THERMAL COMFORT News of Science and Education

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NR 20 (20) 2014

News of Science

and Education

Sheffield SCIENCE AND EDUCATION LTD

2014

News of Science and Education

Editor in chief: SERGIY YEKIMOV

Editorial board: prof. Vaclav Helus, CSc. prof. Jan Kuchar, CSc. prof. Karel Hajek, CSc. prof. Alena Svarcova, CSc. prof. Jiri Cisar, CSc. prof. Vera Winterova, CSc. doc. PhDr. David Novotny, Ph.D. doc. PhDr. Zdenek Salac, Ph.D. prof. Pavel Suchanek, CSc. prof. Katarzyna Hofmannova, CSc. prof. Vaclav Grygar, CSc. prof. Zuzana Syllova, CSc. prof. Alena Sanderova, CSc. prof. Marek Jerabek, CSc. prof. Vera Perinova, CSc. prof. Ing. Karel Marsalek, M.A., Ph.D. prof. Ing. Jiri Smolik, M.A., Ph.D.

Technical editor:

Mgr. Helena Krzyzankova

Editorial address:

OFFICE 1, VELOCITY TOWER,10 ST. MARY’S GATE, SHEFFIELD, S

YORKSHIRE, ENGLAND, S1 4LR

e-mail: [email protected]

Date signed for printing , 10.12.2014 Publisher : Science and education LTD

Registered Number: 08878342 OFFICE 1, VELOCITY TOWER,10 ST. MARY’S GATE, SHEFFIELD, S YORKSHIRE, ENGLAND, S1 4LR

News of Science and Education 20 (20) 2014

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*179751*

*181147*

*181659*

*180342*

*179667*

*179544*

*181600*

*174845*

*179773*

*179848*

*179439*

*180918*

*182103*

*179590*

*181031*

20 (20) 2014 Chemistry and chemical technology

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REFERENCES

1. Andreyevskaya, G.D., Plisko, T.A. (1963). Some Physical Properties of Continuous Basalt Fibers (In Russian), Steklo i Keramika, 8: 15−18.

2. Aslanova, M.S. (1960). High-temperature Resistant Inorganic Fibers and Properties Thereof (In Russian), Steklo i Keramika, 9: 11−13.

3. Myasnikov A.A., Aslanova, M.S. (1964). The Effect of a Chemical Com-position of Basalt Fiber on Its Chemical Resistance (In Russian), Steklo i Keramika, 3: 9−11.

4. Dzhigiris, D.D., Makhova, M.F., Gorbinskaya, V.D., Bombyr', L.N. (1983). Continuous Basalt Fiber (In Russian), Steklo i Keramika, 9: 14−16.

5. Morozov, N.N., Bakunov, V.S., Morozov, Ye.N., Aslanova, L.G., Granovski, P.A., Proshkin, V.V., Zemlyanitsyn, A.A. (2001). Materials Based on Basalts from the European North of Russia (In Russian), Steklo i Keramika, 3: 24−27.

6. Perepelkin, K.Ye. (2009). Polymer matrices/binders, Reinforcing Binders and Fibrous Polymer Composites (In Russian), Scientific Bases and Tech-nology, Saint-Petersburg, pp. 154−160.

7. Berlin, A.A. (2009). Thermoreactive Binders, Polymer Composite Materi-als: Structure, Properties, Technology (In Russian), Profession, Saint-Pe-tersburg, pp. 33−50.

8. Sobolevski, M.V. (1975). Properties and Application Fields of Organic-Sil-icon Products, Chemistry (In Russian), Moscow, pp. 93−112.

9. Mikhailin, Yu.A. (1984). Technological and Service Properties of Polyi-mide Binders, Prepregs, and Imidoplasts (In Russian), Plasticheskiye Massy, 3: 31−33.

10. Mallinson, G. (1973). Selecting pipes for operation, The Use of Parts of Fiberglass-Reinforced Plastics in Chemical Production (In Russian), Khimia, Moscow, pp. 37−38.

CONTENT

ECOLOGY

Macanović G., Lutovac M.V., Radoman K., Pljakić B. THERMAL COMFORT ............................................................................................... 5

Hasanov G.N., Asvarova T.A., Hajiyev K.M., Akhmedova Z.N., Abdulaeva A.S., Bashirov R.R., Salihov S.A. THE PRODUCTIVITY OF MEADOW-CHESTNUT SOILS OF THE NORTH – WESTERN PRECASPIAN REGION ACCORDING TO THE DYNAMICS OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ........................... 17

Hajiyev A.H., Rustamov Y.I. ADJUSTMENT OF THE LEVEL OF GROUND WATER BY USING HORIZONTAL DRAIN ACADEMICIAN ............................................ 26

AGRICULTURE

Braginets N.V., Bakhariev D.N. USE OF THE LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY AT THE THEORETICAL JUSTIFICATION OF PARAMETERS OF THE FEEDER OF THE LOADING MACHINE FOR CORN COBS ................ 32

Saydak R.V., Tarariko.Y.O. VERTICAL INFILTRATION OF MOISTURE AND NITROGEN IN SOD-PODZOLIC PERIODICALLY WATER-LOGGED SOILS ....................... 45

Merzlyak D., Udodov S., Dovgun I., Martsynkevych L. ANALYTICAL STUDY OF THE METHODS AND MEANS OF BEER WORT HEAT TREATMENT ................................................................... 50

Kopaleishvili T., Kipiani A., Xvedelidze V. DIAGNOSIS OF BURN HEALING EFFECT OF NEW PHYTOPREPARATION ON THE BASIS OF EXSTRACTED OIL OF TEA LEAF ....................................... 57

PHYSICS

Abdullin I., Khubatkhuzin А., Khristoliubova V., Gafarov I. INCREASE OF HARDNESS AND PHYSICAL MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS AND ALLOYS WITH THE HELP OF RF-PLASMA OF LOW PRESSURE ................................................................................................. 63

Muminov Kh.Kh., Shokirov F.Sh., Atoeva Kh.I. NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF NEW TYPES OF TOPOLOGICAL AND DYNAMICAL SOLITONS IN NON-LINEAR SIGMA-MODEL .................. 69

Korablev G.А., Petrova N.G., Kodolov V.I., Korablev R.G., Osipov A.K., Akmarov P.B. ENTROPIC NOMOGRAM ........................................................................................ 78

Kamilov I.K., Stepurenko A.A.and Gummetov A.E. THE DIAMAGNETIC MODULATION OF THE CROSS GALVANOMAGNETIC EFFECT IN A LONGITUDINAL AUTOSOLITON IN P-INSB ...................................................................................... 87

CHEMISTRY AND CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY

Fedina Y.A., Papulov Yu.G., Vinogradova M.G. CORRELATION ANALYSIS BETWEEN BOILING POINT AND RANDIĆ INDEX OF ALKANES ..................................................................... 95

Sverdlikovs’ka O., Burmistr M., Chervakov O. PERSPECTIVE IONIC LIQUIDS BASED ON QUATERNARY AMMONIUM SALTS – DERIVATIVES OF MORPHOLINE WITH NITRATE ANION ........................................................................................... 99

Kim S., Mambeterzina G., Kim D. FROM PERIODIC TABLE OF CHEMICAL ELEMENTS TO THE CIRCLE AND CODE OF NATURAL ELEMENTS OF THE UNIVERSE ................................................................................................ 105

Tatarintseva O.S., Zimin D.E., Khodakova N.N. POLYMER COMPOSITE OF ENHANCED HEAT AND CHEMICAL RESISTANCE FOR FILAMENT-WOUND PRODUCTS OF FUNCTIONAL PURPOSE ................................................................................. 117


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Figure 5. Photographs of TC binder-based basalt plastic: initial sample (a)

and sample after holding in NaOH (b). There is no doubt that the most reliable information on the efficiency of the ma-

terial developed or a product can be acquired by its direct testing. According to the literature data [10], one of the conditions for a long-term service of plastics is a 10-fold strength reserve of a product when normally tested. For a guaranteed service of basalt plastic under conditions stipulated by requirements imposed on hot water supply pipes (1.6 MPa), such tests should be conducted at a pressure of 16 MPa. When hydro-tested, basalt plastic pipes based on the ЭХДИ and ЭДИ binders have exhibited only a 5-fold strength reserve (8 MPa) due to enhanced moisture permeability while basalt plastic pipes based on the TC binder have demonstrated more than a 9-fold strength reserve (14.5 MPa). Testing at a higher pressure appeared to be impossible because of the ina-bility of testing equipment to withstand said regime.

V. CONCLUSIONS

The choice of basalt fibers to reinforce composite materials meant to service

under extreme conditions (mechanical loads, humidity, increased temperature, corro-sive environment) has been substantiated and experimentally confirmed by data on heat and chemical resistances, wettability, and binder impregnation rate.

Considering the known literature and experimental data on heat resistance of epoxy resins as well as the obtained functional dependence of heat resistance on the content of a curing agent, a binder formulation comprising the nitrogen-containing epoxy resin УП-610 and iso-methyltetrahydrophthalic anhydride has been developed. The binder has the Martens heat resistance greater than 150°C and rheological charac-teristics that enable its processing to a polymer composite material at low temperatures.

Basalt plastic based on basalt fibers and the TC binder possesses excellent strength characteristics that do not change after exposure to increased temperatures and corrosive environments.

The hydrostatic tests have proved the possibility of utilizing the developed plas-tic in the manufacture of filament-wound products intended for service under extreme conditions.


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high. Basalt plastics based on the ЭХДИ and ЭДИ binders are however more affected by increased temperature (Table 3).

Table 3. The temperature effect on physicomechanical characteristics of bas-

alt plastics.

Binder brand

Binder content (%)

ρ (kg/m3)

Strength characteristics at Т (°С)

20 150

tg (MPa) Еtg (MPa) tg (MPa) Еtg (MPa)

ТС 22.8 1870 921±28 24710±338 842±25 21745±238

ЭХДИ 24.0 1860 901±28 23730±411 367±22 7380±192

ЭДИ 23.0 1840 891±25 24340±401 510±24 13052±276

The chemical resistance of basalt plastic was evaluated from the change in weight

of specimens in the form of rings cut out from pipes after holding in corrosive media at room temperature and from the change in strength characteristics after boiling.

To conduct experiments, the samples were preliminary dried to a constant weight at room temperature, placed in a dessicator filled with a solution, and held for 24 h therein. Distilled water, sulfuric acid, alkali, transformer oil, gasoline, acetone, and ethanol were utilized as solutions. The increase in weight after the samples had been held in NaOH was 0.05%, and it did not exceed 0.03% in the other solutions, which indicates a high chemical resistance of basalt plastic.

To study the temperature effect, the samples were placed in a water bath filled with an appropriate reagent and boiled for 30 h. Table 4 lists the results which demon-strate that the developed polymer composite reinforced with basalt fibers is quite re-sistant in acid and alkali.

Table 4. The chemical resistance of basalt plastic.

Parameter Parameter value Initial

H2O

H2SO4 NaOH 1N 2N 1N 2N

σtg (MPa) 921±28 916±30 842±26 803±22 872±26 852±26 Еtg (MPa) 24710±338 24800±248 22690±289 22280±317 23680±313 23220±236

After exposure to the corrosive media the samples did not undergo changes, and

no cracks and caverns were detected on their surface, which is evidenced by photo-graphs in Figure 5.


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*179667* Gordana Macanović1)

International University, District of Brcko, Bosnia and Herzegovina Mitar V. Lutovac,Kristina Radoman2)

University Union,Belgrade, Benida Pljakić(3)

University in Novi Pazar, Novi Pazar, Serbia

THERMAL COMFORT

Abstract

A principal purpose of heating, ventilating and air conditioning system is to pro-vide conditions for human thermal comfort. A widely accepted definition is «Thermal Comfort is that condition of mind that expresses satisfaction with thermal environ-ment». The conscious mind appears to reach conclusion about thermal comfort and discomfort from direct temperature and moisture sensations from the skin, deep body temperatures, and the efforts necessary to regulate body temperatures. In general, com-fort occurs when body temperatures are held within narrow ranges, skin moisture is low, and the physiological effort of regulation is minimized.

Comfort also includes behavioral actions initiated by the conscious mind and guided by thermal and moisture sensations to reduce discomfort. For example, altering clothing, altering activity, changing posture or location, changing the thermostat set-ting, opening a window, complaining, or leaving the space are some of the possible behavioral action to reduce discomfort.

Surprisingly, though regional climate conditions, living conditions, and cultures differ widely, throughout the world the preferred temperature that people choose for comfort under like conditions of clothing, activity, humidity, and air movement has been found to be similar.

The metabolic activities of the body result almost completely in heat that must be continuously dissipated and regulated to prevent abnormal body temperatures. Insuffi-cient heat loss leads to overheating also called hyperthermia, and excessive heat loss results in body cooling also called hypothermia. Skin temperatures higher than 45ºC or lower than 18ºC cause pain. Skin temperatures associated with comfort at sedentary activities are 33 to 34 ºC. In contrast internal temperatures risk with activity. The tem-perature regulatory center is in the brain. An internal temperature less than about 28ºC can lead to serious cardiac arrhythmia and death and temperatures greater than 46ºC can cause irreversible brain damage. Therefore the careful regulation of body temper-ature is critical to comfort and health.

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Key words: thermal comfort, body, metabolic activities, temperatures, activity, humidity

Introduction

Well protected human body can be adapted to variations of ambient temperatures from

-50ºC to 100º C. At the same time physiological mechanisms able to do it alone in the range of 0ºC to – 50ºC, and outside these limits only with the clothes, air conditioning and the like. Temperature of the body core, however, can vary quite a bit, by only 4ºC without changes of optimal mental and physical abilities. The upper limit of survival at that time is very nearly constant temperature, because the human body can only a very short time tolerate rise in body temperature over 41ºC, and the mechanisms of defense against overheating are much better developed than the defense mechanisms from cooling.

Thermal equilibrium

In order to keep quantity of heat in the body at constant level, that is, to keep the

body temperature unchanged, heat quantities produced and received from the environ-ment must be equal to the heat losses, according to the formula:

φ = α ± β ± γ – δ = 0

where α means metabolic heat production, β – radiation gradient that can be positive

at a time when the ambient temperature is higher than the temperature of the skin, or nega-tive in the opposite case, γ – convection / conduction factor, which can also be either positive or negative, depending on the temperature of the air, δ – heat losses by evaporation.

Figure 1 Heat balance of man [1]

Live and latent heat losses due to respiration

Methabolic heat

Exchange by radia-tion with surround-

ing walls

Conducton to adja-cent air layers of from

them

Convective exchanges with air

Evaporative heat losses due to

sweating


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Figure 4. Temperature dependence of the TC binder viscosity. The studies of technological properties of the TC binder have revealed that at the

processing temperature of 30°C it has viability of no less than 3.5 h, which is quite suffi-cient for industrial conditions. It is worth mentioning that at lowered temperatures 12−16 °C the binder keeps the viability for 72 h, and its gelatinization is 8−12 min at 120 °C.

Fabricated model specimens of the cured TC binder had strength characteristics and increased (by 50−70 %) water resistance comparable with the ЭДИ and ЭХДИ binders.

IV. THE EFFICIENCY ASSESSMENT OF BASALT PLASTIC

The advantages of basalt fibers considered with respect to strength, wettability,

rate and completeness of impregnation with epoxy resins as well as high heat resistance and low water absorption of the TC binder have served as a ground for creating a com-posite material and testing its efficiency in products being manufactured by the wind-ing method. As a consequence of the design and technological works under laboratory conditions, we chose a composition containing 22−24 % of the binder providing, upon two-step curing (125 °С – 1 h, 150 °С – 2 h), higher performance of basalt plastic at a density, ρ, equal to (1860±10) kg/m3. The efficiency of the composite was evaluated from the change in strength characteristics of specimens cut out in the axial direction from basalt plastic pipes having a diameter of 110 mm and a wall thickness of 5 mm, under conditions of increased temperatures, humidity, and corrosive environments. The basalt rovings, РБ 13-800-76 and РБ 9-400, were used for the cross-fibered longi-tudinal-circumferential winding of products in the circular direction and in the axial direction, respectively.

The experiments showed that the mechanical characteristics (strength, tg, and modulus of elasticity, Еtg, in the tangential direction) of polymer composites fabricated using different binders, at room temperature, were almost the same and sufficiently


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resins with OPDA was found to be accompanied by the strong self-heating of the binder while introduction of TEA sharply diminishes the binder pot life and raises the viscos-ity, complicating the binder application to manufacture filament-wound products. To this end, iso-MTHPA appeared to be the most promising. The curing reaction rate be-ing sufficiently high in the studied concentration range for this curing agent (120−150 parts by weight), the introduction of accelerator УП 606/2, which decreases heat re-sistance, to the binder formulation is not necessary.

When a part of resin ЭД-20 is replaced with УП 610 using iso-MTHPA, the binder heat resistance increases. Changing the ratio of the resins content by increasing УП 610 up to 75 % makes it possible to enhance heat resistance of the formulations up to 142 °C, but the level needed is not achieved. The experiments showed that the high-est heat resistance belongs to a binder based on УП 610 and iso-MTHPA whose content is 130−135 parts by weight (Figure 3). This binder was conditionally called TC.

Figure 3. The binder heat resistance as a function of the iso-MTHPA content. In the manufacture of filament-wound products, of importance are technological

characteristics of a binder such as viscosity, longevity, and gel time. After a curing agent has been introduced into a resin, the viscosity initially rises (gelation) up to the gel formation, and then the resin solidifies. To qualitatively impregnate a reinforcing agent, a binder has to have a low viscosity. Therefore, the viscosity must not change throughout the winding of a product at the processing temperatures. Upon completion of the winding, the binder gelation should be sufficiently rapid to avoid its running-off from the product.

It can be seen from the temperature dependence of the TC binder viscosity de-picted in Figure 4 that the viscosity level necessary for the processing 20−60 s is achieved at sufficiently low temperatures, which enables reduction of power inputs for the manufacture of products under industrial conditions.


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Thermo neutral environment According to mechanisms for maintaining body temperature, man could be clas-

sified as a tropical being; his optimal ambient temperature is between 28ºC and 30ºC. These are the conditions of thermal comfort [2], when a man can survive without cloth-ing and shelter, and when there is no a substantial loading of physiological functions involved in the process of thermoregulation, whose function is the maintenance of con-stant body temperature.

This constant temperature is related to the corporal core, which consists of: brain, heart, lungs, and abdominal organs, which do not tolerate temperature variations of more than 4°C. In contrast, temperature gradient between them and surface of the skin can reach even more than 20°C, but ideal difference is 4°C, when the temperature of the core 37º and of the skin 33ºC, what is realized in just-mentioned range of the am-bient temperature.

But even in these conditions the man produces excess of heat. Our energy metab-olism is inefficient in terms of food energy conversion into chemical energy, because each metabolic process generates a certain quantity of heat that appears as a byproduct.

In idle status about 75% of so generated heat is removed by process the radiation and convection, and the remaining 25% – largely by passive evaporation.

Thermoregulation in circumstances of physical work

When a person is exposed to a greater physical loading, the production of heat in-

creases by 20 to 30 times compared to the conventional 240-360 kJ/h, reaching even 4800–8000 kJ/h. Theoretically, without mechanisms heat output body temperature could in only 1h rise from 37ºC to 60ºC. Because of this, the conditions of thermal comfort viewed in relation to ambient temperature, differ according to the type of work. A pre-ferred temperature ranges from 17ºC to 31ºC, depending on climate and clothes. To en-sure optimal working environment, it is necessary to make a local microclimate by cool-ing or heating, wearing special clothes, isolation of specific work areas [3]. Even in ideal conditions, specific problem can appear. Certain parts of body respond differently to the same conditions, the legs are normally cooler than the other body parts. The air temper-ature of 33ºC does not give the same feeling as the same temperature of the water. The water should be 35°C if the man is going to feel pleasant in it, but doing so the body, in fact, is heated. Local heating of legs and arms can at the same time cause trembling and sweating. It is evident that by the inappropriate dressing, or by local heating or cooling the process of normal thermoregulation can be disrupted.

The effects of low temperatures

In low temperature conditions the heat losses can be significant, because the tem-

perature gradient body and environment is increased. In order to prevent the drop of

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body temperature, there is a variety of changes in adaptation, the production of heat increases, and the losses decrease.

Increase of heat production is achieved either by tremor or by increased physical activities. Tremor as a muscular activity created due to synchronized activation of al-most all muscles is inefficient in a mechanical sense, but it is extremely efficient in terms of generation of heat. It increases the metabolic rate at rest from 2 to 4 times, and thus leads to an increased production of heat. Even moderate physical activity increases the metabolic rate tenfold. Hard physical work or sport activities allow the production of so much heat that the body can maintain core temperature even at -30ºC in a very light clothes.

