not a homogeneous product

since it tends to vary in standard and

quality over time, unlike a T.V set or any

other manufactured product. A package

tour or even a flight on an aircraft can’t

be consistent at all times. The reason is

that this product is a service and

services are people based.

RISKY

• The risk involved in the use of a tourism

product is heightened since it has to be

purchased before its consumption. An

element of chance is always present in its

consumption. Like, a show might not be

as entertaining as it promises to be or a

beach holiday might be disappointing due

to heavy rain.

MARKETABLE

Tourism product is marketed at two levels.

At the first level, national and regional

organizations engage in persuading

potential tourists to visit the

country or a certain region.

At the second level, the various individual

firms providing tourist services, market their

own components of the total tourist product to

persuade potential tourists to visit that region

for which they are responsible.

CHARACTERSTICS OF SERVICE

1. Service is an experience for

the customer.

2. Service is a performance by

an employee or product

3. When service is delivered, the guest

and service provider are both part

of the transaction

4. Service quality is difficult to control

and evaluate.

5. The customer and the organization

often measure quality of service

differently

6. When service is delivered, there

can be no recall of the guest’s

experience

7. Estimating the cost of service delivery is difficult

8. Excess production of service cannot

be placed in inventory

9. Service delivery and demand can be

individually customized

10.Successful service delivery can beachieved with different viewpoints

11.When purchasing services there islimited or no ownership

12.Service has an aspect of time

13.Service is often provided as a valueadded to a physical product.

Why do people travel ?Psychological and sociological needs depending upon theindividual interest/preference, purpose motivating factors andhis/her cultural background and economic, conditions or situation.

• They travel for professional or business, work

• Pleasure , passion and challenge

• Need for change ,satisfaction ,safety, belonging

• Health reasons ,relaxation

• Seeking knowledge ,to sharpen learning perspective

• Spiritual well being

• Holidaying as cultural norm

• Social perspective – curiosity and cultural , interpersonalreasons

• Sports ,concerts , events , exhibition - entertainment

MOTIVATING FACTORS

• Physical motivators are those related to the refreshment

of body and mind, health purposes, sport and pleasure.

• These groups of motivators are seen to be linked to those

activities which will reduce tension.

• These motivators push people to travel to those tourism

destinations where physical activities can be taken

pursued.

Motivation can be described as a driving force within

individuals that impels them to action.

• Cultural motivators are those identified bythe desire to see and know more about othercultures, to find out about the natives of acountry, their lifestyle, music, art, folklore,dance, etc.

• These motivators push a person to travel todestinations which provides an opportunity tovisit historical monuments, participate inmusic concerts, dance recitals and so on.

• Interpersonal motivators mean this group includes adesire to meet new people, visit friends or relatives,and to seek new and different experiences.

• Travel is an escape from routine relationships withfriends or neighbours or the home environment or it isused for spiritual reasons.

• This motivator factor sees tourist travel and go forhome stays so as to experience new culture whileforging relationship during the period.

• This motivator would also mean that one would travelto a destination to attend a family / friend wedding.

• Status and prestige motivations include a desire

for continuation of education (i.e. personal

developments).

• Such recognition and attention from others, in order

to boost the personal ego.

• This category also includes personal development

in relation to the pursuit of hobbies and education.

Purposes of Travel

• Business – Primary activities

• Conventions • Consultations • Inspection

– Secondary activities• Dining out• Recreation• Shopping• Sight seeing• VFR

Purposes of Travel

• Visiting Friends or Relatives– Primary activities

• Socialising• Dining in• Home entertainment

– Secondary activities• Dining out• Physical recreation• Shopping• Sight-seeing• Urban entertainment

Purposes of Travel

• Other personal business

– Primary activities• Shopping

• Religious visit

• Medical appointment

– Secondary activities• Dining out

• VFR

Purposes of Travel

• Pleasures

– Primary activities• Recreation

• Sight-seeing

• Dining out

– Secondary activities• VFR

• Convention

• Business

• Shopping

Classification of Traveler

Different Types of Tourism

A Choice BetweenTwo Categories of Tourism:

Mass Tourism:

The organized movement of large groups of people to

specialized tourist locations.

A consequence of the increase of people traveling for

pleasure; developed to cater to huge numbers of tourists.

