THINKING

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What is it?- Manipulation of words & images

Cognitive psychologyStudies how the mind

- Organizes perceptions- Processes information- Interprets experience


Includes: Intention Anticipation Reasoning Memory Realization Judgment / Evaluation Decision-making Imagination Creativity





Associative Thinking-- includes indirected and uncontrolled thinking such as occur in reveries and dreams.

a.Autistic thinking ( also called

daydreaming )b. Nightdreaming

( due to unconscious impulses )C. Imagination

(process of creating objects or events)D. Eidetic imagery

( Photographic Minds )


Directed Thinking-- thinking oriented towards a goal – as in reasoning about a problem.

a.Critical thinking (crucial judgment or

evaluation of something )

b. Creative Thinking ( involves the ability to

produce new forms in art )

- Preparation- Incubation- Illumination- Verification


Directed Thinking

c. Brainstorming ( technique which involves grouping people )d. Reasoning( process of logical thinking )e. Problem Solving( process used in discovering the correct sequence of alternatives leading to a goal )


Algorithms-- fixed set of rules that, if followed correctly, will eventually lead to a solution.

Heuristics-- the rules of thumb, or clever and creative mental shortcuts

Changing One’s Mental Set Using Analogies

-- strategy for finding a similarity between the new situation and an old

Forming Subgoals-- a strategy that involves breaking down the overall problem


> Think Accurately: Separate Facts From Mere

Information

> Separate Facts Into Two Classes: The Important And The

Unimportant, Or, The Relevant And The Irrelevant

Accurate Thinking Involves Two Fundamental:


Once a problem is represented (whether its through words, static images, or mental models), we try out possible solutions and test to see if they work. If the problem is solved, life goes on. If not, we return to the proverbial drawing board to come up with new ideas.


Strategies:- Trial & error

Identify problem Gather informationTry a solutionEvaluate results


Strategies:- Trial & error- Algorithm

A systematic, step-by-step problem-solving strategy, guaranteed to provide a solution

- HeuristicA rule of thumb that allows one to

make judgments that are quick but often in errorL K C C O

- Insight


Problems with Problem Solving

Mental setThe tendency to use a

strategy that has worked in the past

Functional FixednessA tendency to think of

objects only in terms of their usual functions, a limitation that

disrupts problem solving


Problems with Problem Solving

Confirmation BiasThe inclination to search only

for evidence that will verify one’s beliefs

Belief PerseveranceThe tendency to cling to beliefs

even after they have been discredited

Anderson (1980)


Try to make best choice from alternatives

Utility: value of given outcome

Probability: likelihood you’ll achieve it

Representativeness HeuristicA tendency to estimate the

likelihood of an event in terms of how typical

(how similar to the prototype) it seems

Availability HeuristicA tendency to estimate the likelihood of an event in

terms ofhow easily instances of it can

berecalled



What is it?- a form of communication consisting of a system of sounds, words, meanings, and rules for their combination.

> Formal system of communication-- Spoken,written, and/or gestures

> Between 5,000 and 6,000 languages, worldwide

-- Most languages also have many dialects


-- Semantic There are separate units in a language

and these units have meaningPhoneme: basic building block of spoken languageMorpheme: smallest unit that carries meaning

-- Generative Combing language in novel

ways

-- DisplacementThe property of language that

accounts for the capacity to communicate about matters that are

not in the here-and-now


Grammar-- The rules of a language-- Syntax

> Specifies how words can be arranged-- Semantics

> Specifies how meaning is understood & communicated

Transformational grammar-- Any one thought

can be expressedin different ways


No one disputes the stages of language development

But there are two main questions in terms of what it all means

-- Is language acquisition a product of nature or

nurture?-- Which comes first –

language or thought?


• Is it nature or nurture?– Skinner vs. Chomsky

• Skinner: Children learn language the way animals learn mazes

• Chomsky: The brain is hard-wired for learning lang.

– Critical period• During the first few years of life, we are most

receptive to language learning

• What comes first – thought or language?» Both: sometimes children use

words to communicate what they already know

and sometimes they form concepts to fit the words they hear


Thank you for

Listening !

Education

THINKING