Reduction of the heat losses, however, is not so effective, because in the worst

case can cause tissue damage. Receptors, stimulated by cold, low temperature will react with shock that will lead to an immediate vasoconstriction of peripheral blood vessels,

Table 1 Characteristics of processes preventing overheating of human body Process Characteristics

Radiation

Infrared thermal waves length 5-20 μm Depends on temperature of surrounding bodies No need for air Does not depend on the air temperature It is disabled when ambient temperature is higher than body temperature

Conduction

Direct heat transfer to molecules of solid, liquid and gaseous bodies Depends directly on the temperature gradient Depends on conductivity; water conductivity is 20 to 25 times higher than conductivity of air

Convection

Heat transfer owing to air flow «An intimate or private air zone « Speed of air change in this area determines also the possibility of conduction of these amounts of heat If the air temperature is higher or equal to the body tempera-ture, air flow velocity is essential

Evaporation

Passive evaporation, moisture loss from the skin and through the respiratory organs Body has two to four million of sweat glands, which may lead to secretion of 10-12 liters of sweat Evaporation of 1 liter of sweat consumes about 2500 kJ The sweat is hypotonic solution of NaCl (0.2-0.4%) Evaporation rate depends on the area of skin, as well as on air temperature, humidity and flow


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polymer compositions. Peculiar properties of the basalt fiber surface (the existence of silanol and hydroxyl groups of impurity metals, which are active adsorption sites capable of interacting with binder components) result in a variation of the interaction process between the polymer matrix and the reinforcing agent in two aspects. Firstly, the chem-ism of the curing process changes, which provides a greater depth of its passing. Sec-ondly, the physicochemical interaction at the interface changes and, accordingly, physi-cochemical properties of the composite vary. Following this particular impact, a polymer matrix was being selected for composite materials based on basalt fibers.

III. DEVELOPMENT OF A HEAT-RESISTANT BINDER

A literature search for binder components to fabricate basalt plastic to be exploited

under conditions of 100% humidity at 150°C and 1.6 MPa showed that binders widely used in the manufacture of polymer composites and based on unsaturated esters, phe-nol-formaldehyde, organic-silicon, polyimidine and furan resins endowing a plastic with high thermal stability do not meet requirements imposed on the manufacturing characteristics, are difficult to process, and often require generation of excessive inter-nal pressure upon curing, to remove reaction products and residual solvents.

Conventional materials to manufacture filament-wound products of high strength and low weight include binders based on the epoxydiane resins − ЭД-20 (ЭДИ) and ЭХД (ЭХДИ) which possess technological properties necessary for the winding and provide products with high strength characteristics and operating temper-atures of 90 °C and 120 °C, respectively. Enhancement of the operating temperature of composites using those binders being not possible, we attempted to create a new heat-resistant binder. It is well known from the literature that the highest heat resistance of glass plastics is due to the nitrogen-containing epoxy resin УП-610 − the condensation product of epichlorohydrin and p-aminophenol followed by dehydrochlorination. It has an increased reactivity (epoxy groups content 33−40 %) allowing the curing process at moderate temperatures. When cured, it is characterized by high physicomechanical properties and increased heat resistance. The resin УП-610 was therefore chosen as the basic component of the binder under development.

To select curing agents, consideration was given to iso-methyltetrahydrophthalic anhydride (iso-MTHPA), triethanolamine (TEA), and o-phenylenediamine (OPDA). Diethylene glycol and trimethylaminomethylphenol (УП 606/2) served as a plasticizer and an accelerator, respectively.

The heat resistance of the epoxy compositions was evaluated by the Martens method that consists in measuring the temperature at which a sample, being heated with a constant speed and exposed to the action of constant bending moment, deforms at a given value.

The heat resistance measurement results for the majority of binder formulations showed that plasticizers and accelerators decrease heat resistance; the content of these components should therefore be minimized. In the course of studies, the mixing of the


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The basalt fiber optical opacity making difficult the study of the impregnation process under the microscope, we employed a rapid method accepted for the compar-ative evaluation of the impregnation of reinforcing materials, using a B-630 cathetom-eter. The impregnation rate was defined as the value of a change in height of binder ascent in 1 min. Figure 2 illustrates kinetic curves of the impregnation of basalt and glass fibers with an epoxy binder at 20 °C.

Figure 2. The kinetics of impregnation of fibers with epoxy binder:

1 – glass fiber; 2 – basalt fiber. The rate and completeness of impregnation of the basalt fiber with a binder excels

the level of the same parameters for the glass fiber, which correlates with data on its better wetting with the binder. This naturally has an impact on the enhancement of strength characteristics of a plastic fabricated using basalt fiber (Table 2).

Table 2. Strength characteristics of fibers and plastics.

Fiber

Статья I. Characteristic value Roving Microplastic Раздел 1.01 Unidirectio

nal plastic Р (N) Ро (MN/tex) Р (N) Ро (MN/tex) Ро (N) σр (MPa)

Basalt 190 440 423 960 63 1507 Glass 220 520 400 920 53 1185

Note: Р, Р0 – breaking and specific breaking loads; σр – tensile strength. Thus, the selection of a reinforcing agent for further studies on designing a com-

posite material of enhanced thermal and chemical stabilities is based on the results from theoretical and experimental research.

The promising outlook for utilizing basalt fibers to manufacture plastics is speci-fied not merely by their unique properties but also by a significant effect they exert on


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what will result in reduced blood flow, or the loss of heat. Vasoconstriction is most pronounced in the extremities, especially the fingers and toes. Studies have shown that the blood flow through fingers may be varied up to 100 times. This reduces the tem-perature gradient of the skin of fingers and the environment, what in extremely low ambient temperatures can cause severe damage and even loss of fingers.

The effect of high temperatures

When one is exposed to ambient temperatures above 30ºC or performs any muscle

activity, body temperature has a tendency of rapid increase, and the mechanisms of thermoregulation which lead to heat loses and which serve to protect the body from overheating are as follows: radiation, convection, conduction and evaporation [4]. Their most important characteristics are summarized in Table 1.

Their contributions in the specific circumstances are very different, depending on the temperature of the environment. In conditions of thermal comfort activation of the sweat glands is not present, but at ambient temperature of 36ºC this mechanism serves to release 100% of surplus heat.

Excess heat losses at high ambient temperatures

When the ambient temperature increases, efficiencies of radiation, conduction and

convection rapidly decline (Table 2). At some point, when the ambient temperature becomes higher than body temperature, they become mechanisms through which the body receives heat, in particular when there is a source of radiation, such as when it comes to the workers in foundries or in glass blowing plants and similar.

Table 2 Participation of individual mechanisms the heat transfer at rest at dif-ferent ambient temperatures [5]

Process Environmental temperature, °C20 30 36

Total heat losses, J/m2s 63.1 38.1 43.1 Relative heat losses, % 100 100 100 Of that by Evaporation 13 27 100 Conduction 26 27 0 Radiation 61 46 0

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Table 3 Average and biophysical data for the human being Parameter Value Body weight m 60 – 70 kg Body volume, V 60 L Body surface A, naked 1.7 – 1.9 m2

Body temperature 37ºC Heart rate – the pulse 70 – 80/min Basal metabolism 70 – 80 W Number of breaths 16/min Amount of air inhaled 0.5 m3/h Average skin temperature 32 – 33ºC Lasting effect 85 W Exhalation of CO2 (in the stillstand) 10 – 20 E/h

In these conditions sweat glands are activated and the skin is cooled by evapora-

tion of the secreted sweat. A man has in average about two million glands, but the capacity is sweating very different; some people even do not have sweat glands! Acti-vation of glands in individual parts of the body is not simultaneous. When somebody is for longer period of time exposed to high temperatures, the amount of sweat increases so that it can reach up to several liters per hour. After a while occurs exhaustion of the mechanism of sweating, despite to regular compensation of liquid.

An important physiological mechanism that enables release of excess heat is the increased blood flow to the skin by process of vasodilation and by the increase in the minute cardiac output.

Heat emission in conditions of high humidity

Sweating by itself does not lower the temperature, but is a consequence of cooling

due to sweat evaporation from the skin surface. Evaporation of 1 liter of sweat con-sumes 2520 kJ. Several basic factors determine the rate of evaporation: (1) free surface of skin; (2) air temperature; (3) relative humidity of air; (4) air flow velocity [6]. Rel-ative humidity is certainly the most important parameter of the environment which in-fluences the degree of evaporation. If the humidity is high and the relative humidity is high it means that the pressure of the moisture in the air pressure approaches the sweat pressure on the skin, which is 0.06 bar, and the sweat cannot evaporate, but runs down the body. Air velocity can under such circumstances be very important. If it is higher, fast exchange in the zone of intimate air occurs, the moisture deficit immediately on the body increases, allowing evaporation of sweat from the skin surface. Because of this, a man easier tolerates high temperatures in the conditions of low humidity. Dry desert climate is easier to withstand than humid tropical climate, in spite to the much lower temperatures of the tropics.


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The findings afford ground to suppose that incorporation of basalt fibers in place of glass ones will allow composites to operate under more severe conditions. When making reinforced composite materials, of great importance is the wetting and impreg-nation of a filling agent with a polymer, which provides products with high physicome-chanical parameters. One of the conditions for a good polymolecular contact between the components is the complete wetting of fibers during impregnation. The higher the wettability, the better the binder spreading over the fiber surface and the fewer voids are left which are stress concentrators and the causes of premature aging and disinte-gration of a material in constructions.

The wettability of fibers with an epoxy binder was evaluated from the change in the limiting wetting angle measured by the sessile drop method. The objects of study were rovings from basalt and glass fibers. A drop of the binder was deposited on the roving fixed in a frame using a water-jacketed pipette, and in certain time intervals the drop projection was recorded to determine the wetting angle.

The experiments indicated that the basalt fiber is wetted with the epoxy binder better than the glass one (Figure 1).

Figure 1. Wettability of fibers with epoxy binder: 1 – glass fiber at 20 °C (○) and 50 С (●); 2 – basalt fiber at 20С (□) and 50С (■).

The wettability of fibers increases with increasing temperature, the character of

change in the wetting angle for the glass and basalt rovings being similar to the de-pendences obtained at room temperature.

Impregnation is one of the governing factors affecting physicomechanical pa-rameters of compositions and performance properties of products. Penetration of an impregnant deep into a fibrous material structure is due to the action of capillary forces and obeys the basic rules for impregnation of porous bodies.


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a filler and a binder but also a theoretical and experimental investigation into mechanical, chemical and temperature effects upon the material properties.

A successful implementation of great potentials of the polymer composite mate-rial depends significantly on selection of the components − reinforcing agent and pol-ymer matrix.

II. SELECTION OF A REINFORCING AGENT

For filament-wound plastics, the reinforcing materials are mainly glass fibers in the

form of rovings and filaments. At the same time, basalt fibers are known to be superior to glass ones in a number of properties (heat and chemical resistance, longevity, environmental safety) but have not been widely used to manufacture polymer composites till now [1-6]. The existence of huge reserves of the single-component raw material and a relatively mod-erate cost of fibers produced therefrom is not the least of the factors determining the prom-ising outlook for utilizing basalt fibers for those purposes. Considering this and having taken into account that basalt fibers in the manufacture of composite products are similar in many ways to the glass and that the available production technologies for glass plastics are also suitable for producing basalt plastics, we have undertaken studies on establishing the feasi-bility to replace reinforcing glass fibers with basalt ones.

As efficiency criteria for their application, we have taken absolute strength of the fibers having a diameter of 9−11 μm, absolute strength preservation percentage after thermal treatment, and chemical resistance estimated from weight losses after 3-h boiling in corrosive media.

Table 1 presents the experimental data on strength properties and chemical resistance of the fibers, showing that the basalt fiber has the highest modulus of elasticity, enhanced strength after thermal treatment, and superior alkali and acid resistances as opposed to the glass fiber.

Table 1. Comparative characteristics of basalt and glass fibers.

Parameter Parameter value Glass fiber Basalt fiber

Tensile strength (MPa) 2600 2500 Modulus of elasticity (MPa) 72000 110000 Strength preservation after heating (%) at a tempera-ture (ºС): 200 400 500 600

94 50 33 12

100 82 48 25

Chemical resistance (%) upon boiling in a medium: Н2О 2N NaOH 2N HCl

99.3 68.6 53.9

99.6 88.9 81.2


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Acclimatization Repeated or permanent exposure of body to high temperatures, and some people

also claim to low ones, causes a series of physiological changes in terms of adaptations that increase tolerance to high and low temperatures. In the body of certain insects in the fall builds up the «antifreeze» glycerol, what allows them to survive the winter. Humans do not have a similar mechanism; so far it has not been proven that exist some really effective physiological changes that enable the survival in harsh conditions.

Acclimatization to warmth

The changes are noticeable at the end of the first week, and completed in ten days.

Necessary exposure time is 2-4 hours per day. In practice, this means that those who are beginning to work in such a microclimate conditions should gradually extend their working hours, i.e. length of exposure, and establish full-time after about ten days.

Acclimatization involves two basic processes: circulatory acclimatization and in-creased efficiency of sweating. After 10 days of exposure to heat capacity for sweating is almost doubled, sweat is «diluted», sweating is more evenly distributed over the entire skin surface of the body. This, as well as the circulatory acclimation provides lower temperature of skin and core, and a lower heart rate at the identical load. Better redistribution of cardiac output caused by less need for blood transport to the skin blood vessels for cooling, allows better blood flow in muscles and their improved perfor-mance. In the process of acclimatization very essential is optimal compensation of liq-uid, particularly of water. After 2-3 weeks after termination of exposure to warm envi-ronment, any changes in terms of acclimatization disappear. It is considered that the acclimatization process could be affected by some physiological factors such as age, sex, and obesity, as well as the psychosomatic state of organism. At the same time there are still different opinions as regards to years of age. Women have lower sweating capacity than men, but their circulatory acclimatization is such that it compensates the difference. Such physiological mechanism makes female more resistant to dehydration during physical activities at high temperatures. Increased body weight is an additional factor of the metabolic load, so that the production of heat at same work load is in-creased, and subcutaneous layer of fatty tissue as a good insulator does not allow pas-sage of heat from the core to body surface, so that the heat output is more difficult. Nerve unstable persons are very difficult to acclimatize.

Complications

In response to thermal stress appear thirst, fatigue, staggering, tachycardia, and

visual disturbances [7]. If something in this period is not done, there will occur over-heating of the body, which manifests itself in varying degrees as heat cramps, heat exhaustion and heat stroke. Heat cramps manifested in the form of involuntary spasms

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of the muscles occur during or immediately after efforts, mainly in muscles, which were primarily engaged. They may occur because of an imbalance in body fluids and electrolytes, caused by increased losses through sweating and accumulation of adverse acidic metabolites. In addition to muscle spasms, also intense pains may occur, while the body temperature need not obviously be increased significantly. The prevention of this disorder is achieved by optimal hydration and addition of salt in the most appro-priate manner, preferably by the food intake.

Heat stroke is the most serious complication of thermal stress, which requires ur-gent medical intervention [9]. It occurs at high ambient temperatures, accompanied with high relative humidity. All this causes disturbance of mechanisms regulating the body temperature. When the thermoregulation fails, sweating stops, the skin becomes dry and warm, and body temperature rapidly increases over 40°C, with the occurrence of pro-nounced facial paleness and tachycardia. Indications are not dramatic; they appear grad-ually, but if something was not done in time, they can result with fatal outcome. The mortality is directly proportional to the level and duration of hyperthermia; therefore, it is necessary as soon as possible and aggressively to lower the body temperature. Ice cubes and alcoholic coverings should be applied, and a whole body should be immersed in ice water, with providing of as comfortable environmental conditions as possible.

Upper tolerance limits of high temperatures

When it comes to thermal stress, other factors, not just the temperature, are also

important for determining of individual response. In addition to physiological determi-nants, such as obesity and body size, the degree of well trained and acclimatization of the body must be taken into account, as well as the external factors such as heat of radiation, relative humidity, airflow, and clothing.

The most effective way to control heat stress is the prevention of its complica-tions. This is achieved by acclimatization and a good hydration. Another way is to monitor the microclimate factors. Some authors propose for these purposes determina-tion of index of thermal stress; this requires temperature-, relative humidity-, as well as heat radiation measurements. We as a mandatory parameter, besides to all these, use also measurement of airflow velocity. Combination of these factors should be such as to provide the effective temperature within the comfort zone in which 50% of people feel comfortable dressed in light clothing while performing easy operations.

Compensation of water and electrolytes

Appropriate hydration is one of the most important factors which enable acclimati-

zation to high temperature and prevent complications of thermal stress. High temperature combined with high humidity, is especially beneficial for dehydration. It has been found that loss of water, in amount of only 1% of body weight increases rectal temperature, and that the loss of 5-6% significantly reduces the working capacity. The dehydration reduces


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*180342* Tatarintseva O.S., Zimin D.E., Khodakova N.N.

Institute for Problems of Chemical and Energetic Technologies, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences

POLYMER COMPOSITE OF ENHANCED HEAT AND CHEMICAL RESISTANCE FOR FILAMENT-WOUND

PRODUCTS OF FUNCTIONAL PURPOSE

ABSTRACT: The possibility to fabricate a heat- and chemical-resistant compo-

site material using continuous basalt fibers and a nitrogen-containing epoxy resin-based binder as a reinforcing agent and a polymer matrix, respectively, is demon-strated. The composite can be employed in the manufacture of products for transpor-tation of water, vapor, oil, chemical reagents, etc.

KEY WORDS: polymer composite material, reinforcing fibers, epoxy binders, basalt plastic, heat resistance, chemical resistance.

I. INTRODUCTION

The experience in application of metal pipes in cold and hot water supply systems,

sewerage, chemical and petrochemical productions has shown them to be greatly ex-posed to corrosion that reduces the useful life to several years. The observed worldwide tendency of replacing steel and cast iron with composite materials of high heat and chemical resistance is therefore natural. Glass reinforced plastics − polymer compo-sites reinforced with glass fibers − should primarily be referred to such materials. They exhibit resistance in corrosive environments, great hydraulic friction, and high specific strength. One of the most important advantages of glass reinforced plastics over metals is the possibility to control their properties during fabrication of products and ensure a desired strength of constructions when reducing the weight of products. The consumers of fiberglass pipes are nowadays companies engaged in public service, chemical and petrochemical engineering, mining industry, and power engineering.

The analysis of service conditions of fiberglass pipes being presently produced by various companies has shown that products are to be considered heat-resistant if they can withstand a prolonged exposure to temperatures of not less than 120 °C. However, the issue regarding guaranteed operation of pipelines at this temperature and a pressure of 1.6−2.5 MPa has not been resolved so far; moreover, fiberglass products to transport water and chemicals under such a pressure at 150 °C are unknown. The problem of designing a poly-mer composite material that would ensure a long-term operation of products under extreme conditions is therefore topical but sufficiently complicated as it requires not only the knowledge of basic dependences of the composite characteristics on types and quantities of


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Conclusions

Thus, dyadic periodic System of Natural Elements of the Universe in the form of a Circle holistic: not «Two tablecloth «, has no empty places, as the Periodic table recommended by IUPAC. In addition, the System of the Natural Elements of the Uni-verse satisfies the philosophical principle of unity and struggle of opposites – activity and passivity. Finally, the System of the Natural Elements of the Universe is mathe-matical reasoning and expression in the form of a Code of System.

Theoretically grounded System of Natural Elements in the form of a Circle is actually accomplished from the bottom. It can be only at the top, with the discovery of new chemical elements.

Further development of the theme can go in the area of theoretical physics, in development and change of views on the Problem of Unity of the Universe. Because the first Natural Element Spaciony actually revives Absolute Space, and that is com-pletely devoid of absolute emptiness. Absolute emptiness in Nature, in the Universe.

Absolute Space, excluding the Absolute emptiness, fixed in the Code and the Circle of the Natural Elements of the Universe. This may lead to the emergence from a long and growing crisis of physics.


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the ability of circulatory or other systems involved in thermoregulation, because the loss of 4% of weight in the form of water corresponds to the reduction of volume of plasma for as much as 16 to 18%. When it is known that a well acclimatized person can lose 3 L/h or 12 L/day, the importance of proper fluid replacement is easy to understand.

Compensation of water serves to maintain plasma volume in order to keep optimal circulation and sweating. It is necessary to provide water in small amounts of 100-150 ml at each 10-15 minutes. Optimal water temperature is 12ºC.

Acclimatization to cold

Warm-blooded animals periodically exposed to cold have developed some very

effective defense mechanisms, such as winter furs or metabolic adaptation of skin cells which may be chilled to 0°C without adverse effects. Regarding human, changes are somewhat different. During exposure to cold the metabolic rate increases without trem-bling. Aborigines in Australia and the Bushmen in the Kalahari Desert could without visible trembling, poorly dressed tolerate night temperatures around 0ºC and at the same normally sleep.

Researchers who voluntarily participated in the experiment were unable to sleep and shivered all night; the problem is that it comes to a serious reduction in body tem-perature, which means that a person which is exposed to gradual reduction of the ex-ternal temperature can freeze to death in his sleep.

Physiological changes in the cold are proven and if exist, they are not of great practical value. The ability to survive in the harsh climate the Eskimos owe to ability to avoid exposure to cold temperatures. In addition to the fur clothing and shelter, the only option is to be constantly on the move and thus increase the metabolic rate, or the amount of heat produced as a by-product of muscle metabolism.