Examples: whole resort towns, theme parks, tourism

business districts, cruises, packaged vacations, all-

inclusive resorts, etc.

MASS TOURISM V.S. ALTERNATIVE

Mass Tourism

IMPACTS Positive Negative

Economic Impacts • Brings Money into local economy.

• Creates jobs for local people.

• Increases the income of

industries that supply tourism

e.g. Farming

• A lot of the profit made from tourism

is kept by the large travel companies

rather than going to the local

economy.

Social Impacts • Lots of jobs means young people

are more likely to stay in the

area.

• Improved roads, infrastructure

and communications benefit local

people.

• Income from tourism can be

reinvested in local community

projects

• The tourism jobs available to locals

are often badly paid and are

seasonal.

• Traffic congestion caused by tourists

can inconvenience local people.

• The behaviour of some tourists can

offend locals.

Environmental impacts • Income from tourism can be

reinvested in protecting the

environment.

• Transporting lots of people long

distances releases greenhouse

gasses that cause global warming.

• Tourism can increase litter and

pollution.

• Tourism can lead to the destruction

of natural habitats

A Choice BetweenTwo Categories of Tourism:

Alternative Tourism:

Individually planned activities to gain and experience first-

hand knowledge about local cultures and environments.

Focus on secluded areas, occur during non-peak

travelling times, can include arranging own flights and

accommodations.

Example: a self-planned biking trip through Vermont, while

camping or arranging accommodations “as you go.”

MASS TOURISM V.S. ALTERNATIVE

Alternative Tourism

A Quick Comparison between Mass and Alternative Tourism

Mass Tourism Alternative Tourismlarge groups singles, families, friends

traditional recent trend

fixed program spontaneous decisions

focus on “sights” focus on “experiences”

little or no background research careful preparation and research

desire for souvenirs desire for memories / knowledge

purchase items while there bring items to give away

may involve loud social activities quiet, low impact

snapshots and postcards photography and painting

no language preparation learn local language

The Different Types of Tourism(A General Overview)

We have already discussed the travel variables that influence

people to travel, or to stay at home. When travel motivators

and barriers combine with these variables, they affect the

travel destination and what type of travel experience the tourist

signs up for. Today, the tourism industry offers many

specialized forms of tourism in order to meet the increasingly

diverse and the unique requests of a demanding public.

People want to be able to choose from a variety of options

based on to their needs and desires!

The Different Types of Tourism(A General Overview)

These “types of tourism” categories are a useful way to

start looking at where tourists go, why they go there,

and what they do while on vacation. However, it is

important to note that these categories are not always

as clear cut as they suggest, as travelers will engage in

variety of activities while on vacation, many of which

overlap into more than one category.

Pleasure Tourism

• To improve the physical or spiritual condition of an

individual .

• Examples: yoga workshops, detoxification clinics,

spas, etc.

Business Tourism

To complete a business transaction or attend a

business meeting / conference.

Nature Tourism

To enjoy a natural setting or wildlife, including

ecotourism.

Cultural Tourism

To experience the history, folklore, and culture of a

people.

Social Tourism

Travel that involves the company of others, such as

tour-bus travel or family visits.

Recreation Tourism

To escape the routine of daily life, such as camping

or going to a beach.

Active Tourism

Has a set objective, such as climbing a mountain or

learning a new language.

Sports Tourism

To experience a sport or sporting event – watching

and participating, such as ski holidays or the

Olympics.

Religious Tourism

Involves visiting a place of spiritual significance.

Health / Medical Tourism

To improve one’s health, such as a visit to a health

resort or weight-loss camp.

*Adventure Tourism

Involves challenges and adventure, such as trekking

through a tropical rainforest or rock climbing.

* Types of Sustainable Tourism, a movement, which started

around 2000.

*Wilderness Tourism

To experience something very different from everyday life in remote wilderness areas.

* Types of Sustainable Tourism, a movement, which started around 2000.

*Ecotourism

Stresses low-impact adventure in a natural setting; sometimes called “green tourism.”

* Types of Sustainable Tourism, a movement, which started around 2000.

Ecotourism is tourism that doesn’t harm theenvironment and benefits the local people.

Ecotourism involves:

Conservation-protecting and managing the environment.

Stewardship-taking responsibility for conserving the

environment.