Damages by cold

Damages induced by cold can be seen on people who work outdoors in low tem-

peratures or who deal with winter sports. Local damages are observable on the exposed parts of the body such as the face, hands and feet; they arise as a result of vasocon-striction and consequent tissue ischemia or due to the formation of ice crystals and freezing of tissue.

Changes on respiratory system when staying at low temperatures are not common or frequent, as it is commonly thought. Even on the very low temperatures, the inhaled air is heated to a temperature between 26.5 and 32.2°C when it reaches bronchi. Cod outdoor air after heating to higher temperatures obtains higher capacity for moisture, and heat loss through the respiration by evaporation of moisture from the mucous mem-branes increases manifold. Therefore, appear feelings of dryness in the mouth, burning in the throat and respiratory tract irritation in general. This can be prevented by wearing headscarf or scarf over nose and mouth.

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Hypothermia Clinically manifested Hypothermia is a condition when the body temperature falls

below 35°C. In the beginning, occurs pronounced trembling, followed by apathy, dis-orientation, hallucinations or aggressivity up to euphoria. With the fall of rectal tem-perature below 30ºC begins paralytic stage, in which the skin is completely cold, no pulse, pupils are completely dilated and heart sounds are not hearable.

Wind Chill Index

Ambient temperature is not sufficient parameter in assessment of individual ther-

mal stress. In assessing the effects of low temperatures an additional important factor is the wind or air movement [8]. When the airflow velocity is high, occurs rapid re-placement of the hot air with the cold one which is directly around the body, in the so-called «private areas», and the heat loss and faster. When the wind speed increases to 24.8 km/h, ambient temperature of +1.7ºC acts on the body as like it was -17.2ºC.

Clothing and thermoregulation

Clothing has a role of an insulator of the body from the environment. It can reduce

the amount of heat radiation received by the body, but also reduce heat emission by conduction and convection. At low ambient temperatures clothing is the one that cap-tures air that then as a poor conductor reduces heat losses.

The thicker layer of trapped air, means better insulation; because of that, layered clothing is recommended. Wool and polypropylene have good insulating properties and dry quickly, what is very important, as wet clothing loses 90% of its insulating abilities and it quickly conducts heat. A woolen hat may have a very important role because 30-40% of total waste heat is lost through the head skin. While working out-doors at low temperatures, the problem arises when body gets warm. And here one should have clothes in layers in order to remove some parts of clothes when the man turns warm and return them during breaks and resting periods.

At high temperatures any clothing bothers heat output. The best is that of cotton and linen which fastest and most comprehensive absorb sweat and allow evaporation. White clothing rejects a dark absorbs radiation from the environment. Clothes designed for high temperatures should be comfortable and allow continuous flow of air between skin and environment.

Insulating ability of most clothing materials (Table 4) depends on the amount of air trapped inside the material. In fur in question is air that lies between hairs. A unit that measures the resistance of clothes to heat emission is called Clo.


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of connecting ends. The first dyad consists of two elements. When looping back a dyad, each monade will be represented by its own circle, but in concentric interposition. The second dyad of 4 elements will be represented by two concentric annular strips, each of which contains two elements. The third dyad will be represented by a two ring bands with 8 elements each. 4th and 5th dyads – by the paired annular bands with 18 and 32 elements respectively. Ring stripes and circles of all dyads are concentric.

On Fig. 4 one can see dyadic-periodical Circle of Natural Elements.

Fig. 4 The Dyadic periodic Circle of Natural Elements


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characters (symbols) of chemical elements occupy spaces with numbers from 5 to 122 in Fig. 1. As for the introduction of a natural element, then: Spacionyt is denoted by Sp, neutrinos – by Nr, Positronium already has a symbol Ps, Neutron we will rename into Neutrony and denote it by symbol Nn.

Fig. 3. System of the Natural Elements in the periodic dyadic wedge table view.

Presented in Fig. 3 table in the form of a stepped wedge is complete without any

defects, it is a single table single-table and has no empty spaces unlike recommended system of IYPAK with two tables and 36 empty cells. Additionally, system in Fig. 3 has a mathematical reasoning and expression (11). Moreover, mathematical expression turned out to be the Code of the systems of Natural Elements.

In the original periodic table by Mendeleev inert gases were located in the zero group adjacent to the first group of hydrogen and alkali metals. During his life Mende-leev was not aware of the structure of atoms. Nevertheless, he presciently set the group of the restorative-active elements next to the group of the most passive elements. This allowed not only to reduce the number of empty cells in the table, but reflected the Hegelian-dialectical unity and struggle of the opposites – passivity and activity, the ratio of which periodically changes in elements, reaching a maximum in the equilib-rium in the elements of connected IY group. But in Y, YI and YII groups another ac-tivity is strengthen – oxidizing. Therefore, current location of the inert (He) and noble gases in YIII-th group in the vicinity of the YII-th group is also a subject to the men-tioned above-Hegelian dialectical justification. How can we satisfy both contradicting, but philosophically reasonable location requirements of the groups?

I and YII groups in the periodic table lies on opposites sides. In order to have 0th Mendeleev's group and YIII-th post-Mendeleev's group neighbouring with the Ist and YII-th groups at the same time, it is necessary to connect the ends of the I and YII via 0 = YIII.

Connecting the ends of the straight line can be done by polygon, but also by the

smooth curve, ideally – a circle. Looping dyads seems preferable to the other methods


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Table 4 Insulating values of cloths

Type o cloths Insulating values m2K/W Clo

No clothes (naked) 0 0 Light clothing (shorts, clothing) 80 0.5 Clothing – shirts, pants, socks, shoes 100 0.55 Typical clothing during work 125 – 160 0.8 – 1Light sportswear with jacket 160 1 Heavy winter clothing for indoors, thick sweater 200 1.25 Heavy work clothes with underwear, socks, shoes, jacket, coat 210 1.3 Clothing for cold weather with coat 250 – 300 1.6 – 3Clothing for the coldest weather 450 – 600 3 – 4

The physical unit of thermal conductivity resistance of air applies 1 Clo (from

«Clothing» = clothes).

1 Clo = = 0.155 m2K/W Clo is such degree of thermal insulation that allows a man in standby mode to feel

comfortable in an environment with air temperature of 21ºC, relative humidity lower than 50%, and air velocity of 0.1 m/s.

When a man sleeps outdoors at – 40 º C, for protection he needs 12 Clo. So much have two layers of fur; caribou is reindeer type whose furs Eskimos use to make clothes. Those who have measured microclimate conditions of living of residents of the Far North say that thanks to these clothes Eskimos are surrounded by tropical climate.

In any case clothing is essential to adapt to external factors and the level of phys-ical activity; it would help the good process of thermoregulation.

REFERENCES

1. Todorović B.: Klimatizacija, SMEITS, Beograd, 2005. 2. Silva, M.C.G.: Measurement of comfort in vehicles, Measurement Science

and Technology, Vol 23, R41 – R60, 2006. 3. SAE J 2234 Equivalent Temperature, Surface Vehicle Information Report 4. ASHRAE, 2008. Thermal environmental conditions for human occupancy,

AMSI/ASHRAE, Standard 55, 2008. 5. Grahovac, S.: Prilog predskazivanja globalne termičke neugodnosti u put-

ničkim vozilima, Zbornik radova za 40. Kongres KGH, SMEITS, Beograd, 2009.

6. DIN EN ISO 7730, Ergonomie der thermischen Ungebung – Analytische Bestimmung und Interpretation der thermischen Behaglichkeit durch

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Berechnung des PMV – und des PPD – Indexes und Kriterien der lokalen thermischen Behaglichkeit, 2006.

7. Australian Department of Health and Ageing, Healthy Homes, Common-wealth of Australia, 2002.

8. Godish, T., Air Quality, 4th Edition Lewis Publishers New York, USA, 2004.

9. Burroughs, B., S. Hansen, Managing Indoor Air Quality, Fairmont, Press, Indiana Trasl, Lilbum, USA, 2004.


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Cubon is a particle, a quantum of the world space. In the role of the first elements of the system of Natural Elements with zero mass it can be named as Spaciony (Spaciony) originated from the word Space. Having zero mass means producing mass. Only this role, this mission is required from Spaciony to build a system of Natural Elements – the objectives of all previous and this final message. The rest: electrical charges and fields generated by magnetic charges and fields, ... – lies outside the scope of this topic. These issues should be considered in the selected topics of theoretical physics. Outlined above lengthy discussions about cubon and Spaciony were only needed to form sound, solid basis to include Spaciony, corresponding to the relation (9), to the system of Natural Elements.

Returning to the system of the Natural Elements, the distribution in Fig. 1 can be taken as a numeric dyadically periodic representation of the system of Natural Ele-ments. In the case of «spheres of Natural Elements», the general expression (7a) DPDPCS of irradii transforms into a particular expression:

M = 2(2m2), (7b)

where m = 1/20,5; 1; 2; 3; 4. Accordingly, the General expression (9) goes into a particular expression:

K = ΣM = 2(1 + 2 + 8 + 18 + 32), (11)

where K is an element of the system of Natural Elements with number m = 1; 2; 3; ... 122. Elements Km forms dyadic periodic distribution of Natural

Elements from theirradii:

Rk/ Rmin = 1; 20,5; 2(20,5); 3(20,5); 4(20,5) (12) Equation (11) is not a mathematical expression of the Law of the dyadic periodic

distribution of the Natural Elements. Under mathematical expression of the law of Na-ture we normally understand a dependency of a certain function (value) – property (attribute) of the object, – from the varying (given) arguments and parameters (varia-bles, properties, characteristics, conditions), such as Newton's laws, Faraday's, Cou-lomb's, laws of radiation, thermodynamics, etc. In the expression (11) there are no un-known arguments and options. There are only specific numbers. In these terms expres-sion (9) is not a law, but a Code – the Code of dyadic periodic distribution of the Nat-ural Elements of the universe. Code coming out of the Code (9) DPDCS of the infinite three-dimensional space of the universe.

Symbolic dyadic-periodic representation of the system of Natural Elements can be obtained by the replacement of numerical numbering by the appropriate symbols of elements. For chemical elements existing numbers from 1 to 118 and corresponding


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sented as an instance of transverse elastic waves in the massless cubon medium. Elec-tric, magnetic, gravitational and any other fields are represented by the voltages of «in-significantly» but still deforming cubon meduum.

Deformation creates voltages which propagates in the cubon medium (physical vacuum) at the speed of light in vacuum. However, the voltages waves create difor-mations under certain circumstances.

Mass is a manifestation of the elastic deformation of massless cubon environ-ment. The energy mc2 is a deformation energy of the cubon medium. At low velocities of the relative motion of certain particles, such as proton, the energy is proportional to the square of its velocity v, and the mass is a constant value playing a role of a coeffi-cient of proportionality. During proton acceleration to the nearly speed of light m loses its role of the constant coefficient of proportionality and grows to infinity using the theory of relativity. The role of the coefficient of proportionality moves to the square of the speed, not v but maximal c.

Mass (deformation) at the sub-light speeds, «dissolves» by cubon space and transforms into a wave of elastic voltage of the cubon medium, receding from the mass (deformation) at the maximum speed of light. Mass disappears, turning into a wave of elastic voltage moving at the speed of light thus not approachable (for example, to measure the mass). There is no mass in grams, but equivavalent energy is preserved. The energy in this case, when moving at the speed of light is defined and measured frequency of the waves and the Planck constant.

Indeed, the growth of the mass to infinity with increasing velocity to the speed of light does not occur. It (mass, deformation) is «absorbed» into elastic waves of the cubon medium before reaching the speed of light. Otherwise, it would be impossible to disperse protons to the speed of light. But we know that this is actually being done in accelerators.

It does not matter whether it is cubons, tetrahedrons or octahedrons (octahedron – the third Platonic body) that cannot fill three-dimensional space only by themselves, but their combination can make it (space) complete. The important thing is that the space would be filled entirely, without any void volumes, by those geometrical bodies. Only this condition ensures the existence of the space. No volume – no space.

Space is a set of volumes. Space is a medium of volumes. Note that in the concept of the ether medium consisting of the very small, infinitesimal massless particles most likely of the spherical shapes their «molecular» motion was wrong. Motion where? In what space? They did not mention but but it is quite clear – in a vacuum, in an absolute vacuum. This is a contradiction, furthermore, it proves the concept of «gas-like» ethe-real medium is wrong. The absolute emptiness was allowed between ethereal particles. Absolute emptiness does not exist because the absolute emptiness assumes absence of the fundamental feature – the three-dimensional volume. If there is no three-dimen-sional volume, there is no three-dimensional space. Once again: no volume – no space. So ethereal particles simply cannot move in an absolute vacuum – absolute emptiness.


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*179544* Hasanov G.N. *, Asvarova T.A. * Hajiyev K.M. *, Akhmedova Z.N. *,

Abdulaeva A.S.*, Bashirov R.R. *, Salihov S.A. ** * Precaspian Institute of Biological Resources of Dagestan Scientific Center

of Russian Academy of Sciences, Makhachkala, Russia **The Ministry of Agriculture and Food of Dagestan Russia, Makhachkala

THE PRODUCTIVITY OF MEADOW-CHESTNUT SOILS OF THE NORTH – WESTERN PRECASPIAN REGION

ACCORDING TO THE DYNAMICS OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS

Abstract. The productivity of phytocenoses on the meadow-chestnut soils is theoretically

calculated under hydrothermal conditions and practically implented moisture integral. It is found that high productivity (0,5T/ha of air-dry weight) of ephemeral synusiae is achieved through the combination of the following environmental factors in April-May; precipitation 80-85 mm, the average temperature is 15-16°C, relative humidity 70-73%, volatility 130-140mm, KU 0,30, integral hydration period 29,8. In this case, the degree of salinity in soil layer 0-23cm classified as weak, salinity type is sulfate-chloride. In normal climatic conditions of the year (2013), when precipitation during the vegetation period is distributed relatively evenly, productivity of ephemers and ephemeroids is 2.0 С/ha of grasses and thistles -18,2 С/ha, the utilization rate of FAR during the vegetation period of 0.30, the share of the ephemeral synusiae in it – 0,16%.

Keywords: evaporation, hydrothermal conditions, integral moisture in the soil, the integral of aridity, meadow -chestnut soil, sulphates, chlorides, degree of salinity, sa-linity type, productivity of phytocenosis, ephemers, halophytes, species composition of phytocenoses, coefficient the use of FAR.

I. INTRODUCTION

The North – Western Precaspian sea covers the lands of Nogai, Tarumovsky and

Kizlyar areas of Dagestan and the part of the lands of the Chechen Republic, Stavropol, Kalmyks total area of more than 1.5 million hectares. This is an important area distant and stationary livestock of Dagestan and neighboring regions, which contains more than 2 million sheep and hundreds of thousands of heads of cattle.

The climate is continental, with hot, dry summers and cold winters. Annual pre-cipitation of 150 – 320mm, 1300-1600mm volatility, the maximum temperature in July and August 40-450C, its relative humidity in these months of 10-15%. 55 days in a

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year blow withering (> 15 m/s) southeasterly winds, 110 days – at a rate of more than 5.4 m/s [1]. Soil cover is dominated by light-chestnut soils of varying degrees of salin-ity, total 534 thousand hectares or 31,7% of the lowland area. The share of the meadow (232,8 thousand hectares), meadow-chestnut (193,0 thousand hectares) and meadow – marsh (80,3 thousand hectares) soil is 32.6%, salt marshes (191,1 thousand hectares) – 12, 3% of the total area of semi-desert [3]. This article discusses the issues related to the implementation of the productivity potential only meadow-chestnut soils in the en-vironmental conditions of the Terek-Kuma lowland. A distinctive feature of the low-land soil is light particle size distribution, which combined unfavorable climatic fac-tors, the irrational use of pastures, enhances deflation, degradation of soil – vegetation and desertification area. At the moment there are 319 thousand hectares of open sand areas, which is 20.5% of the area.

The most important factor in desertification of the territory under consideration researchers [9, 10, 12, 13, 18 etc.] consider also a significant incidence of secondary processes of soil salinization. Therefore, relevant scientific and production is the study of the dynamics of the content of water-soluble salts in the soil profile, their chemistry in connection with the change of climatic factors on the seasons (spring, summer) and year of studies.

Pasture productivity in the region according to different authors may vary within considerable limits: from 1.6 to 4, C/ha [14] – 5-6 [9] – 7, 2-8,1[19] and 17.1 C/ha [7]. With yields of 5-7 C/ha of air-dry biomass of coming to the surface of the soil of this area of 50.0 kkal/cm2, pasture phytocoenosis according to our calculations using only 0.04 – 0.05% FAR. However, such a yield above-ground mass, in our opinion, it is too low, since the above data may not have been received in protected conditions, and in terms of pasture use phytocenoses, at least for a limited period. It is therefore of con-siderable interest to establish the species composition of pasture cenoses and potential productivity of meadow-chestnut soils and its implementation in different environmen-tal conditions during the years of research and for different periods of the year.

II. OBJECTS AND METHODS

Object of study is the meadow-chestnut carbonate saline soil Kochubeyskoy bio-

sphere station controller (KBS), the Precaspian Institute of Biological Resources, Da-gestan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences (PIBR DSC RAS) in the terri-tory of the Terek – Kuma lowland. The main physical and chemical characteristics of the soil layers in the experimental section (cm) 0-14, 15-20 and 40-60 are as follows: humus content,% – 1.33; 1.25, 0.36; N total,%-0.10, 0.07, 0.06; N hydrolysable mg/kg -52.6, 48.5, 36.0; P2O5, mg/kg, 0.84, 0.45, 0.11; K2O, mg / kg, 33.8, 30.5, 28.9; Density, g/sm3-1,18 1.35, 1.36; solid phase density, g/sm3-2,60, 2.62, 2.62; porosity: general, -52.2%, 50.3, 48.7; aeration porosity,% – 22.5, 22.2, 20.8; Field capacity,% – 23.6, 20.4, 18.7; water permeability, mm/min, 1.26; 1.08; 0.97; EKO mg/ekv.-12.6, 13.3 13.2; pH: 7.1, 7.3, 7.2. Cationic and anionic composition of the soil will be discussed in more


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D.I. Mendeleev meant massless ether, or using current terminology quantum ether, under the «Newton» in his table. He put Newton to the zero group of the zero row. Periodic table indicates that the first element must have a minimal, precisely, the minimum, more precisely, the infinite minimum – zero mass. This important fact allows us to augment 3 principles that Mendeleev used as a basis for elements systematization, with the 4th Prin-ciple of Zero Mass for the first element of the system. It is an element with zero mass that should be the lower limit of the system of Natural Elements.

Ether, as we know, was withdrawn from the scientific and philosophical usage, in the first quarter of the 20th century after the Michelson-Morley experiments, special relativity theory by Einstein and philosophical attacks of Vladimir Lenin, as useless since «the forest at the end of the building construction is not needed so it has to be cleaned.» Under the building he [Lenin] meant a widely used until now Maxwell's electrodynamics theory, which was essentially ether hydrodynamics. But by replacing the ether by void, a vacuum, we found out that vacuum is not empty.

Dirac in his quantum electrodynamics theory stated that positrons and electrons are born from vacuum. Then they moved to the concept of 'physical vacuum' – medium of the world's space.

Basically, until now people lack understanding of what exactly is a world space or universe space, except that it is a field, i.e. massless space. In this situation one can assume that it consists of a space cubes that do not have mass. We can say that these cubes – massless quanta of the world space/medium. Following the tradition of intro-ducing new definitions/names, let's call these objects as «cubons». Thus, we define a cubon as a minimum volume of the three-dimensional space having (defining) all the properties and opportunities of this space.

There is no absolute vacuum in the Universe. A space vacuum, physical vacuum, the world cosmos, infinite three-dimensional space of the universe consists of (com-pletely filled, not allowing to contract and collapse into absolute zero) massless «cu-bons». Therefore, a quantum of the world space creates three-dimensional space being a necessary feature of any three-dimensional volume. Primary property is volume, ge-ometric three-dimensional space, and mass is a secondary property. Mass is created with cubons, 3D volume cubes. Space is eternity which was not created. Therefore it cannot be destroyed. The space has always been, is, and always will be. Stars, galaxies can be created and destroyed (in space, by space), but space – cannot. The difference between massless cubons world space and massless ethereal space lies in the fact that ether medium was «Gas-like» environment of the ether particles in a vacuum, and cu-bon medium is presented as «Crystal-like», that is a very, very, but not completely solid medium consisting of infinitesimal «crystals» – «cubons». If the «gas-like» ethereal medium can propagate longitudinal elastic wave, but cannot propagate transversal, in the «crystal-like» cubon medium, not absolutely incompressible, both longitudinal and transverse elastic waves can propagate. Transversal electromagnetic waves are repre-


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3. Existence in the simple or complex form, at least in one of the 4 aggregate states; 4. Collision of the elements by direct contact, with the chemical or physical reac-

tions as well as technological processes; 5. Conversion to another simple or complex shapes as a result of physical or chem-

ical transformations; 6. Destruction and birth in accordance with Einstein's formula and all laws of en-

ergy conservation. Noted that out of 6 properties of the substance, the the first feature is main. Indeed,

having mass is a determining (absolute) indication of the real substance – remaining 5 items actually reflect properties or «behavior» of the real matter in certain states and conditions.

But if we consider the real matter from this position, the only (absolute) indica-tion of the real matter should recognize (accept) its MASS, and instead the real matter we can talk about Mass matter ('mass-matter', unlike massless energy or field matter), not in the sense of its mass, as in the concept «mass production of hydrogen» for in-stance, but in the sense of defining the (absolute) feature – mass (weight).

In this case, the «Natural Elements» can not be limited by «chemical elements» and neutron with positron. On what basis we deny neutrino to be a «Natural Elements»? Do not they have a defining feature of the matter – mass? Since they have, they defi-nitely are 'mass-matter'. Is it possible being a mass of matter, but not being its element? Could the Hydrogen atoms can be elements of gas, liquid or solid hydrogen? Never-theless, including neutrino in the «Natural Elements» can be problematic due to the fact that a substance or matter is understood to consist of not only Natural Elements, but in the associated, aggregated states in the substance. However, for mass-matter this condition of association, aggregation is not described by well defined concepts. There-fore, if we talk about natural mass-matter element, not about natural element, then neu-trino can be included in the set of the Natural Elements of the mass-matter.

There exist three types of neutrino: electronic neutrino, muon neutrino and tau-neutrino. Furthermore, Furthermore, each neutrino has corresponding anti-neutrino. It is believed that the total weight of all neutrinos in the Universe is a substantial share of «dark matter» and is comparable to the mass of the whole Universe. All variety of neutrinos for inclusion in the system of the Natural Elements of the mass-matter, we shall call a general name – Neutrino, with a capital letter. This is analogous to that of the entire set of specific isotopes of a chemical element in the Periodic table we placed only one isotope. For example, out of three isotopes of hydrogen, only one isotope is presented in the Periodic table.

Thus, in the system of Natural Elements we included Neutron, Positron and Neu-trino. Why only these three elements? To answer to this natural and legitimate question we return to the defining basis of the mass-matter – the mass. Out of all particles having weight, neutrino is the lightest. Does Neutrino represent the lower limit of the system of Natural Elements?


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details below. Analyses of soil chemical and water-physical characteristics, water ex-traction were performed according to known methods [2, 4].The sampling soil within each site samples were taken from 4 sites.

Climatic conditions characterized by weather data Kotchubey on the amount of monthly and annual precipitation, monthly and annual average air temperature and hu-midity. On the basis of these data were calculated evaporation rate and humidity. Evap-oration (E0) calculated by the formula [11]:

E0 = 0.028 (T + 25) 2 (100-a) mm/month (1)

where T – air temperature, °C, and – relative humidity,%. Dampening factor was determined as the ratio of precipitation (R) to evaporation (E0). The calculation of the duration of the vegetative period of plants was carried out

on the transition date and the average daily temperature ±50C. The studies were conducted in the experimental area, with an area of 100m2, en-

closed with an iron grid in order to avoid damage phytomass cattle. The plot is divided into 100 permanent plots, with an area of 1 m2 (1m x 1m), polyethylene twine. This breakdown was maintained for the whole period of experimental studies (2011-2013). Samples for the determination of the yield of biomass and species composition were taken eight times a year: in the first ten days of each month from April to November include, and soil two times: in the spring during the resumption of the growing season (the second half of April) and late July – early August (the hottest period of the year).

Stocks above and below ground plant matter was considered in [17]. Above-ground mass was determined by cutting method with selected groups of plants in spe-cies composition (ephemers and ephemeroids, grass, glasswort) and fractions: live phy-tomass, rags (dead parts of plants, not deprived of communication with plants), above-ground mortmass (dead remains of plants on the soil surface, deprived of communica-tion with plants). Underground mass was determined after cutting aboveground mass at the same time on the same account sites in the layer 0-60cm method of the monolith. The size of the monoliths 10x10x10 cm, repetition 4 fold. The list of plants compiled by S.K. Cherepanovu [20].

The utilization of the FAR was determined using the formula [15].

Y=Rх108хK/102х4х103х102 (2),

To calculate the utilization of FAR formula has the form:

K=Ух102х4х103х102/Rх108 (3),

Where Y- is biological yield completely dry aboveground mass, kg/ha; Rх108 – number of FAR coming on 1 hectare during the growing season of plants, kkal; K- planned utilization of FAR, %; 4x103 – amount of energy released by burning 1 kg of dry matter biomass, kkal/kg;102 – translation kg in center of product.

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The significance of differences between the indicators of hydrothermal condi-tions, productivity of plant communities were evaluated according to the coefficient of variation (Cv) of salt-forming ions in the soil, standard deviation (s), the average error (m), variance analysis yields of biomass across years and seasons [8].

III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Receipt of FAR on the soil surface depends on many factors, primarily on the

geographic latitude and hypsometric marks. In the foothills of the territory of Dagestan on 1cm2 have of 47.55 (Buynaksk) – 43,91 (Sergokala) kkal, Terek-Sulak of territory – 49,94 (Babaurt) – 51,19 (Kizlyar), Terek-Kuma the territory (Kochubey) – 50,87, in the Coastal lowlands (Derbent) – 56,kkal/cm2.

Of the annual amount of FAR entering 1cm2 (50.87 kkal or kJ 213.23), in the Terek -Kumskoy semidesert accounts (kkal) for January-0.59-1.99 in February, March, -3.82, April -5.97, 7.27-May, June-8.48, July – 7.84, -6.22 in August, September, -4.59, -2.57 in October, November, -1.19, December -0 , 34kkal [5].

It is known that the yield of phytomass in ecosystems depends not only on enter-ing the soil surface FAR, but also on the climatic conditions of the year or period, as well as soil conditions. Therefore great interest in the scientific and practical terms, is the study actually sold phytocenoses yield on meadow-chestnut soil moisture under different conditions of the territory, not only in the yearly averages, but also from sea-son to season. Such studies under these conditions, and adjacent regions of the Caspian has not previously been conducted.

Judging by the indicators KU, 2012 and all long – term value of 0.11 (deviation ±0,01) on the territory of the Terek-Kuma lowland, and in 2011 exceeded it by 0.03. So we can assume that years of research, in General,

were typical for these conditions. According to our observations, the most important for achieving high productivity

ephemeral of synusiae in the considered conditions are precipitation for April and May. For those months in 2011. fell 85mm precipitation, 2012 25,3mm, 2013.-40,0mm, that is, in the first year of studies, the amount of precipitation exceeded two years in 3.4 and 2.1 times (table 1).

The temperature during these months is also favored the formation of high yields of biomass. Accordingly, the same month it was in 2011year- 9.2 and 18.40С, в 2012 year -15.1 and 20.90С, в 2013 year -12,2 and 20,00С. Between total precipitation for April-May and yield of aboveground phytomass of ephemers and ephemeroids there is a direct correlative relationship that in 2011 on this soil had a strong (r=0.78), and in the next two years – the average (r=0,35) in 2012 and high severity (r=0,95) in 2013.


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believed that all substances, all living and non-living in the world consisted of those basic elements.

More than two thousand years ago, Democritus stated that everything consists of the tiny invisible indivisible «atoms» and empty spaces between them. We do not know whether he meant atoms we know today.

Rather, he was referring to the atoms of the same type, but of different geometrical forms, or some kind of universal principle, from which everything real is generated or born in the empty space. Then the «atom» of Democritus can be regarded as a harbinger of ether, ether particles in the vacuum.

It is interesting that only recently (by the standards of history), in the 18th century there were only five elements: light, heat, oxygen, nitrogen and hydrogen, which were presented as «simple bodies, related to all three kingdoms of nature that should be re-garded as elements of bodies» in the «Table of Lavoisier». From the «four ancient elements» it makes only one element difference (20% mismatch), but qualitatively the changes are quite significant: light was added (of the luminiferous ether); heat (ther-mogen) replaced fire; earth, water and air were replaced by oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen of which they are mainly composed.

Awareness of the complex elemental composition of the «four ancient elements», especially earth, has stimulated the search and experimental works on the identification of new elements. Rapid discovery of new elements occurred in the first half of the 19th century. In the 60s of the 19th century 62 elements were discovered. It is from the 19th century people began using concept of the «chemical element». Nowadays, we know 92 stable and around 23 unstable chemical elements.

In the 19th century the term 'ether' was widely used. Dmitry Ivanovich Mende-leev put ether in his periodic table of elements. Under the first of the two elements preceding Hydrogen – Newtony, Mendeleev actually meant ether, its particles. In fact, it was the second attempt (refering to the first attempt with «atom» by Democritus) of the introduction of the universal principle in the foundation of the real diversity of the world. Mendeleev actually did not limit his Table by the chemical elements only, though current 'gold' standards start with Hydrogen.

From this brief historical view to the development of the concept of the «sub-stance» and its elements, one can see that the concept of the elements has changed with «acceleration». Involved in this «acceleration», we proposed to move from the concept of chemical elements to the broader concept of «Natural Elements» (http://mega-nauka.com/sciencecosmos/1094-sistema-estestvennyhelementov.html, http://www.sciteclibrary.ru/cgibin/yabb2/YaBB.pl?num=1392307734). In fact, why giant objects in the Universe, such as neutron stars, are not subject to the concept of «substance»? Or Positrons, having same chemical reactions as Hydrogen?

In the following thread (see comments #13 and #20 at the http://www.de-coder.ru/list/all/topic_126/) following properties of the substance, matter were mentioned:

1. Mass (weight); 2. Stability, at least for the time required for identification;


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All numbers in the sequence (10) are irrational, due to irrationality of the Rmin

by definition. Hence this sequence can be called «irr-sequence» or «irr-radii». Dimen-sionality of Rn – 10r where r can vary from -35 to +35.

Therefore there is a Dyadic periodic distribution and partitioning of the concen-tric spheres (DPDPCS) of irr-radii (10). Center of the spheres can be any point of the Universe. Thus the first conclusion is that any consequences of this distribution are universal. For instance, it could be central forces. DPDPCS can affect many (perhaps all) phenomena since they were, are happening and will happen in the infinite three-dimensional space of the Universe. The spatial DPDPCS of irradii is related to chemi-cal elements just because all chemical elements are formed, transformed and exist in the three-dimensional space of the Universe.

Periodic system of chemical elements can be represented in the long numerical

form, symmetrized with respect to hydrogen and helium as follows:

Fig. 2. Symmetrized super long periodic system of chemical elements.

Here s-elements are colored in red, p-elements – in light brown, d-elements – in blue and f-elements- in green. Numbers starting from 100, in Fig. 1 are depicted with only decimal digits.

The similarity of configurations on Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 is obvious. The only differ-

ence is that on Fig.2 there are only four dyads, the first dyad has only one monad. Furthermore, the entire set contains only 118 chemical elements. Chemical elements with higher numbers are assumed, but none of them is discovered until now. If at least one of them is discovered, the number of dyads in Figure 1 and Figure 2 can be easily increased to 6 and 5 in Figure 2 and Figure 1, correspondingly. The rest parts in Figure 1 and Figure 2 exactly match – so we have 96.72% of match or 3.28% of mismatch. Such a great coincidence (both configurational and quantitative) eliminates deviation of the distribution of chemical elements of DPRPKS irradii in the world space. Hence, leading to the conclusion of the incompleteness of the set.

The concept of substance, its components, its elements, has changed over time. In the ancient times there were four basic elements: earth, water, air and fire. People


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Table 1. Environmental factors and the yield of above-ground phytomass in the meadow-chestnut soils for 2011-2013

*in the column «spring» shows the yield of above-ground phytomass and ephem-ers and ephemeroids, summer – grass and thistle.

Integral moisture for the same months in 2011. 29.8. In 2012 and 2013, the curve of moisture fell below the curve of air temperature, therefore,

formed integral aridity , which amounted, according to years 37.3 and 98,9. Mainly for this reason, the yield of above-ground living biomass ephemers and ephemeroids for 2012 and 2013 decreased respectively in 5 and 2.5 times.

The species composition of ephemers on the meadow-chestnut soils were very limited, included only Eremopyrum orientale (L.) Jaub. et Spach. and Bromus squarrosus L.

Rainfall in the first two decades of June in 2011 didn't provided a noticeable in-crease in phytomass on logopolitans soil. By this time, the harvest of ephemers had already been formed and the rainfall of this period could not give the essiantial supple-ment. And high average daily air temperature during this and the two following months (respectively 24.3; and 27.9 24.9 0C) contributed to the heavy loss of soil moisture, precipitation, because the evaporation for the same months amounted to 291; 337 mm, KU -, respectively 0,08; of 0.04 and 0.18. Therefore, the total yield of grass and thistle

indicator 2011г. 2012г. 2013г. Spring summer spring Summer spring summer

amount of precipi-tation, mm

85 64 25 102 40 83

Average daily air temperature,0C

13,8 27,4 18,0 25,8 16,4 25,0

Relative humid-ity, %

73 58 61 62 64 59

Evaporation, mm 135 315 202 275 178 355 КU 0,30 0,11 0,06 0,21 0,10 0,11 Content in the layer 0,23cm (h A+B1): Cl-

SO4

--

2,58±0,05 S=0,13, Cv =5,04 1,71±0,05 S=0,11, Cv =6,31

7,24±0,45 S=0,11, Cv =1,52 2,92±0,06 S=0,15, Cv =5,14

5,56±0,08 S=0,19, Cv =3,92 2,37±0,05 S=0,11, Cv =4,64

4,60±0,06 S=0,14, Cv =3,04 2,37±0,02 S=0,04, Cv =1,69

4,16±0,07 S=0,13, Cv =5,04 2,46±0,02 S=0,02, Cv =2,44

5,16±0,04 S=0,18, Cv =4,33 2,58±0,02 S=0,05, Cv =1,98

yield of above-ground mass*, T/ha:

0,55

0,99

0,10

2,11

0,20

1,82

НСР 0,5 0.17 0.11 0.10

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in the following months, the growing season was higher than ephemers and ephem-eroids twice due to the predominance of the species composition of Artemisia taurica Willd. and Artemisia lercheana Web. ex Stechm.,which are more tolerant to high tem-peratures, efficient use of precipitation for the second half of the summer and form a high yield of biomass [21,22].

Spring months of 2012 differed significantly aridity: the integral of aridity in April and May was 37.3, volatility increased by 67mm, KU decreased by 5 times compared with 2011 (Table 1). These conditions contributed to the rise of water-soluble salts in the upper soil horizons. Cl- content in the layer 0-23sm compared with the same period in 2011 increased by 2.2 times, SO4 -- 1.4 times the ratio Cl-: SO4

-- with 0,36, increased to 2.34. This means that the composition of the anion chemistry salinity and chloride – sulfate shifted towards sulfate-chloride. If, in 2011 salinity of the soil in the same layer is characterized as weak in 2012 it was as the average [16].

Reverse pattern was observed for the same period in the summer. In the dry season (July-August) 2012. in the layer 0-23sm where the main bulk of the roots, Cl content decreased by 1.6 times compared to 2011., of – for heavy rainfall in these months in 2012. SO4

-- changed insignificantly, the ratio of Cl- : SO4--decreased from 2.5 to 1.9.

Although the type of salinity in both cases was characterized as sulfate-chloride, the degree of soil salinity in the second half of the summer in 2011 existing classification [16] refers to a very large, in 2012 to strong. This degree of salinity meadow-brown soil with enough moisture provision contributed to a sharp increase in the yield of forbs and especially thistles in 2012.

Yields of air-dry above-ground biomass of the second half of the summer 2012. increased compared to 2.3 times 2011 by forbs, primarily, of the Asteraceae family – Artemisia taurica Willd. and Artemisia lercheana Web.ex Stechm.

Environmental conditions for the functioning of ecosystems in 2013 occupy an inter-mediate position between the two preceding years of research. This also applies to climatic conditions, and content of the salt-forming ions in the soil, and the yield of the biomass.

Thus, the formation of biomass and species composition on the meadow-chestnut soils of the North-Western Precaspian region is the result of the combined action of vari-ous environmental factors, the main of which are: precipitation, air temperature, relative humidity, evaporation, moisture ratio and the degree of the chemical environment of soil salinity. Dependencies between these factors are expressed by the following equations multiple regression:

for the ephemeral synusiae: Y = 0.66 + 0.00268X1-6.5E-5X2-0.18X3-0.21X4 + 0.27X5 for grasses and thistle: Y = 4.1 + 0.00068X1-0.000381X2 + 1.02X3-0.35X4-0.2X5, where Y is yield of air-dry biomass, C/ha; X1 precipitation during the vegetation

period, mm; Х2 – evaporation, mm; X3 – KU; X4 – concentration of Cl – in the layer of 0-20cm, mg-ecv./100g soil; X5 is the ratio of Cl-:SO4 -- in the layer of 0-20cm.


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4 (20,5)Rmin = 4 (20,5) [1/(2π)]0,5 (7)

Thus, the concentric sphere (1) consist of pairs of hemispheres of radii (3) – (7). Equation (1a) can be rewritten as:

Sn = 2 [2π(Rmin 20,5 n)2], (7а)

where n = 1/20,5; 1; 2; 3; 4. Thus concentric spheres consist of semi-spheres of the radii defined by (3)-(7).

One can see that these radii forms a sequence of the numbers, multiples of Rmin:

1; 20,5; 2(20,5); 3(20,5); 4(20,5) (8)

Surfaces of the spheres are 2; 4; 16; 36; 64 equal surfaces of the minimal semi-sphere. They can be split into two sequences: 1; 2; 8; 18; 32. All 5 spheres can be represented as a sum of dyads:

ΣSn = 2(1 + 2 + 8 + 18 + 32) (9)

Let us represent these dyads with integer numbers (bottom to top, right to left):

Fig 1. Numbered and symmetrized dyads (9). Numbers after 99 are represented

with two decimal digits only and colored in light brown. Five dyads are five spheres, each with two monads – semi-spheres. Number of

members in a dyad is a number of parts each monad is split into. Monads of the first dyad are not split. Monads of the second dyad are split into two parts, monads of the 3rd dyads – into 8 parts, monads of the 4th dyads – into 18 parts, monads of the 5th dyad – into 32 parts. Therefore, there is a dependency as in (10).

Rn/ Rmin = 1; 20,5; 2(20,5); 3(20,5); 4(20,5) (10)


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II. Statement of the problem

The rationale of the material Unity of the Universe by identifying a Сode of dyadic periodic System of Chemical Elements and consistent representation of the complete System in the form of a Circle of Natural Elements of the Universe.

III. Results

Without loss of generality, let us consider one sphere from the infinite number of

spheres with the center in its central infinite small cube. Any point of the sphere can be defined with a radius and two angles in the spherical coordinates system. Thus a sphere can be described with 3 spherical coordinates of the centers of the cubes. We can also consider that the sphere consists of a sequence of conical embedded spheres each defined by a radius Rn, where n is a finite positive real (rational, irrational , integer) number.

A sphere except for its radius has a very important characteristics – its surface area defined by its radius:

Sn = 4πRn2 (1)

We can rewrite (1) in identical form:

Sn = 2(2πRn2) (1a)

which describes statement that all embedded spheres consist of two semi-spheres 2πRn

2 of the radius Rn. Let us assume that there exist a minimal semi-sphere with the minimal radius Rmin. Let us normalize its area:

2π Rmin2 = 1 (2)

Then Rmin = 1/(2π)0,5 (3)

A minimal sphere of the radius Rmin consists of two semi-spheres. Next spheres embed-ding the minimal sphere also consist of two semi-spheres as assumed before. Let us represent the next sphere consisting of two semi-spheres with area equal to irrational number:

20,5 Rmin = 20,5 [1/(2π)]0,5 (4)

Next embedding semi-sphere is defined as double irrational number:

2 (20,5)Rmin = 2 (20,5) [1/(2π)]0,5 (5)

Next embedding semi-sphere will be defined as triple, quadruple of coefficient and Rmin, etc:

3 (20,5) Rmin = 3 (20,5) [1/(2π)]0,5 (6)


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In the mean annual data, the duration of the vegetation period of the pasture plant communities in the area Kochubey is 260 days (from 27 March to 15th November). Over the years of our research, the transition of the specified temperature ± 5°C in 2011. recorded on 15 of March and November 2, 2012 – March 24, and November 30, 2013 – on March 1 and November 27.

Table 2. The duration of the period with temperatures above 50C and coeffi-

cient the use of FAR pasture plant communities in the North-West Precaspian region for 2011-2013.(admission of FAR on 1cm2 for March-June-25,54; July-September 21,22 kkal)

Year Length of period

t0C air above 50C (day) coefficient the use of FAR

just including ephemers and ephemeroids

grass and thistle

2011 232 0,029 0,009 0,020 2012 251 0,023 0,007 0,016 2013 274 0,033 0,003 0,030 Average 252 0,028 0,006 0,022

The duration of the vegetation period of grassland ecosystems and the factors

driving through communities for the considered conditions are shown in table 2. Depending on climatic conditions, the pasture plant communities of meadow-

chestnut soils used 0,023- 0.033% FAR. Win ephemera and ephemeroids of this amount was on average 21.4% of years of research, the remaining 78.6% are mixed grasses and halophytes.