Ideally conservation and stewardship should involve local

people and local organisations so that local people benefit

from tourists.

Ecotourism is usually a small scale activity, with only small

numbers of visitors going to an area at a time. This helps

keep the environmental impact of tourism low.

Environmental benefits Economic benefits Benefits for local people

• Local people are

encouraged to conserve the

environment rather than use

it for damaging activities.

• It reduces poaching and

hunting of endangered

species.

• Ecotourism projects try to

reduce the use of fossil

fuels.

• Waste that tourists create is

disposed of carefully.

• Ecotourism creates jobs for

local people (e.g. as guides

or in tourist lodges) which

helps the local economy

grow.

• Local people not directly

employed in tourism can

also make money by selling

local crafts to visitors or

supplying the tourist industry

with goods.

• People have better and

more stable incomes in

ecotourism than in other jobs

e.g. farming

• Many ecotourism schemes

fund community projects e.g.

schools, water tanks and

health centres.

1. Sustainable development means improving the quality of life for people but doing it in a way that doesn’t stop people in the future getting what they need.

2. Ecotourism helps areas to develop by increasing the quality of life for local people- the profits from ecotourism can be used to build schools or healthcare facilities.

3. The development is sustainable because its done without damaging the environment- without ecotourism people may have to make a living to improve their lives by doing something that harms the environment e.g. cutting down trees.

An area of sustainable tourism that includes all

ecotourism, most of alternative tourism and mass

tourism.

SUSTAINABLE TOURISM

Sustainable Tourism

• Sustainability is a critical factor.

• It is "development that meets the needs of the

present without compromising the ability of future

generations to meet their own needs"

Cinematic Tourism

• Movies based tourism where people travel to

watch shooting of films/movies or the location

where picturization of movie was done.

• Some time people just want to study cinema

or want to learn about its various aspects or

some time they just visit place to meet/see

their favoruite actor/actress in area

Slum Tourism

• Slum tourism - people travel to slum areas

to see slum or poor people’s life style and

to support them with the help of NGO or

themselevs .

Beach Tourism

• People prefer to travel sea

beach area to spent their quality

time. Relaxation , recreation

• Sea , sand and sun

• They stay there in camps or

nearby hotels. e.g. Goa

Tribal Tourism

• People travel to see or observe tribal life style culture in

their natural habitat , interior area or countryside away from

the main stream society and urban place.

• They want to learn or do some research study on tribes.

• It is also known as ethnic tourism

A wealthy individual always on vacation, some ofthem for tax purposes, to avoid being resident inany country.

Perpetual Tour

This tour is by

visiting a

particular location

after seeing it in a

film or reading

about it.

Pop-culture Tour

It includes all those products associated with the

archaeological patrimony already are visits to

archaeological deposits, museums, interpretation centers,

spectacles of historical recreation, the recovery of

associated native products to last times, festivals of

theater.

Archaeological tourism

Travelling to a disaster scene not

primarily for helping, but because it’s

interesting to see. It can be a problem if

it hinders rescue, relief and repair work.

This is also the act of looking upon the

devastation.

Disaster tour

Not travelling physically but exploring the world through internet, books, TV, etc.

Armchair/Virtual tourism

Agri-tourism focused on various

agricultural technology. It describes the

act of visiting a working farm or any

agricultural, horticultural or agribusiness

operation to enjoy, be educated or be

involved in activities.

Farm based tourism, helping to support

Physical activity or sports-oriented that includes the following:

adventure tourism, agri-tourism, audio tourism,educational tourism, extreme tourism, heritagetourism, garden tourism, health tourism, tea tourism ,wine tourism , eco-tourism, ancestry tourism, ruraltourism, bio-tourism, bookstore tourism, creativetourism, music and dance tourism, mystical tourismand winter tourism , space tourism, sustainabletourism,

Niche Tourism

Includes audio walking tours

and other audio guided

forms of tourism including

museum audio guides and

audio travel books.

Audio-t

ourism

It may involve travelling to an

educational institutional; a

wooded retreat or some other

destination in order to take

personal-interest classes, such

as cooking classes with a

famous chef or crafts classes.Educational tourism

It is a type of niche tourism involving travel todangerous places or participation indangerous events. It overlaps with extremesport. The two share the main attraction,adrenaline rush caused by an element of riskand different mostly in the degree ofengagement and professionalism.