IV. CONCLUSION

In the North – West Precaspian productivity meadow-chestnut soils may reach 5

C/ha of air-dry aboveground mass ephemers and ephemeroids at the confluence of the following environmental factors during April – May precipitation 80-85 mm, the aver-age temperature is 15-16°C, relative humidity 70-73%, evaporation 130-140mm, KU 0,30, integral hydration period 29,8. Under such climatic conditions, the degree of sa-linity in soil layer 0-23cm classified as weak, salinity type is sulfate-chloride. The uti-lization of the FAR is 0,009. Deterioration hydrothermal conditions in the same period (2012-precipitation 25-26mm, relative humidity 61%, KU 0,06 average daily air tem-perature is 18.0°C, isparameter-mm, integral aridity 37,3) leads to an increase in the content of Cl – in the same soil layer to 5.56 mg-ekv/100g, lower yields of biomass to 1,C/ha and utilization of FAR to 0.007.The increased rainfall in July-August to 102mm, even at high daily temperatures (25-260C) and evaporation (275mm), contributes to maintaining the high rate KU (0,21), reducing the concentration of Cl – in the layer 0-23cm to 1.40 mg-ekv./100g in the second half of the summer, increasing the yield of grass and thistle to 21.1 C/ha utilization of FAR reaches of 0.02. In normal climatic

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conditions of the year (2013), when precipitation during the vegetation period are dis-tributed relatively evenly, yield ephemers and ephemeroids is 2.0 C/ha, herbs thistle -18,2 C/ha, the rate of use of FAR during the growing season reaches 0,033, the share of the ephemeral synusiae in amounts of 0.003.

Literature

1. Agroclimaticale directory Dagestan ASSR. A .: Hydrometeorology, 1996

P.10-41 2. Arinushkina E.V. Guidance on chemical analysis of soils. M.:

MGU.1962.491s. 3. Balamirzoev M.A. Soil-agroecological zoning of the territory of Dagestan.

In the book: Pochvennye resources of Dagestan, their protection and ra-tional use. Makhachkala,1989. P.75-129.

4. Vadunina A.F., Korchagina Z.A. Methods of study of the physical proper-ties of soils and soil. M.: High School, 1961 345p.

5. Hasanov GN. The basics of cropping systems Western Caspian region. Makhachkala. 2008. 263 p.

6. Hasanov G.N., Musayev M.R, Abdurakhmanov G.M., Kurbanov S.A., Adzhiev A.M. 2004. Phytomelioration of saline soils of the Western Cas-pian sea, Moscow: Science, 2004. 270 p.

7. Dzhapova R.R. Dynamics of vegetation Ergenenskoy hills and the Caspian lowlands within the Republic of Kalmykia. Author's abstract of Doctor. Theses. Moscow: Moscow State University. 2007. 47 p.

8. Dospechov B.A. Methods of field experience. M.: Kolos, 1979. 416 p. 9. Zalibekov Z.G. 2000 Desertification processes and their impact on soil.

Moscow: Russian Academy of Sciences. 2000. 219 p. 10. Zonn S.V. Features desert soil-forming processes and desert soils // Modern

problems of genesis and soil geography of soils. M.: Science, 1983. P.45-58. 11. Ivanov, N.N. Determination of the values of the evaporation // News All-

Union Geographical Society. 1954 T. 86. № 2. P. 186-196. 12. Kovda V.A. Arid land and drought control. M .: Science, 1980. 112 p. 13. Mirzoev E. M. Methods of assessment of soil salinity in connection with

salt tolerance of fruit plantations in the planar part of the Dagestan //Soil science. 1963. No. 12. P. 82-88.

14. Muratchaea P. M.-S., Habibov A.D. ABOUT the state of the vegetation cover of the winter pastures lowland Dagestan depending on the mode of use of //Modern high technologies. 2008. No. 2. P. 92-93.

15. Nichiporovich A.A. ON ways of increasing the productivity of plant pho-tosynthesis in crops /A.A. Nichiporovich. In the book: Photosynthesis and plant productivity. M.: News USSR Academy of Sciences.1963. P. 5-36 .


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*181659* Kim Sen

Doctor of Science, HANMIR Co. Ltd., Seoul, Korea; Mambeterzina Gulnara

Ph.D., KEUC, Karaganda, Kazakhstan; Kim Dilara

High School #38, Karaganda, Kazakhstan

FROM PERIODIC TABLE OF CHEMICAL ELEMENTS

TO THE CIRCLE AND CODE OF NATURAL ELEMENTS OF THE UNIVERSE

Abstract Identified a dyadic periodic distribution and partitioning of concentric spheres in

the Universe. From dyadic periodic distribution and partitioning of concentric spheres put the Code and developed a Circle of natural elements of the Universe.

Keywords: Universe, Chemical Elements, Code, and the Circle of Natural Ele-ments.

I. Introduction

The Universe is infinite. For over hundred of years this point of view have prevailed,

simply due to the lack of proof to support alternative opinions. There is no such three-dimensional geometric body that can be possibly compared with three-dimensional Uni-verse. Thus the infinite Universe cannot have a center in a similar way the finite geometric body has a unique (central) point. However we can represent the infinite Universe con-sisting of the finite volumes (three-dimensional finite elements). In this case the infinite Universe can be defined as an infinite collection of the three-dimensional volumes. Three-dimensional volume can be represented by at least 4 points. If points are located at the vertices of the convex tetrahedron then it will form the first out of five regular Platonic solids with 4 vertices and 4 equivalent faces. However three-dimensional space cannot be filled entirely (without remaining empty spaces) with only tetrahedrons.

A second Platonic solid – a cube, – consists of 8 vertices and 6 faces. With cubes, any three-dimensional space including infinite one can be filled entirely without empty spaces. Cubes can be of very small, infinitely small sizes. But every cube even infi-nitely small should have a center. An infinite

Universe does not have a center, but a cube always has a center, a point with no volume. Then center of any cube can be a center of the Universe.


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практической конференции «Современные направления теоретиче-ских и прикладных исследований'2013». – Выпуск 1. – Том 42. – Одесса: КУПРИЕНКО, 2013. – ЦИТ 113-0151. – С.97-104.

3. Свиридов В.В. Нитратсодержащие ионные жидкости как активные компоненты мембран натрат-селективных электродов / В.В. Свири-дов, О.А. Авраменко, А.А. Раева, И.В. Плетнев, В.Е. Баули, Н.В. Шве-дене // Вестн. Моск. ун-та. – 2007. – Т.48. – №4. – Сер.2. – C.245-249.

4. Наканиси К. Инфракрасные спектры и строение органических соеди-нений: Пер. с англ. – М.: Мир, 1965. – 216 с.

5. Казицына Л.А., Куплетская Н.Б. Применение УФ-, ИК- и ЯМР-спектроскопии в органической химии. – М.: Высш. шк., 1971. – 264 с.

6. Ignatyev N.V., Schmidt M., KuehnerA., Hilarius V., Heider U., Kucheryna A., Sartori P., Willner H. WO 03/002579, Merck Patent GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany.

7. Рахманько Е.М. Анионнообменная экстракция нитрат-анионов высшими четвертичными аммониевыми солями различного строения / Е.М. Рах-манько, М.С. Марковская, Л.С. Станишевский, Ю.С. Зубенко, А.Р. Цыга-нов // Вестник БГУ. – 2008. – № 3. – Сер. 2. – C.18-23.

8. Общая органическая химия: В 12 т. / Под ред. Н.К. Кочеткова и Л.В. Баки-новского. – М.: Химия, 1982. – Т.3: Азотсодержащие соединения. – 736 с.

9. Кустов Л.М., Васина Т.В., Ксенофонтов В.А. Ионные жидкости как каталитические среды / Журн. Рос. хим. об-ва им. Д.И. Менделеева. – 2004. – T. ХLVIII. – № 6. – С.13-35.

10. Энциклопедия полимеров / Под ред. В.Н. Кабанова. – М.: Советская энциклопедия, 1974. – Т.1. – 746 с.

11. Supported ionic liquid catalysis – a new concept for homogeneous hydro-formylation catalysis / C.P. Mehnert, R.A. Cook, N.D. Dispenzire, M. Afe-worki // J. Am. Chem. Soc. – 2003. – Vol. 124. – P.12932-12933.

12. Freemantle M. Ionic liquid // Chemical & Engineering News. – 2004. – P.26-29.

13. Chernyshov D.V., Baulin V.E., Shvedene N.V. Ionic liquid // Electroana-lytica-2005. – Ekaterinburg. – 2005. – P. 285.

14. Watanabe M., Yamada S.I., Ogata N. Ionic liquid // Electrochim. Acta. – 1995. – V. 40. – № 13-14. – P.2285-2288.

15. Wasserscheid P., Welton T. Ionic liquids in synthesis // Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH&Co. KgaA. – 2002. – P.103-126.

16. Ионные жидкости в электрохимических процессах / О.К. Лебедева, Д.Ю. Культин, Л.М. Кустов, С.Ф. Дунаев // Журн. pос. хим. об-ва им. Д.И. Менделеева. – 2004. – Т. ХLVІІІ. – № 6. – С.59-72.

17. Yoshizawa M., Narita A., Ohno H. Ionic liquids // Australian J. Chem. – 2004. – V.57. – № 2. – P.139-144.


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16. Pankova H.I., Gerasimova M.I. Desert soil: properties, soil-forming pro-cesses, classification. Arid ecosystems. 2012. 18(2/51): P. 5-13.

17. Titlyanova A.A. Productivity of grass ecosystems //Biological productivity of grass ecosystems. Geographic patterns and environmental features /Ed. by V.B. Ilyin. Novosibirsk. Science: Sib. fintion, 1988. P.109-127.

18. Usmanov R.Z., Saidov, A.K, Stasiuk, N.V., Fedorov, K.N., Mirzoev E.M-R., M.A. Balamirzoev Agroecological analysis of land resource regions of ecological disaster in the South of Russia and guidelines for their assess-ment and mapping. Makhachkala-Moscow, 2005. 160p.

19. Usmanov R.Z. Environmental assessment and scientific basis for natural potential recovery of degraded soils of North-Western Caspian region/ Au-thor's abstract of doctor . dissertation. Makhachkala. 46 p.

20. Cherepanov, S. Kaliev Vascular plants of the USSR. HP: Science. 510 p. 21. Yarullina N.A. Peculiarities of formation of primary biological productiv-

ity in the desert communities of the Delta of the Terek // Bot. Journal. 1979. V.64, No. 6.P.88-92.

22. Yarullina N.A. Primary biological productivity of the soils of the delta of the Terek. M.: Science, 1983. 90 p.

23. Walter H. D. 1964. Vegetation der Erde in oko-physiolohischei Betrach-tung. Die tropicshen und subtropischen Zonen. Jena. Veb Guster Fischer Verlag/ 1964. Vol. 1. 551 p.

20 (20) 2014 Ecology

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*181600* Hajiyev A. H., PhD. Rustamov Y.I.

ANAS Institute of Control Systems

ADJUSTMENT OF THE LEVEL OF GROUND WATER BY USİNG HORİZONTAL DRAİN ACADEMİCİAN

In this paper the mathematical algorithm for regulation of preventing of salinization arable land and swampy areas, in order to ensure the exchange of moisture and salt changes on the crisis depth of the groundwater by using the horizontal drainage system has been proposed. The main parameters of horizontal drainage lines are determined, obtained theoretical results applied to the solution of practical problems.

Keywords: drainage, ground water, filtration, feeding intensity, filter, the report algorithm, the depth of the crisis, non – linear equations.

Introduction.

Country irrigated lands, mainly located in the arid zone to achieve high and stable

amounts of agricultural products are constantly required of reclamation and irrigation actions. By several reasons approximation of a level of ground water to a grand level leads to salinization and swamp of lands. Indoor horizontal drainage systems are considered as a most common technical tools in maintaining the level of the ground water on the limith of the crisis, for removing surplus water from areas, management of optimal irrigation regime and irrigated soil fertility [1]. However, in the background of new drainage systems such as ground-level rise, resulting in soil salinization cases are often encountered.

In such cases, doesn't selection of the correct scheme, mistakes of techno – economic feasibility and design, the violation of construction technologies, the poor organization of exploitation, are due to a lack of control. Land – desn't correctly investigate of the physical processes occurring in groundwater, and the construction of low cost, reduction systems and equipment reliability of omplementation of construction, maintenance costs, until the exploitation duration broken cause spoiled [2].

Problem statement:

To maintain of the level of ground water to the extent necessary to ensure

availability of reclamation facilities is a key way. Level management can be performed through the drainage system. The description of report scheme of the problem received as follows:


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conductivity and electrochemical stability of pure IL explain their viscosity (mobility anions), the size of the ion and betweenionic interaction.

The influence the symmetry of the cationic ILQASMN on their ionic conductivity has been studied. Fig. 1 shows that ILQASMN with asymmetrical radicals have higher conductivity than ILQASMN with symmetric radicals. The authors [15] also show that a significant influence on ionic conductivity of IL belongs cationic organic part.

The analysis of the impact of the presence of different functional groups in the radical cation part of ILQASMN on their ionic conductivity showed that the ionic conductivity decreases in the number where the cation of ILQASMN has: hydroxyl group> intense bond.

The authors [15] explain the influence of cationic part of IL on their ionic conduc-tivity by difference of diffusion coefficients of component ions. In [16] a phenomenon explained by the increase of mobility of cation due to delocalization of the negative charge on the anion, which causes weakening of ion-ion interactions of constituent ions.

It has been established that ILQASMN have high ionic conductivity ~ 10–3 Sm·cm–

1. That is, in all cases there is a much larger (more efficient) than previously known com-pounds [17] ionic conductivity to two orders of magnitude lower at a much lower glass transition temperature. The increasing the number of quaternary ammonium groups in mono- and bisfunctional ILQASMN leads to a decrease in ionic conductivity.

It should be noted that the physical properties (density, molecular weight, size and degree of ion dissociation) of IL also affect their ionic conductivity. However, it is difficult to establish correlations between individual parameters and ionic conductivity.

IV. Conclusions

The new ILQASMN with high ionic conductivity, capable to dissociation in an

inert environment to create of new antistatic and can be recommended as an effective electrode active compounds that can increase the selectivity of anion-selective nitrate electrode with respect to chloride ions.

References

1. Свердліковська О.С., Бурмістр М.В. Перспективні йонні рідини на ос-

нові похідних морфоліну з аніоном фосфату та тетрафторборату // Сбор-ник научных трудов SWorld. Материалы международной научно-прак-тической конференции «Современные проблемы и пути их решения в науке, транспорте, производстве и образовании'2012». – Выпуск 4. Том 44. – Одесса: КУПРИЕНКО, 2012. – ЦИТ 412-0943 – С.91-99.

2. Свердліковська О.С., Бурмістр М.В. Вплив зовнішніх факторів та структурних властивостей іонних рідин на основі похідних морфоліну з аніоном фосфату та тетрафторборату на їх іонну провідність // Сбор-ник научных трудов SWorld. Материалы международной научно-


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bonds, in which π-electrons have a high mobility within the molecule and relatively low excitation energy and also have in the part of the molecule chromophore groups, that contain π-electrons and the unshared electron pairs of heteroatoms [8]. This con-dition greatly simplifies application and facilitates the separation of IL [9].

The different behavior of the investigated ILQASMN was found in water. Almost all subjects ILQASMN mixed with water in various proportions and form homogeneous mix-tures. On the other hand, ILQASM with the cation containing alkylaromatic and aliphatic fragments (C-3-3*****), immiscible with water and have strong hydrophobic properties because it is such ILQASM can be used in two-phase systems with water.

The characteristic constants of synthesized ILQASMN are shown in Table. 1. For a number ILQASMN: С-6*****÷С-4-2*****÷С-6-1*****÷С-3-3*****÷С-6-2***** refractive index decreases with 20

Dn =1,5525 to 20Dn =1,4975, and in order:С-6-

2*****÷С-4-2*****÷С-6-1*****÷С-3-3****÷С-6***** relative density increases with 20

20d =1,0110 to 2020d =1,0175, due to the structure of cation radical (probably the

increase of the concentration occurs of the implemented in the system of nature differ-ent physical interactions, such as hydrogen bonds) [10].

The refractive index and density of ILQAS are reduced with the substitution of halogen ions on nitrate ions, due to the nature of the anionic part by reducing the ac-tivity of the ion (this is probably due to the inherent structural physical interactions).

The synthesized ILQASMN is low-temperature IL of a new type that can operate in the temperature range 15–500С with high ionic conductivity due to the structure of their cationic and anionic parts.

The ionic conductivity, viscosity, hydrophobicity are the most important charac-teristics that determine the prospects of using IL in electrochemistry. Therefore, in this paper, the ionic conductivity of new ILQASMN have been investigated.

It was established that the highest ionic conductivity ILQASMN at 150С is 3,993 mSm cm–1 (C-4-2 *****).

The systematic study of the influence of temperature change, impact analysis of symmetry and the presence of different functional groups in the radical cationic and anionic parts of ILQASMN on their ionic conductivity were carried out in the work.

The analysis of the data showed that for all new ILQASMN specific ionic con-ductivity increases with increasing temperature, which is probably due to a set of near and distant interactions are affected by the nature of the cation part [11].

The influence of cationic and anionic parts of ILQASMN on the conductivity of the IL has been research. It was found that substitution of bromine anions in ILQASM on nitrate anions leads to an increase in ionic conductivity twice. For example, the ionic conductivity of C-4-2 (with anion bromide) at 150C is 2,4110–3 Smsm–1, and C-4-2 ***** (with nitrate anion) is 3,9910–3 Smsm–1.

The increase of ionic conductivity with decreasing size of the anion corresponds to the rule Walden-Pisarzhevskiy [12]. In [13] it was described the pattern of benefits of anion for the synthesis of IL with high ionic conductivity. The authors of [14] the


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Fig.1. Report scheme.

Here consth 0 – the thickness of the soil layer, m ; consth 1 – the thickness of the soil layer, m ;

consth 2 – filter layer thickness, m ; constDhhH 0100 5,0 – the thickness from the surface to drainage axle, m ;

constD 0 - the diameter of the drain pipe, m ; const , m ; gtyxpytyxh /),,(),,( [3] – the current level of ground water, m; g - surface

gravity, 2/ sanm ; ),,( tyx – the density of the saturated soil layer,

3/ mkq . A special case for isotropic homogeneous environments are accepted.

When 000 HyhH , lxl , 0t the 1 filtration region equation [3, 5] can be written as follows: )1),,(2(),,()),,(),,((),,( 2

0 tyxhtyxhtyxhtyxhtyxhN xyyxt ),,(),,(),,(),,(0 tyxftyxhtyxhtyxfN xxyt )1(

Here, kmN /0 , m – the environment porosity, k – hydraulic conductivity. )),(),,((),,( xbtyxhktyxf

)( xb the distance to waterproof layer and consthDhhxb 12)( 210 has been accepted.

The system )1( integrated within he following initial and boundary conditions. Initial condition: consthHyxh 00)0,,(

)()0,( 0 xfxf at llx ; )(0 xf – the given function. The boundary conditions of the problem for physical nature are choosing as

follows: On the free surface, i.e 0Hy then

),(),,( 1 txftHxh . 001 hHH )2(

y [ – ] when )( tvhx , )( tv the flow rate of water drainage outfall.

0Hy and 2hh then 0yh , (waterproof condition) )3(

20 (20) 2014 Ecology

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Solution of the problem: There are a lot of mathematical difficulties in solving the boundary value problem

)1( – )3( , because the equation )1( is non-linear. For solution of the problem we will use analytical -approximate methods.

The system of equation )1( can be rewrite in following from:

WHhM

k

y

h

x

hk

t

h

)()(

2 0

02

22

2

22

)4(

Here , k , 0k , 0M , constH , ),,( tyxW - the function characterizing of infiltration. ),,( tyxh and ),,( tyxW – the power functions for any parameter let's take.

Then

1

0 ),,()(),,(k

kk tyxhthtyxh

1

0 ),,()(),,(k

kk tyxWtWtyxW )5(

If given equations in )4( and if equal same degree of power coefficients of then receive the following system of differential equations

000

00 )()(

WthM

k

t

th

)6(

110

010

1 )( WhM

khthk

t

h

)7(

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Here – Laplace operator. In this case, the first equation of variable coefficients, linear partial differential

equations ІІ drawn. The first equation has order 1 and non – homogeneous ordinary differential equations. It's solution

t

tt deWeCth0

)(a0

a00 )(

1)(

)8( here

0

0aM

k

, a

)0(000

WhC ,

),,()0(0 tyxWW then 0t is initial value of infiltration. In many cases of practical reports )( tWW given in the form. In this case the

system )7( is homogeneous. For solving an equation )7( taking into account the initial condition of Laplace

transformation in time, then for variables x and y is applied the method separation of the variables. After determining the constants of integration in the boundary conditions, the inverse translator to fulfill

x y

dydxuEiuEih

tyxh0 0

1122

21

01 )()(),,(


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the features of this reaction is the use solvent in which the salt of nitric acid soluble, and received in exchange QAS insoluble – in ethanol. The reaction of Fikelshteyn pro-ceeds by bimolecular mechanism (SN2).

The substitution reactions of anions of chlorine or bromine in ILQASM on nitrate anion has been conducted in ethanol or water at room temperature for 24 hours. It has been established that substitution of nitrate anions in ILQASM faster the ethanol. This is probably due to the peculiarities of ionic association in the organic solvent phase. The high capacity of ILQASMN to anion exchange extraction was revealed. In [7] the anion exchange extraction of nitrate anions of higher quaternary ammonium salts of different structure has been research.

The structure and properties of the samples ILQASMN were characterized by el-emental analysis, IR-spectra. The physical and chemical properties of ILQASMN shown in Table 1.

Table 1 – Physical and chemical properties QASMN general formula

O

N R'R+

NO3

Call com-pounds

R R’ Mol. mass

Content anion, %

Defined

Found

Refractive index ( 20

Dn )

Density ( 20

20d ), g/sm3

Out-put (), %

С-3-3 CH2CH2 CH33 302

20,5520,53 1,5028 1,0163 45,36

С-4-2 CH2 CH2 OH CH2 CH CH2 234 26,6526,50 1,5430 1,0116 67,09

С-6 CH2 CH CH2 CH2 CH CH2 230 26,8526,96 1,5525 1,0175 68,26

С-6-1 CH2 CH CH2 CH2 CH2 OH 235 26,3026,38 1,5203 1,0161 59,27

С-6-2 CH2 CH CH2 CH2 281 26,1026,06 1,4975 1,0110 78,79

In this paper, the solubility of the synthesized ILQASMN has been studied. It

should be noted that the solubility of various substances in the IL depends on their nature, polarity and dielectric constant. The solvents such as isopropanol (=20), ace-tone (=20,7), dimethylformamide (=37) is easily mixed with the synthesized ILQASMN. However, the solubility of some ILQASMN in organic solvents is limited: for example, acetone is not mixed with С-6-1*****, С-6-2*****; isopropanol is not mixed with С-6-2*****. This is probably due to the presence in these ILQASMN


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II. Target setting It has given the above, the aim of this work is directed synthesis of new

ILQASMN with high ionic conductivity, capable of dissociation in an inert environ-ment to create new antistatic; analysis of the applicability ILQASMN as effective elec-trode active compounds that can increase the selectivity of the nitrate anion selective electrode with respect to chloride ions.

To address the goal of this work is necessary to solve the following tasks: directed synthesis and study of physic-chemical properties of promising new ILQASMN; the investigation of anion-exchange extraction of nitrate anions ILQASM that capable of dissociation in an inert environment to create new antistatic; the systematic study of the impact of changes in external factors (temperature) and structural properties ILQASMN (symmetry and the presence of functional groups in the radical cation, such as anionic part) on their ionic conductivity; the analysis of the applicability of new ILQASMN as effective electrode active compounds that can increase the selectivity of nitrate anion selective electrode with respect to chlorine ions.

The structure of the synthesized ILQASMN confirmed by elemental analysis, in-frared spectroscopy (IR spectra were recorded in the region 400-4000 cm–1 on cutlery «SPECTRUM BX II» in tablets KBr). The assignment of bands in the IR spectra were carried out according to [4, 5]. The potentiometric analysis of the content of nitrogen atoms and ions nitrate has been conducted. The physical and chemical properties ILQASMN picnometrical, optical methods (on refractometer ИРФ-453) was found. The ionic conductivity ILQASMN was determined by conductometrical method (on conductometer СYВЕRСАN CON 1500).

III. Results

The substitution reaction of QASM with anions halogens (QASMH) on nitrate

anions have been studied for the continuation of the synthesis of new QASM (Figure 1). The general scheme of the synthesis is as follows

O

N R'R

+ NaNO3

O

N R'R

+

NO3-

Cl

NaCl

, where R' =R = ОНСН2 СН2СН2 ; ; СН 2 СН33 ; СН 2 СН СН 2 .

Figure 1 – Figure of synthesis QASMN

The substitution of chlorine and bromine on nitrate anion in ILQASM (Figure 1) is by the reaction of Fikelshteyn [6]. The most often the exchange of chlorine or bro-mine ions on nitrate anion in QAS has been conduct using salts of nitric acid. One of


- 29 -

Here ,)-4a(t

r 221 u ,

a4

22

r

u 21

21

2 yxr has been signed. )( zEi the integral

function of power. For integral function of power [4]

1

212

1121 !

)(ln)(

k

k

kk

uuCuEi

1

222

2122 !

)(ln)(

k

k

kk

uuCuEi

taking into account expression after some mathematical translations for ),,(1 tyxh giving the following expression:

))11

(4!

(ln)(

),,(1

220

1

k ttakk

yx

t

tthtyxh

)9(

Similarly, can be find of the other expression of the assemblages. However, it is

possible to select of small parameter that in practical reports for .,........., 32 much smaller, it cann’t taking into account.

Changes in the level of final expression we can write as: ......),,()(),,( 10 tyxhthtyxh )10( If the speed of water flow in the drain tube constvtv 0)( , then The amount of

water flowing through the pipe an unit time (debit) will be as follows:

,4 0

04 v

DnQ

)11(

here iRCv 0 – the speed of the flow of water in the drain pipe, ;/ sanm C - Shezi coefficient, have been proposed for the drain pipes is determine by formula Manniga-Pavlovsky [5]

6

11R

nC , )12(

025,0 DR hydraulic radius, ;m n – the ruggedness ratio of the drain pipe. If 000 HyhH then, 1 area, the amount of water flowing from the soil

calculated by the following formula:

0

0

111 ),(),,(h

txQdytyxhFQ )13(

In practical reports of hydrologic parameters can be accepted constF 1 . The amount of the thickness h0 is in the form moisture of a part of the layer and

the rest passes through the lower layer. There is saturated environment in the lower layers. If 12 hyh , then on area 2 (soil type, structure and so on. dependent) for saturation of the amount of moisture that is needed:

222 vFQ . At all changes of the level ),,( tyxh the volume 2 is always saturated, aqueous

environment remains.

20 (20) 2014 Ecology

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When 205,0 hyD , for area 3 will be 333 vFQ .

With satisfy the condition

3

14

iiQQ , management of variation of the change

function ),,( tyxh , can be achieved satisfed inequality ),,(),,( 00 thHxhtyxh . 4Q amount of water transmitted through dren.

For that purpose, must be solved the system of equations (1) in the initial and boundary conditions.

If

3

14

iiQQ and for groundwater level satisfy condition

),,(),,( 00 thHxhtyxh , than means that environment 3 (filter) created along the x axis the additional flow.

For practical verify of obtained the theoretical results on the basis of following data using of the software package «Derive» have been reports.

Initial data points: ,37,486;21,303;5,1610 C ,62,0;83,0;25,1a ,2,0;15,0;1,0

,600;200W ,5,0t ,0,2y ,5,00 k ,141t takes values between 201k including in the expression (9).

Fig.2. In the background of covered horizontal drain dropping curves of groundwater level ( ),( txh ).


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*181147* Ol’ga Sverdlikovs’ka, Mychaylo Burmistr, Oleh Chervakov

PERSPECTIVE IONIC LIQUIDS BASED ON QUATERNARY AMMONIUM SALTS – DERIVATIVES

OF MORPHOLINE WITH NITRATE ANION

Abstract Promising new ionic liquids based on quaternary ammonium salts (morpho-

line derivatives) with nitrate anion were synthesized. The high ability of ionic liquids based on quaternary ammonium salts (morpholine derivatives) with nitrate anion to anion-ex-change extraction has been revealed for the first time. The physico-chemical properties and ionic conductivity (10–3 Смcм–1) of new ionic liquids based on quaternary ammonium salts (morpholine derivatives) with nitrate anion have been installed for the first time. The sys-tematic study of the influence of external factors and structural properties on the specific and molar ionic conductivity of new ionic liquids based on quaternary ammonium salts (morpholine derivatives) with nitrate anion were held for the first time.

Key words: ionic liquids, quaternary ammonium salts, morpholine, synthesis, ionic conductivity

I. Introduction

At this stage of development the industry is urgent to solve problems in the field of

ecology, energy, natural resources conservation and use of safe technologies. The most effective use of low-temperature ionic liquids (IL) in various fields of science and tech-nology. The previous studies [1, 2] were shown, that the quaternary ammonium salt (mor-pholine derivatives) with tetrafluoroborate anion (QASMT) and phosphate (QASMF). It has been established that the ionic conductivity and ILQASMT and ILQASMF is 10–2–10–3 Sm·cm–1. New ILQASMT and ILQASMF can be recommended for use as the com-ponents of the electrolyte membranes for high temperature fuel cells of new type; the sol-vent, the reagent and the catalyst in catalytic reactions involving the transition metal com-plexes; as the immersion fluid in various optical measurements.

It is known that the exchange of anions in high QAS strong depends on the size of the cation. In the present the study of compounds with high capacity for dissociation in an inert environment is vital for the creation of new antistatic and obtaining high leading solutions [3].

Thus, the research of management capabilities of selectivity of exchange anions in QAS and use ILQASM with nitrate anion (ILQASMN) as the effective electrode active compounds that can increase the selectivity of the nitrate anion of selective elec-trode with respect to chloride ions has practical and scientific interest.


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Figure 2. Correlation between boiling point predicted and boiling point observed of alkanes.

Scatter plot demonstrates strong correlation between the boiling point observed

and the boiling point predicted for alkanes.

Conclusion.

In this work we used Randić Index to build a mathematical model to predict the boiling point on a given set of molecules. The result of this process has high accuracy in predicting boiling point of alkanes. According to the determination coefficient, we can be certain that 99.09 percent of the total variation in the boiling point of alkanes can be explained by the linear relationship between Randić Index and the boiling point.

References:

1. R. B. King. Chemical applications of topology and graph theory: a collection

of papers from a symposium held at the University of Georgia, Athens, Geor-gia, U. S. A., 18-22 April 1983.

2. Milan Randić. In search of structural invariants J. Math. Chem. 1992. V. 9. P. 97–146.

3. Milan Randić. Characterization of molecular branching, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1975, 97 (23): 6609–6615.

4. Gutman I., Estrada E. Topological indices based on the line graph of the molecular graph, J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci. 1996. V. 36. P. 541–543.

5. Wiener H. Structural determination of paraffin boiling points. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1947, 69 (11): 2636 – 2638.

6. Wiener H. Relation of the physical properties of the isomeric alkanes to mo-lecular structure. J. Phys. Chem. 1948. V. 52. P. 1082 – 1089.


- 31 -

Result. Obtained graphics illustrates of the current level of groundwater in recorded

estimates of (x, y) for the change over time. As shown in the level tracts of homogeneous isotropic ground decrease for x of the intensity is approximately constant. Changes in the other values of parameters causing an increase the inefficiency of the drain line, decrease of the level of begin time of descend. Through a variety of technical measures drainage water can increase the transmission capacity. We see that, by measuring the amount of water transmitted the drainage or provided the analysis charts when the level landing speed 6t stabilized. The explanation of this phenomenon in the case of change of the power drain,for increasing of the water transfer, i.e. the drain pipe around the edge of the circular domain layer of filtering through the water drainage catchment oblast transmission or the collector is confirm.

Reference

1. H.G. Aslanov. Irrigation asoil science. Baku: Education NPM, 2004, 309 p. 2. Rustamov Y.I. Physical reliability of covered horizontal drainage and increase of

individuals. Azerbaijan Agricultural Science. 2010, № 3 – 4, p. 86 – 88. 3. P.Y. Polubarinova -Kochina, V.G. Pryazha, V.N. Emich. Mathematical

methods in matters of irrigation. M: Science, 1969. 414 p. 4. Kamke. Handbook of ordinary differential equations. Moscow: Nauka,

1976, 576 p. 5. S.F. Averyanov. Salinity control irrigated land. M: Kolos, 1978, 288 p. 6. P.G. Kiselev. Handbook of hydraulic calculations. M.-L.: Gosenergoizdat,

1959, 570 p.

20 (20) 2014 Agriculture

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*174845* Braginets N.V.

Doctor of Engineering, Professor, Bakhariev D.N.

candidate of engineering sciences, Assistant Professor.

USE OF THE LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY AT THE THEORETICAL JUSTIFICATION OF PARAMETERS

OF THE FEEDER OF THE LOADING MACHINE FOR CORN COBS

Summary: A method of applied use of the law of conservation of energy of the

system in the theory of construction of new feeders of corn cobs was further developed. Кey words: bulk storing bunker of corn cobs, law of conservation of energy of

the system.

Introduction

A bulk storing bunker of corn cobs can be presented as a system of particles. If a sys-tem is changing in a course of time, they say that its condition is changing. The condition of a system is characterized by the simultaneous assignment of positions and velocities of all its particles. Knowing the consistent patterns of the effect of forces on the particles of the system and the system condition at the initial time, you can determine its future behavior, i.e. to find a system condition at any time using the equations of motion.

However, when we look at the behavior of the above mentioned system in more detail, you can see at the insertion of a scooping shovel of the feeder in the storing bunker that it is very difficult to describe the process using the equations of motion. That is why it is neces-sary to apply other principles of describing the process, principles resulting from Newton's laws that allow to simplify the solution of the problem. In this case, the laws of conservation of energy, impulse and angular momentum can be such principles.

These three values have an important common property of additivity: their value for the system consisting of parts which interaction is small to negligible, is equal to the sum of the values for each of the parts separately (for the impulse and angular momentum the ad-ditivity property is performed in case of the presence of interaction) [1, p. 62].

Analysis of recent researches and published works

The effective loading machines are necessary for the effective performance of

processes of postharvest mechanical processing of corn cobs. The following scientists А.М. Borisov, М.N. Fateev, А.Kh. Gokhtel, G.V. Rodionov, К.S. Gurkov,


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Figure 1. Correlation between Boiling Point and Randić Index of alkanes.

The equation of the line is: T = 63.654 χ – 121.29. Determination coefficient

equals r² = 0.9909. We can use this equation to calculate the boiling point for given molecules and compare them with observed values.

Table 2. Boiling Point observed and boiling point predicted for alkanes.

Name Boiling Point (observed), ° C

Boiling Point (predicted), ° C

2-Methylbutane 27.9 23.2 2-Methylhepnate 117.6 118.7 2-Methylhexane 90 86.9 2-Methylpentane 60.2 55.0 2-Methylpropane -10.5 -11.2 Butane -0.5 0.3 Heptane 98.4 95.8 Hexane 68.7 63.9 Nonane 150.6 159.4 Octane 125.8 127.6 Pentane 36.5 32.1 Propane -44.5 -31.5


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Randić index and its correlation with the boiling point of alkanes.

Randić index can be calculated using formula:

iJ

jivvG 2

1

)()( (I),

where iv and jv are degrees of vertices i and j of a graph G. Summation is per-

formed for all edges of a graph G. Let’s calculate Randić index for 2-methylpropane. We will assign a number from 1 to 4 to each carbon atom, account the degree of each vertex for each bond between carbon atoms and calculate the index:

73.1131331)( 2

1

2

1

2

1

G

We will repeat this procedure for other compounds. Table 1. Boiling point and Randić Index of alkanes.

Name Boiling Point, ° C Randić Index2-Methylbutane 27.9 2.27 2-Methylhepnate 117.6 3.77 2-Methylhexane 90 3.27 2-Methylpentane 60.2 2.77 2-Methylpropane -10.5 1.73 Butane -0.5 1.91 Heptane 98.4 3.41 Hexane 68.7 2.91 Nonane 150.6 4.41 Octane 125.8 3.91 Pentane 36.5 2.41 Propane -44.5 1.41

We will plot the data in the coordinate plane and look for the least squares re-

gression line.


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А.D. Каlnitskiy, Е.А. Reviakina, P.S. Bedilo, I.I. Кandaurov, I.А. Petunina, N.V. Bra-ginets, I.N. Gurov, V.N. Giacheva, V.А. Bogomiagkikh, К.V. Аlferov, R.L. Zenkov, L.V. Giachev, О.D. Gagin, P.S. Bedilo etc. studied the effectiveness of constructions of loading machines for coarse-grained free running media, which include a mound of corn [2-16]. The works of the above mentioned scientists prove that at the development of theoretical backgrounds for describing the process of interaction of working bodies of loading devices with granular medium three basic approaches are used:

application of the theory of statics of an ideal granular medium; use of empirical relationships; combination of the mentioned techniques. These main approaches require knowledge of all the forces having effect on the

granular medium, and the effect of forces must be considered in three-dimensional space. Also there are difficulties with determining the interaction effects between the components and the medium, the account of which considerably complicates the math-ematical models and leads to the necessity of rough reductions. From this point the energy description of the process is more appropriate.

The purpose of research is a further development of theoretical backgrounds in justification of construction and technological parameters of feeders of corn cobs.

Results of research

As the bulk storing bunker of corn cobs can be represented as a system of inter-

connected particles, then this system can be interpreted as a field of forces. The field of forces is the region of space in each point of which a force naturally varying point-to-point acts on a particle placed there [1, p. 62].

It is necessary to list these forces. If the storing bunker of cobs is quiescent, then it is considered in the inertial reference system. Gravity forces act on cobs in this case, that is a field of gravity forces is formed. This is a stationary force field in which the work of the force of a field does not depend on the form of the path, but depends only on the position of the cobs in the storing bunker. Such field is called potential and forces are called conservative.

In the system, before the insertion of the shovel of the feeder into the storing bun-ker, the interaction forces between the particles are internal and in quiescent state of the system they depend only on the configuration (method of stowage of cobs). The work of these forces is equal to a loss of the potential energy of the system UA [1, p. 87].

A particle interaction with surrounding bodies can be described in two ways: with a help of forces or with a help of energy. The first method is applicable in those cases where there is no possibility to insert the potential energy (for example, to frictional forces) [1, p. 73]. A relation between the force of the field and potential energy as a coordinate function (method of stowage of cobs) makes up [1, p. 73]:


- 34 -

kz

Uj

y

Ui

x

UF

, (1)

where z

U

y

U

x

U

,, – partial derivatives of the function U;

i, j, k – unitary vectors. The value which is within brackets is called a gradient of the scalar function U

and is denoted ▽. The force F acting on the particle of the system from the side of the surrounding bodies is proportional to the mass [1, p. 75]:

iGmF , (2)

where m – mass of the particle, kg Gi – some vector which depends both on the position of the particle, and on

properties of surrounding bodies. The physical interpretation of the interaction connected with the concept of field fol-

lows from (2). Therefore, at each space point the system (the source of the field) creates such conditions (vector Gi), in which the particle placed in these points, experiences a force. (2). The vector Gi is called a strength of the field. The vector Gi(r) characterizes the field. In this case, r the radius vector of the point of the field [1, p. 76].

dUdrGm i , (3)

Let’s divide the left and right sides by m,

m

dUdrGi

, (4)

Let’s denote m

dU , then:

drGi , (5)

The function φ(r) – is called a potential of the field in the point with a radius vector r. Based on the foregoing, we can introduce a concept of a field. A field – is an

antigradient of the potential.

rrGi , (6)

Except for the forces of gravity also the non-potential (dissipative) forces, which depend on the path of the particles displacement, are present in the storing bunker, they


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*179751* Fedina Y. A., Papulov Yu. G., PhD, Vinogradova M. G., PhD

Department of Physical Chemistry, Tver State University

CORRELATION ANALYSIS BETWEEN BOILING POINT

AND RANDIĆ INDEX OF ALKANES

Abstract. Application of statistical methods in modeling relationships between chemical and

physical properties of molecules and their structure may benefit many Chemistry students. They can use Microsoft Excel or Fathom Dynamic Data software to create statistical mod-els and verify whether the correlation between the two is strong and acceptable. This pro-cess will familiarize students with quantitative structure-property relationship.

Key words: alkanes, molecular modeling, theoretical chemistry, medicinal chem-istry, correlation analysis, topological index, molecular structure.

Introduction.

Recent trends in environmental regulatory strategies require reliable predictive

modeling to assess the exposure and risk which is necessary to develop scientifically defensible regulations. It is important from both the human and ecological perspec-tives. Theoretical chemistry uses mathematical modeling to describe molecular struc-tures and chemical changes. High school students are introduced to the concept of Graph Theory during their Geometry course. Graph theory is a foundation in the de-velopment of topological indices which are numerical descriptors encoding topological attributes of a molecular graph. They are used in quantitative structure-property rela-tionship (QSPR) for modeling a variety of physical-chemical properties or in quantita-tive structure-activity relationship (QSAR) studies to predict biological activities. One of the topological indices, Randić molecular connectivity index, has outlined some de-sirable attributes such as direct structural interpretation, good correlation with many properties, good discrimination of isomers, and simplicity of calculation.