Extreme tourism

Visiting historical (Rome , Athens, Cracow) or industrial sitessuch as old canals, railways, battlegrounds, etc.

Visiting botanical

gardens famous places in

the history gardens such as

Versailles and the Taj

Mahal.

Garden tourism

It is usually used to

escape from cities

or relieve stress;

perhaps for some

‘fun in the sun’,etc.

Often to “health

spas”.

Health tourism

Tourism alone or with groups to participate inhobby interest to meet others with similarinterest or to experience something pertinentto the hobby. Example might be garden tours,amateur radio or square dance cruises.

also known as genealogy tourism) It’s aim is to trace one’s ancestry, visiting the birth places of these ancestor’s and sometimes getting to know distant family.

Ancestry tour

It implies not only natural elements such as forest

and mountains, but also the indigenous local

characteristics such as traditions, customs and

folklore. Direct experience with local people

can be a unique selling point to attract tourists.

Rural tour

Paves the way for a sustainable usage ofnatural resources which are available inpromoting the tourism and recreationindustry.

Bio Tourism

Winter Tourism

Winter sports contribute to winter tourism. Manywater sports holiday packages are available atplaces in many countries apart from Ski andSnow festival tours organized annually. Skiingis extremely popular in the mountainous areas.Majority of the event participants are fromcountries with a warm climate.

Mystical Tourism

This involves medication, yoga and

rituals.

'Dark tourism' is a differenttype of tourist attraction.It is the travel to sitesassociated with death andsuffering. Dark tourism orthan tourism is tourisminvolving travel to sitesassociated with death andsuffering.

Dark tourism

SPACE TOURISM

• Costliest types of tourism, is a trip to space. It is a travel to the earth’sorbit and sub orbit; travel to planets beyond the earth’s orbit , e.g. to Mars;moon,

• Earth based simulated experiences at NASA centre and entertainmentbased experience, visiting international space station, Observatories towatch stars, to know and learn about space related topics such as spaceshuttle, rocket launching ,landing , solar system

• Give unique and thrilling experience of viewing the earth from outerspace

• First space tourist – Denis Tito

• Companies promoting space tourism are

Virgin Galactic, Space Adventures, Starchaser, Blue Origin, BigleowAerospace, etc.

Carrying capacity

• In case of tourism, it is defined as the maximum number of

people that may visit a tourist destination at the same time ,

without causing destruction of the physical, economic ,

socio-cultural environment and an unacceptable decrease in

the quality of visitors’ s satisfaction….

• Advocacy platform: 1950's - 1960's. Tourism considered an ideal activity with fewnegative impacts for tourist destinations. Government should promote tourism.

• Cautionary platform: 1970's. Proposed that tourism would eventually result innegative impacts for tourism destinations unless it was carefully planned andregulated.

• Adaptancy platform: 1980"s. Promoted less mass tourism and more alternativetourism. Alternative tourism included: home stays; cultural villages and volunteertourism.

• Knowledge-based platform: 1990's. Promotes planning for specific tourismactivities and destinations which attempt to scientifically determine impacts andcapacities for tourism destinations.

JAFARI'S FOUR PLATFORMS

• The relationship between the quantity that tourismenterprises provided.

• Tourism enterprises wish to sell at various prices and thequantity of tourism services that consumers wish to buy.

SUPPLY AND DEMAND

TOURISM IMPACTS

• Positive

• Negative

• Direct

• In direct

Benefits and Costs of Tourism

Tourism brings both economic and non-economicbenefits and costs to host communities.

The benefits including:a) Provides employment opportunities, both skilled and

unskilled, because it is labor-intensive industry.b) Generates a supply of needed foreign exchangec) Increase incomed) Creates increased gross national producte) Reinforces preservation of heritage and traditionf) Develops an infrastructure that will also help stimulate

local commerce and industryg) Can be develop with local product and resourcesh) Spreads development

Benefits and Costs of Tourism

The costs including:a) Develop excess demand for resourcesb) Create social problemsc) Degrades the natural physical environment and create

pollution.d) Degrades the cultural environment e) Increase the incidence of crime, prostitution and

gamblingf) Commercialize culture, religion and the artsg) Creates conflict in the host communityh) Contributes to disease, economic fluctuation and

transportation problems