Topological Indices.

Molecular descriptors can be divided into different categories such as constitu-

tional, structural fragments, graph invariants, quantum-chemical, size, surface and vol-ume. A wide variety of topological indices is used in molecular modeling. Topological descriptors include Randić index, Wiener index, Balaban index, Fisher index, Platt in-dex, Hosoya index. We will discuss Randić index.

20 (20) 2014 Physics

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3. T. Hayashi, T. Morita, M. Fukaya and E. Hasegawa. Japan J. Appl. Phys., 13. № 10. 1667 (1974).

4. R. Symanczyk, S. Gaelings and D. Jäger. Phys. Lett. A, 160, 397 (1991). 5. B. S. Kerner, V. V. Osipov, M.T. Romanko and V. F. Sinkevich Sov. Phys.

JETP 44, 77 (1986). 6. M. N. Vinoslavskii, Fiz. tverd. Tela. 31, 315 (1989). 7. A. A. Stepurenko, Fiz. Tekh. Poluprov. 28, 402 (1994). 8. A. A. Stepurenko, Fiz. Tekh. Poluprov. 30, 76 (1996). 9. I. K. Kamilov and A. A. Stepurenko, phys. stat. sol. (b) 194, 643 (1996). 10. I. K. Kamilov, A. A. Stepurenko, and A. S. Kovalev, Fiz. Tekh. Poluprov.

36, 187 (2002). 11. I. K. Kamilov, A. A. Stepurenko, A.E. Gummetov and A. S. Kovalev, Fiz.

Tekh. Poluprov. 42, 393 (2008). 12. A. K. Zvezdin and V. V. Osipov, Zh. eksper. teor. Fiz. 58, 160 (1970). 13. I. K. Kamilov, A. A. Stepurenko and A.E. Gummetov, Fiz. Tekh.

Poluprov. 44, 154 (2010). 14. I. K. Kamilov, A. A. Stepurenko and A.E. Gummetov, Fiz. Tekh.

Poluprov. 45, 456 (2011).


- 35 -

include the friction forces and resistance forces. The total work of all internal dissipa-tive forces – is a value which is always negative [1, p. 87].

From the above mentioned it can be concluded that in the resting storing bunker of corn cobs except the field of gravity forces you can distinguish the friction forces field and the field of forces of resistance to compression and shear (there is no re-sistance to tensile strain, as in any free-flowing body in a mound of cobs).

At the inserting of a feeder’s shovel into the storing bunker of cobs the external forces start acting. In this case that part of the cobs, which moves through the feeder’s shovel, should be studied in a non-inertial frame of reference. In this case, the forces of inertia are the external forces.

The increment of the kinetic energy of the system dТ (at the capture of cobs with the feeder’s shovel) is equal to the work done by all those forces acting on all the particles of the system. Determined here the internal and external forces, as well as potential and dissipative forces, let’s write the well-known law of conservation of energy of the system [1, p. 87]:

диссвнутр

потвнутрвнеш AAAdT , (7)

where δАвнеш – the work of external forces, J; пот

внутрA – the work of potential internal forces, J;

диссвнутрA – the work of dissipative internal forces, J.

Taking into account, that the work of internal potential forces is equal to a loss of the

own potential energy of the system, in other words dUAпотвнутр [1, 17-19], we’ll obtain:

диссвнутрвнеш AAdUdT , (8)

The total mechanical energy of the system [1, 17-23]:

UTЕ , (9)

Тhen,

диссвнутрвнеш AAdЕ . (10)

It is important to mention, that energy Е, as well as a potential energy U is a non-additive value, in other words the energy Е of the system is not equal in the general case to the sum of energies of its separate parts [1, p. 88]:

взn UЕЕ , (11)

where Еn – the total mechanical energy of the n-th part of the system, J; Uвз – a potential energy of interaction of its separate parts, J.


- 36 -

It is obvious that an energy Е depends on the velocities of particles of the system, the character of interaction between them and a configuration of the system.

Assumption about the nature of the interaction. We made an assumption that

the mass of corn cobs can be regarded as a system of stochastically stacked beams on two bearing supports (Pic. 1).

А В

l

l1l2

РРА РВ

Рic.1. To the justification of the nature of interaction of particles

of the system.

According to the method, described in reference [6, p. 58] a force Р which causes the reaction in 2 bearing supports acts on the stochastically stacked array of cobs. At that the mathematical expecta-tion of the reaction of the bearing support А and В depends on the point of applica-tion of the force Р on the length l.

Assumption about the configuration of the system. As the mass of corn cobs

can be considered as a stochastically-laid system, then we can speak about a configu-ration only in the context of a specific volume. The specific volume comprises a finite number of cobs and the configuration of the system in this case can be very concrete.

Let’s consider a typical case of capturing of one corn cob by a scooping shovel when a contact occurs at some distance z from the center of masses of the cob and at the distance х and у from the central axes passing through the center of masses of the cob (Pic. 2).

а

b Рic.2. To the description of the capture of one corn cob by a scooping shovel:

а – possible directions of a rotation of a cob upon contact; b – a scheme to determining the moment of inertia of a cob.


- 93 -

Fig.5 demonstrates the diagrams of dynamic H (the I-H characteristics) – the de-pendence of AS current in the constant longitudinal magnetic field of IH|| set-point value

of opposite directions (| H

||| = | H

||| = const), when increasing the transverse magnetic field. As could be expected, changes in lon-gitudinal AS currents on H (the I – H char-acteristics) manifest a considerable ambigu-ity induced by the opposition of constant longitudinal magnetic field directions. When H = 0, | H

||| = | H

||| = 1.3 · 104 A/m

= const, the temporal realizations of I H

||< IH

||< I0 currents are dot-dash lines. When in-creasing the transverse magnetic field up to 4 · 104 A/m and at zero longitudinal mag-netic field (H|| = 0), the IH AS current on H

(the I – H characteristics) decreasing reaches a minimum value, and when H|| = 1.6 ·104 A/m, the I H

||(H) and I H

||(H)

currents also decrease at greater values of the current. They are denoted as solid curves, correspondingly. The current ambiguity of I H

||(H) and I H

||(H) manifests as well as I H( H

||) and I H( H

||) currents in Fig.

3,b.

IV. Conclusion The obtained experimental results carry inference that the longitudinal AS current

formed in the transverse magnetic field of a set – point value undergoes the ambiguous modulation in terms of the direction of simultaneously applied longitudinal magnetic field. On the one side, the Ettingshausen effect is blocked by the spinning electrons at the diamagnetism in the longitudinal magnetic field inducing an increase in the current irrespective of the longitudinal magnetic field direction. On the other side, the influence of the transverse magnetic field on the electrons affording the tangential component of a spinning motion provides the appearance of the Lorentz force which deflects the spinning electrons either towards their drift in the electric field or oppositely in terms of a longitudinal magnetic field direction, what induces the modulation ambiguity.

References

1. B. S. Kerner and V. V. Osipov, Sov. Phys. JETP 36, 359 (1982). 2. V.A. Vashenko, B. S. Kerner and V. V. Osipov, Zh. eksper. teor. Fiz. Pis.

41, 381 (1985).

Fig.5. The dependence of the longitudinal AS current in the longitudinal magnetic field on the transverse magnetic field H

(the I - H characteristics) at | H

|||= | H

||| = const = 1.6 ·104 A/m.

20 (20) 2014 Physics

- 92 -

I1 = IH( H

||) + I (

H), (1)

the current on the second H

|| (the I – H characteristics) is written as

I2 = IH( H

||) – I (

H), (2)

where IH( H

||) = IH( H

||) = IH( H ||), |I(

H)| = |I(

H)|

The addition of this currents gives: IH( H ||) = 2

21 II (3),

and the subtraction gives: I ( H) = ±2

21 II (4)

The diagrams of these dependences are presented in Fig. 4. The IH( H ||) AS current (Fig.4,a) in constant transverse magnetic field gains with increase of the longitudinal magnetic field and at H || = 4.8 ·104 A/m goes to saturation indicating the disappear of hot and cold electrons and equalizing the temperature gradient of AS edges. Fig.4,b exhibits the dependences of AS current component of I ( H) caused by the Lorentz force FL, appearing under influence of the pulse of the constant transverse magnetic field, on the spinning hot electrons, on the value and direction of

the longitudinal magnetic field ( H

||). The initial move of curves indicates, most likely, the appearance of spinning hot electrons, and correspondingly, the Lo-rentz force FL and current component I (

H). Next, this current reaching a value showed on the diagram smoothly decay because of the decrease in a number of hot electrons, their disappearance, and conse-quently, equalizing of AS temperature gradient.

Fig.4. a) the dynamics of the longitudinal AS current in the transverse magnetic field at a change in applied longitudinal magnetic

field of H

and H

directions. b) the dependence of AS current compo-

nent in the transverse magnetic field induced by the Lorentz force on the longitudinal magnetic

field of H

and H

directions.


- 37 -

At the rotation of the cob around the transversal axes passing through the center of gravity, the cob describes a sphere which radius RС is equal to the distance from the nose part to the center of gravity. The volume of this sphere is equal [17-23]:

3

3

4СC RV , m3. (12)

The cob rotation around the axial axis does not require an additional space. Rely-ing on our own experimental data and research results of the doctor of engineering sciences I.A. Petunina we’ll take the average value RС = 0,12 m [7, 8]. Тhen VС = 7,2·10-3 m3. The average value of the volume of 1 corn cob VП = 0,3·10-3 m3 and a porosity factor of granular material, consisting of corn cobs nпор = 0,51 – 0,55, shows, that a system consists of 11 – 12 cobs.

Assumption about velocities of the system’s particles.

At the movement of the above mentioned amount of cobs an axial rotation speed

of cobs does not have a significant impact on the absolute value of the particles’ veloc-ity. The total volume of cobs captured by the shovel moves at the same speed.

As an additional assumption, you can take the following: at the movement through the scooping shovel the volume, consisting of 11 – 12 cobs represents an in-separable system.

The work of external forces внешA , at the interaction of the storing bunker with the shovel, includes the work of external interacting forces вз

внешА and work of forces of inertia

инА . When the system configuration is finally changed, according to assumption 2:

диссвнутр

i

взвнешин АААЕЕ

12

112 2

1

. (13)

1211111223211312 ...2

1 взвнеш

взвнеш

взвнеш

взвнеш

взвнеш

взвнеш

взвнеш ААААААА

. (14)

The work инА is a result of the action of the following external forces: - an inertial force caused by a forward movement of the noninertial frame of ref-

erence инпF ;

- a centrifugal force of inertia цF ;

- a coriolis force of inertia корF .

n

iiкорцинпин LFLFLFLFА

1

, J, (15)

where L – distance covered, m.


- 38 -

On the basis of (14) and (15) the expression (13) will acquire the form:

диссвнутр

взвнеш

взвнеш

взвнеш

взвнеш

взвнеш

взвнеш

n

ii АААААААLFЕЕ

1211111223211312

112 ...

2

1

. (16)

The work диссвнутрА follows out of the condition [9, 24-25]:

τcд =f∙σсж, megapascals, (17)

where τcд – strain of shearing of layers of the trashed heap, megapascals; f – a coefficient of an internal friction of the trashed heap; σсж – a strain of a compression of layers of the trashed heap, megapascals. This condition characterizes contacts between layers and separate particles of the

studied system. In its turn [9, p. 23]:

кi

n

i

сжсд

S

Ff

1

, megapascals, (2.18)

where Fсж – the compressive force, created by the shovel, N; Sкi – a square of the і-th contact, m2. The compressive force of the system, created by the shovel, is caused by the bias

resistance of the compressed nucleus in the mass of cobs (Pic. 3).

Рic. 3. A path of motion of the feeder’s shovel:

1 – a slab edge of the feeder; 2 – a trajectory of the shovel’s motion; 3 – a shovel; 4 – a compressed nucleus; 5 – a transporter.


- 91 -

magnetic field. Hence, the Lorentz force FL influencing on these electrons appears, a direction of which will either coincide with an electron drift direction or will be oppo-site-directed in terms of a longitudinal magnetic field direction

LF

= e B

or LF

= e B

, where

is the tangential velocity of hot electron spinning,

B is the magnetic induction of the transverse magnetic field. Under influence of the Lorentz force the conduction electrons gain an additional

component for the drift velocity in the electric field. Consequently, a positive compo-nent of AS current appears under one direction of the longitudinal magnetic field H

||

and a negative component appears under another direction of H

||. As a result, H|| (the I – H characteristics) will differ essentially at opposite directions of H|| .

Fig. 3,b presents the oscillograms of dynamic H|| (the I – H characteristics) of AS current in the transverse magnetic field at opposite directions of increasing longitudinal magnetic field. The assumed transverse magnetic field (H= const) is that IH does not reach a minimum value (IH > IH

min). Also the changes in longitudinal AS current on H|| (the I – H characteristics) show a visible ambiguity in the dependence of a longitu-dinal magnetic field direction. However, in this case the current on H|| (the I – H char-acteristics) at H

|| direction demonstrates a negative extreme within the longitudinal

magnetic field H

|| = (0 – 9.5 ·103 A/m) whereat the current on H|| (the I – H character-istics) begins to increase. It is obvious that under H

|| the appearing negative component

of AS current decreases the common current inducing the negative extreme. The obtained H|| (the I – H characteristics) can be presented as the result of two

processes. On the one hand, the longitudinal magnetic field H|| influencing on hot Ettingshausen electrons, normally moved towards H||, makes them to spin bringing to temperature equalizing of AS rising and falling edges. The AS motion induced by the influence of the transverse magnetic field (Ettingshausen effect) first slows down and then stops completely, what leads to an increase in AS current and return to the value close to IH|| at H= 0. We note this AS current change as IH(H||). On the other hand, once the spinning electrons which remove the temperature gradient of rising and falling current edges are happening, the Lorentz force, that influence on the electrons spinning in the external transverse magnetic field H with tangential velocity, appears. Conse-quently, the spinning electrons gain a pulse in the direction of the electron drift in the electric field or opposite, which in turn lead to the increase or decrease of common current on H|| (the I – H characteristics) in terms of a longitudinal magnetic field direc-tion, since the direction of electron spinning depends only on the direction of this field. We mark this current as I ( H). The current on the first H

|| (the I – H characteristics)

(Fig. 3,a) can be written as

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III. Results and discussion Fig.3,a demonstrates the dependences of AS current in the transverse magnetic

field with a set-point value IH(H = const) on the increasing longitudinal magnetic field of opposite directions H|| (the I – H characteristics). The transverse magnetic field was produced so that the AS current would reach a minimum value IH

min. As follows

from the figure, the change of longitudinal AS currents in H|| (the I – H characteristics) show an explicit non-uniformity induced by the opposition of the longitudinal magnetic field. When H

|| ≈ 0 – 3.2·104 A/m, AS current IH (H = const = 3.3 ·104 A/m) rapidly

increasing reaches the IH|| value as if the transverse magnetic field was lacking. As it was reported in [14], the increase in the AS current and its subsequent regulation hap-pens due to the blocking of Ettingshausen effect by the diamagnetism appearing in AS under the external longitudinal magnetic field. When H

||, AS current IH at the same

value of H begins to increase at the greater values of the longitudinal magnetic field H

||=1.6 ·104 A/m and reaches lower values than at the opposite direction of the longi-tudinal magnetic field H

||. A current ambiguity observed in H|| (the I – H characteris-

tics) may be caused only by the blocking effect since that must be univocal at opposite directions of longitudinal magnetic field.

As previously mentioned [13], the spinning electrons inducing the diamagnetism in AS take place in AS under the external longitudinal magnetic field. In the case of Ettingshausen effect, AS hot electrons drifted by the Lorentz force in the transverse magnetic field create a rising hot edge of the moving longitudinal AS. In longitudinal magnetic field, these hot electrons starting to spin exchange data with cold electrons of falling cold edge of AS. As a result, the temperatures of rising and falling edges equal-ize with increase in the longitudinal magnetic field and AS stops a motion what causes the blocking of Ettingshausen effect. In the course of spinning, these hot electrons have a tangential velocity with a vector normally directed towards the external transverse

Fig.3. Dependences of the longitudinal AS current in the transverse magnetic field on the longitudinal magnetic field H|| (the I - H characteristics) of H

||

and H

||: a) IH → IHmin; b) IH > IH

min


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The compressive force created by the shovel (according to assumption 1) is dis-tributed in the storing bunker between cobs in three-dimensional space, that’s why it is appropriate to determine it with a help of the expression 1.

It follows from the above mentioned that from a perspective of an application use the law of conservation of energy allows to simplify the mathematical modeling of the process of capturing corn cob by the feeder’s shovels.

Limbs of insects (storage pests) can serve as biological prototypes of pins collec-tors of corn cobs because at the result of evolution they adapted their limbs to moving along the surface of grain materials and securing on them with a minimal loss of energy for the longest period of time.

In this context, the third link of the chela of different storage pests, which is in direct contact with grain is of a special practical interest. The analysis of biological prototypes of pins collectors is shown in Table 1.

Table 1 – Analysis of biometric characteristics of the 3-d link of chelae of

storage pests

storage pest Quan-tity of claws

Support-ing sur-face of the limb

Quantity of moving parts of the 3-d link of the chela

The ratio of length of claw to the length of the 3-d link of the chela

Wurf W

1 2 3 4 5 6 1. Oryzaephilus surinamensis L.

2 Forked pro-nounced

4 1:12 1,20

2. Bruchus pisorum L.

2 Forked pro-nounced

3 1:15 1,20


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3. Sitophilus oryzae L.

4 Forked feebly marked

4 1:7 1,20

4. Rhyzopertha dominica F.

3 Is absent 4 1:7 1,23

5. Trogoderma glabrum Hb

4 Is absent 4 1:8 1,23

6. Tenebrio molitor L.

3 Is absent 5 1:5 1,24

7. Tenebrio obscurus F.

3 Is absent 5 1:6 1,20


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II. Experimental In present work, we set a task to research

a behavior of AS current in p-InSb at cross magnetic fields holding to a certain sequence.

1. The research of a behavior of the lon-gitudinal AS current in the constant transverse magnetic field under a simultaneous action of amplifying longitudinal magnetic field, i.e. H|| (the I – H characteristics) at H= const.

2. The research of a behavior of the longitudinal AS current in the constant lon-gitudinal magnetic field under a simultane-ous action of amplifying longitudinal mag-netic field, i.e. H (the I – H characteristics) at H|| = const.

For measurements, the samples of p-InSb crystal with a carrier concentration p = 1.9∙1012 sm-3 and a mobility р = 6770 sm2/Vs at T = 77 K was used. The measurements were made in liquid nitrogen on the samples with different length. Indium was used as electric contact. In nonequilibrium EHP generated in the sample by Joule heating with an electric field pulse duration of τE = 4 ∙ 10-3 s and excited by this field, the longitudinal AS formed. The sample was placed into a device consisting of two solenoids creating the transverse H and longi-tudinal H|| magnetic fields relative to the direction of electric field applied to the sample. The magnetic fields pulse duration τH, their amplitude, and polarity (N→S) – H

,

(S←N) – H

were controlled autonomously, τH||<τH<τE for H|| (the I – H characteristics) H = const and τH< τH||<τE for H (the I – H characteristics) H|| = const.

The sample revealed a typical dynamic voltage-current characteristic (VCC) obtained by an applica-tion of voltage triangular pulse of 4 ms (Fig.2). The VCC current steps indicate the generation of EHP and the formation of AS and its stable state. A cur-rent of any value occurred in the stable region after the second step in VCC was received by the applica-tion of voltage square pulse.

Fig.1.Oscillograms of AS current

temporal realization: a) IH|| in the longitudinal magnetic field

H|| = 6.4 ·104 A/m = const; b) IH in transverse magnetic field

H = 3.3 ·104 A/m = const.

Fig.2. Dynamic current –

voltage characteristics of studied

sample p-InSb.

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The longitudinal AS reveals its peculiarities depending on an applied magnetic field. In a transverse magnetic field, an AS behavior will be controlled by the appeared Lorentz force. A longitudinal AS displacement observed in the line of the Lorentz force [11] is not associated with a mass transport but governed by the thermomagnetic Ettingshausen effect [12]. The AS displacement appears as the solitary wave motion of the effective temperature of electrons. A transverse temperature gradient of the current filaments, appeared in the transverse magnetic field by virtue of the Ettingshausen ef-fect, provides the current displacement towards lower temperature edge of the sample what causes an unstable state of AS. Such an instability of AS in the edge results in a process cycling. It develops as a negative step on the temporal implementation of cur-rent or instability of the longitudinal AS [11]. The S – voltage-current characteristic of the sample at H = 0 becomes a periodically S-shaped. A AS current–magnetic field curve (the I-H characteristics) exhibits a downward sharp step in current or that accom-panied by oscillations, amplitude of which is controlled by a magnetic field value. Re-searches of a behavior of the longitudinal AS current under the longitudinal magnetic field [13] revealed a series of other peculiarities: a decrease in a threshold electric field at which the AS forms; the occurrence of AS diamagnetic properties; the exciting of AS current oscillations in a sample circuit as a result of longitudinal AS pulsation.

The longitudinal AS current decreases both in transverse and longitudinal mag-netic fields (Fig.1). But under combined affecting of these magnetic fields the behavior of longitudinal AS is far from unique. It was experimentally shown [14] that the emerg-ing galvanomagnetic Ettingshausen effect in the longitudinal AS under transverse mag-netic field was prohibited by the diamagnetic effect, which appears in AS under exter-nal longitudinal magnetic field. The blocking of the Ettingshausen effect was provided by spinning hot electrons in the longitudinal magnetic field [14]. Thus, here was not considered an influence of the longitudinal magnetic field on the tangential current component of spinning hot electrons. Appearing Lorentz force will influence on spin-ning electrons either towards their drift in the electric field or oppositely in terms of a longitudinal magnetic field direction.

A complex dynamics of acting forces on AS carriers in p-InSb at cross magnetic field stands out. The direction of the longitudinal magnetic field will define a current modulation ambiguity of the longitudinal AS simultaneously undergoing influence of a constant transverse magnetic field.


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8. Tribolium castaneum Herbst.

3 Is absent 4 1:5 1,24

1 2 3 4 5 6 Mean value 3,0 4,0 1,21 Variation coefficient, % 25,2 15,54 1,45 Absolute error 0,27 0,23 0,01 Relative error, % 8,91 5,49 0,51

NOTE. 1. At the calculation of cross ratio of linear dimensions (Wurf W)

the lengths of sections of the chela of the storage pest а, в, с were used, measured according to the scheme given below:

2. Photos of chela of storage pests are obtained in the Lugansk regional

quarantine laboratory with the participation of candidate of sociological sci-ences, assistant professor Starchenko Svetlana Viktorovna. Magnifying equip-ment – Certified stereomicroscope Stemi 2000-C.

Conclusions:

1. From a perspective of the law of conservation of energy, at the simulation

of the process of capturing corn cobs by the scooping shovels of the feeder it is advis-able to consider the storing bunker of cobs as an integrated system. If the system is at rest, then it represents a combination of three fields of forces: the fields of the force of gravity, the friction force and the forces of resistance.

2. At capturing cobs by the feeder’s shovel the total energy of the moving system depends on the speeds of its particles, the character of interaction between them and the system configuration. The set configuration of the system can be in volume, consisting of 11 – 12 cobs.

3. Knowledge about the number of particles in the system allows to deter-mine the work of external forces of interaction (14), which is of practical importance in the process modeling.


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4. The work of the internal dissipative forces depends on the compressive force, created by the shovel, and is distributed in the storing bunker between cobs in a three-dimensional space, that’s why it is advisable to determine it as a gradient of the scalar function U (1).

Literature

1. Irodov I.Е. Main laws of mechanic / I.Е Irodov – М.: Vyssh. Shkola (High

school), 1978. – 240 p. 2. Agricultural loading-and-unloading machines / [А.М. Borisov,

М.N. Fateev, А.Kh. Gokhtel and others]. – М.: Mashinostroenie (Machine building), 1973. – 160 p.

3. Loading machines for bulky and lump materials. Construction theory and calculation / [G.V. Rodionov, К.S. Gurkov, А.D. Kalnitskiy, etc.]; under the editorship of G.V. Rodionov. – М.: MASHGIZ, 1962. – 288 p.

4. Bakhariev D.N. Тheoretical research of the technical process of the selec-tion of the corn cobs by a drum feeder // The reporter of Kharkiv Petro Vasylenko National Technical University of Agriculture. Modern problems of improvement of technical systems and technologies in cattle breeding». – Kharkiv: Kharkiv Petro Vasylenko National Technical University of Ag-riculture, 2010. – Issue 95.- P. 118-125.

5. Reviakina Е.А. The method of determining the parameters of loading ma-chines with paired pallet handles taking into account the scale factor and the shape of pieces of the loaded material: dis. … of the candidate of engi-neering sciences: 05.05.06 / Reviakina Еlena Аleksandrovna. – Novocher-kassk 2007. – 262 p.

6. Каndaurov I.I. Mechanics of grainy media and its use in the construction / I.I. Kandaurov – L.: Stroyizdat, Leningr. department, 1988. – 280 p.

7. Petunina I.А. Development of resource-saving processes of filtration and threshing of corn seed cobs: dis. … Doctor of Engineering Sciences: 05.20.01 / Petunina Irina Аleksandrovna. – Krasnodar, 2008. – 329 p.

8. Braginets N.V. To the research methods of some mechanical and techno-logical properties of cobs and grain of the main subspecies of corn / Bra-ginets N.V., Bakhariev D.N., Diemchenko V.N. // The scientific reporter of Lugansk national agrarian university. Series: Тechnical sciences. – Lu-gansk: LNAU, 2011. – № 29.- P. 220-232.

9. Gurov I.N. Mechanical and technological basics of threshing corn: dissertation abstract of the diss…. Doctor of Engineering Sciences/ Novo-cherkassk. polytechnic Institute. – N., 1965. – 37 p.


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*181031* Kamilov I.K., Stepurenko A.A. and Gummetov A.E.

Physics and mathematics sciences Dagestan Institute of Physics after Amirkhanov,

Dagestan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences

THE DIAMAGNETIC MODULATION OF THE CROSS

GALVANOMAGNETIC EFFECT IN A LONGITUDINAL AUTOSOLITON IN P-INSB

Abstract It is experimentally defined that the Ettingshausen effect occurring in a longitu-

dinal autosoliton in a transverse magnetic field, which induces a motion of the auto-soliton, is suppressed by a diamagnetism appearing in a longitudinal magnetic field. The current of the longitudinal autosoliton, realized in the set-point transverse mag-netic field, is ambiguously modulated by a direction-dependent simultaneously expos-ing longitudinal magnetic field. The modulation ambiguity is suggested to be excited by the appearance of current components caused by a deviation of spinning electrons in an external transverse magnetic field.

Keywords: autosoliton, semiconductors, frequency, non-equilibrium, dissipative structure, oscillations, phase portrait.

I. Introduction

A dissipative structure (DS) consisting of different autosolitons (AS) – stable lo-

calized regions with an extreme concentration of charge carriers and their temperatures, forms in a non-equilibrium electron-hole plasma (EHP) generated in semiconductors by the impact ionization under strong electric field [1], the injection [2, 3, 4], Gann domains [5], Joule heating [7, 8, 9], etc.

Distinct types of autosolitons such as static and split AS, running AS which move at a certain undamped speed, and current filament type AS are realized in a number of semiconductors. Running (transverse) AS as well as current filaments (longitudinal AS) are comparatively easy occurred in the EHP generated by the Joule heating both at constant and impulse modes of an applied voltage [7, 8] in p-InSb samples (E//l > 0.03 sm). The work [10] reported that the longitudinal AS is a microlocalized area with an enhanced carrier concentration and a lower temperature (a cold autosoliton). The carrier concentration in this area is much different from that in the rest of the sample, whence it follows that the specific concentration of carriers in AS nAC can achieve a far greater values than in a sample volume. On this fact, the conductivity of the sample is considered to be determined by the AS conduction.

20 (20) 2014 Physics

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their entropy only by 0.6% and this is inevitably followed by the common negative unemployment phenomena.

Therefore for such supermonostructures controlled neither by the state nor by the society the demonopolization without optimization (i.e. without decreasing the total number of employees) is more actual to diminish the business entropy.

Comparing the nomogram (Fig. 1) with the data from the Table 1, we can see the additivity of business entropy values (S) with the values of the coefficient of spatial-

energy interactions (α), i.e. . Therefore, as applicable to business processes, the idea of business quality is sim-

ilar to the concept of structural interaction degree (ρ). All this allows approximately

defining the critical values of these parameters. Thus, at the value

, that corresponds to the number of business structures in the range between 10,000 and 100,000 workers (in the average about 55,000).

The optimal criteria of a more qualitative business are defined by the minimal

values of their entropies: (in relative units). The same values have been obtained earlier and for more complete degree of

structural interactions, as continuous solid solutions correspond to the value . It is known that the number of atoms in polymeric chain maximally acceptable for a stable

system is about 100 units, which is 106 in the cubic volume. Then we again have . SUMMARY. Similarly to the ideas of thermodynamics on the static entropy, the

concept of the entropy of spatial-energy interactions is used. The nomogram to assess the entropy of different processes is obtained. The variability of entropy demonstrations is discussed, in biochemical processes

and economics, as well.

References

1. F. Reif. Statistic physics. М.: Nauka, 1972, 352 p. 2. L.A. Gribov, N.I. Prokopyeva. Basics of physics. М.: Vysshaya shkola,

1992, 430 p. 3. Korablev G.A. Spatial-Energy Principles of Complex Structures Formation//Brill Ac-

ademic Publishers and VSP, Netherlands, 2005, 426pр. (Monograph). 4. Kodolov V.I., Khokhriakov N.V., Trineeva V.V., Blagodatskikh I.I. Activity of

nanostructures and its manifestation in nanoreactors of polymeric matrixes and active media // Chemical physics and mesoscopy, 2008. V. 10. №4. p. 448-460.

5. Rubin A.B. Biophysics. Book 1. Theoretical biophysics. М.: Vysshaya shkola, 1987, 319 p.

6. Rubin A.B. Biophysics. Book 2. Biophysics of cell processes. М.: Vysshaya shkola, 1987, 303 p.

7. E. Taylor, J. Wheeler. Spacetime physics. Mir Publishers. М., 1971, 320 p.


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10. Giacheva V.N. Basics of mechanical and technological theory of collectors: dis.….of the Doctor of Engineering Sciences: 05.20.01 / Giacheva Vera Nikolaevna. –Barnaul, 1982.-422 p.

11. Bogomiagkikh V.А. Тheory and calculation of bunkers for granular mate-rials / V.А. Bogomiagkikh. – Rostov-na-Donu: Publishing office of Rostov university, 1973.-152 p.

12. Аlferov К.V. Bunker installations / К.V. Аlferov, R.L. Zenkov. – М.: MASHGIZ, 1955. – 308 p.

13. Zenkov R.L. Bunker facilities / R.L. Zenkov, G.P. Grinevich, V.S. Isaev. – Mashinostroenie (Machine building), 1977. – 224 p.

14. Giachev L.V. Movement of bulk materials in tubes and bunkers / L.V. Giachev – М.: Mashinostroenie (Machine building), 1968. – 184 p.

15. Gagin О.D. Justification of the computational model for describing the pro-cess of interaction of the working body of the loading machine with a stack of bulky material / О.D. Gagin, О.P. Ivanov // Transactions of Novocherkassk polytechnical institute named after S. Ordzhonikidze. Research of loading ma-chines, transport plants and questions of their calculation. Т. 214. – Novocherkassk. – 1970. – P. 122-124.

16. Bedilo P.S. Increasing the efficiency of a continuous-running loader for clampted agribulks: dis. … of the candidate of engineering sciences: 05.20.01 / Bedilo Petr Sergeevich. – Saratov, 2003. – 160 p.

17. Turbin B.I. Problem book in theoretical mechanics / Turbin B.I., Rustamov S.I. – К.: Vyshcha shk. (High school), 1988.- 232 p.

18. Kukhling Kh. Reference book in physics / Kukhling Kh. – М.: Mir (World), 1982. – 520 p.

19. Кleyn G.К. Structural mechanics of granular materials / Кleyn G.К. – М.: Stroyizdat., 1977. – 256 p.

20. Babytskyi L.F. Bionic directions of development of cultivating machines / Babytskyi L.F. – К.: Urozhay (Harvest), 1998. – 164 p.

21. Goldshteyn М.N. Мechanics of grounds, basements and foundations / Goldsht-eyn М.N., Tsarkov А.А., Cherkasov I.I. – М.: Transport, 1981. – 320 p.

22. Improvement of the preparation process of multicomponent fodder for small cattle / Mohammad Alatoom. TEKA Commission of motorization and power industry in agriculture and the VOLODYMIR DAHL and East-Ukrainian na-tional university of Lugansk. Volume XI B. – Lublin, 2011. – p. 213-219.

23. To the methodology of experimental research of the continuous-running fodder mixer / Mohammad Alatoom. TEKA Commission of motorization and energetics in agriculture. Polish Academy of Sciences Branch in Lublin and the VOLODYMIR DAHL East-Ukrainian national university in Lu-gansk. Volume 12 №4. – Lublin, 2012. – p. 151-155.

24. Bakhariev D.N. Development of resource-saving processes of postharvest mechanical processing of corn cobs / Bakhariev D.N. // Scientific papers of


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the south branch of the National university of life and environmental sci-ences of Ukraine «Crimean agrotechnical university». Issue 153. – Simfe-ropol: SB NUL&ES of Ukraine (ПФ НУБіП) «CAU», 2013. – P. 84-91.

25. Bakhariev D.N. Grounding the constructive and technological parameters of the feeder of corn cobs with scooping shovels. // Scientific reporter of Lugansk National agrarian university. Series: Теchnical sciences. – Lugansk: LNAU, 2013. – № 471.- С. 8-15.

26. Pugachev А.N. Damage of grain by machines / Pugachev А.N.- М.: Kolos (Ear), 1976. – 320 p.

27. Vasilenko P.М. Тheory of particle movement on rough surfaces of agricul-tural machines / Vasilenko P.М. – К.: Publishing office UASN, 1960. – 424 p.

28. Zuev F.G. Carrying and lifting machines of grain-processing enterprises / Zuev F.G. , Lotkov N.А., Polukhin А.I. – М.: Коlоs (Ear), 1978. – 264 p.

29. Stogov V.N. Loading-and-unloading machines / Stogov V.N., Pliukhin D.S., Efimov G.P. – М.: Transport, 1977. – 311 p.

30. Platonov P.N. Carrying and lifting and loading and unloading mechanisms / Platonov P.N., Kutsenko К.I. – М.: Kolos (Ear), 1972. – 315 p. 31. Аleksandrov М.P. Carrying and lifting machines / Аleksandrov М.P.– М.:

Vysshaia shkola (High school), 1985. – 520 p. 32. Кrasnikov V.V. Carrying and lifting machines / Кrasnikov V.V., Dubinin

V.F., Akimov V.F. – М.: Agropromizdat, 1987. – 272 p.


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where k – proportionality coefficient. Here N shows how many times the given business structure is larger than the ref-

erence small business structure, at which N = 1, i.e. this value does not have the name. For non-thermodynamic systems we take k = 1. Therefore:

(5)

In Table 1 you can see the approximate calculations of business entropy by the equation (5) for three main levels of business: small, medium and large. At the same time, it is supposed that number N corresponds to some average value from the most probable values.

When calculating the coefficient of personal interest, it is considered that it can change from 1 (one self-employed worker) to zero (0), if such worker is a deprived

slave, and for larger companies it is accepted as . Table 1 Entropy growth with the business increase

Structure parameters Business Small Average Large

N1 – N2 10 – 50 100 – 1000 10000 – 100000

0.9 – 0.8 0.6 – 0.4 0.1 – 0.01 S 2.408 – 4.135 5.116 – 7.824 11.513 – 16.118

3.271 6.470 13.816 Despite of the rather approximative accuracy of such averaged calculations, we

can make quite a reliable conclusion on the fact that business entropy, with the aggre-gation of its structures, sharply increases during the transition from the medium to large business as the quality of business processes decreases. The application of more accu-rate initial data allows obtaining specific values of business entropy, above which the process of economic relations can reach a critical level.

In live systems the entropy growth is compensated via the negative entropy (ne-goentropy) which is formed through the interaction with the environment. That is a live system is an open one. And business cannot be an isolated system for a long period without the exchange process and interactions with the environment. The role of the external system diminishing the increase in the business entropy must be fulfilled, for example, by the corresponding state and public structures functionally separated from business. The demonopolization of the largest economic structures carried out from the «top» in the evolution way can be the inevitable process here.

In thermodynamics it is considered that the uncontrollable entropy growth results in the stop of any macrochanges in the systems, i.e. to their death. Therefore the search of methods of increasing the uncontrollable growth of the entropy in large business is topical. At the same time, the entropy critical figures mainly refer to large business. A simple cut-down of the number of its employees cannot give an actual result of entropy decrease. Thus the decrease in the number of workers by 10% results in diminishing

20 (20) 2014 Physics

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Example: «Let the bullet be shot with the velocity β' = 0.75 from the rocket flying with the velocity = 0.75. It is necessary to find the bullet speed β relatively to the laboratory system. We know that the velocity parameters are additive, but not the ve-locities. By the graph, for the point А we find θ' = = 0.973. The addition produces θ = θ' + θr = 1.946. For this value of the velocity parameter we find the point В by the graph and velocity value β = 0.96» [7].

6. Entropic criteria in business and nature

The main properties of free market providing its economic advantages are: 1) ef-

fective competition, and 2) maximal personal interest of each worker. But on different economy concentration levels these ab initio features function and demon-

strate themselves differently. Their greatest efficiency corresponds to small business – when the number of company staff is minimal, the personal interest is stronger and competitive struggle for survival is more active. With companies and productions increase the number of staff goes up, the role of each person gradually decreases, the competition slackens as new opportunities for coordinated actions of various business structures appear. The quality of economic relations in business goes down, i.e. the entropy increases. Such process is mostly vivid in monostructures at the largest enterprises of large business (syndicates and cartels).

The concept of thermodynamic probability as a number of microstates corre-sponding to the given macrostate can be modified as applicable to the processes of economic interactions that directly depend on the parameters of business structures.

A separate business structure can be taken as the system macrostate, and as the number of microstates – number of its workers (N) which is the number of the available most probable states of the given business structure. Thus it is supposed that such num-ber of workers of the business structure is the analog of thermodynamic probability as applicable to the processes of economic interactions in business.

Therefore it can be accepted that the total entropy of business quality consists of two entropies characterizing: 1) decrease in the competition efficiency (S1) and 2) decrease in

the personal interest of each worker (S2), i.e.: . S1 is proportional to the number

of workers in the company: , and S2 has a complex dependence not only on the num-ber of workers in the company but also on the efficiency of its management. It is inversely proportional to the personal interest of each worker. Therefore it can be accepted that

, where – coefficient of personal interest of each worker. By analogy with Boltzmann's equation (1) we have:

or ,


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*179773* Saydak R.V., Tarariko. Y.O.

Doctor of Agricultural Sciences, Professor Institute of Water Problems and Land Reclamation of the National Academy

of Agricultural Sciences, Kyiv, Ukraine

VERTICAL INFILTRATION OF MOISTURE AND NITROGEN IN SOD-PODZOLIC PERIODICALLY WATER-LOGGED SOILS

Abstract By analyzing long-term data of the results of the investigations carried out in a ly-

simeter installation the intensity of vertical infiltration of precipitation in the light grading sod-podzolic soils of Ukrainian forest zone has been determined. It was specified that the most intense vertical infiltration of rainfall occurs in the complete fallow soils, which yearly average is 121 l/m2, where 85% of this amount accounts for autumn and spring periods. The intensity of rainfall infiltration in autumn and spring periods depends on the precipitation amount during September-December and June- July respectively. The losses of nitrogen nitrates along with the infiltration water in the complete fallow soils can reach up to 250.7 kg/ha. Significant loss of nitrogen nitrates can be observed in the soils under row crops (potatoes), while under winter wheat it is reduced by 9 – 36%. Key words: infiltration, nitrogen, precipitation, crop rotation, soil, lysimeters.

I. Introduction

Agro-climatic conditions of Ukrainian forest zone are characterized by the sufficient

amount of natural moisture; however an actual usage of it by plants is limited by a high degree of vertical rainfall infiltration [1]. Its value, depending on the infiltration capacity of soils, varies from 1-3% to 25-30% of annual precipitation [2]. At the same time, there is a vast soil degradation in the light grading soils of agricultural lands due to leaching the nutrients from the root soil layers [3, 4]. In the forest zone of Ukraine about 10 – 15 kg/ha of nitrate nitrogen are leached from the soils on average, in sandy loam soils – 20 – 25 kg/ha, while in loam soils – up to 10 kg/ha. In the years of moderate moistening, these figures are reduced almost by half [5]. In the sod-podzolic light soils of Ukraine the nitro-gen loss in cohesive sandy soil can be about 47% of its total amount to be applied along with fertilizers [6]. Therefore, a quantitative estimation of rainfall infiltration and leached nutrients is a basis of plant nutrition and soil water regime optimization.


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II. Problem setting

The purpose of the research is to determine an intensity of vertical rainfall and nitrate nitrogen infiltration from the root soil layer. The research was conducted based on system analysis and mathematical modeling of the results obtained from a lysimeter installation. The experiment was carried out at the Institute of Agricultural Microbiol-ogy and Agricultural Production (Ukraine, Chernihiv region). The soil was sod meso-podzol sandy loam. Filling the lysimeters cells with soil was performed starting from the parent rock, considering the thickness of each genetic horizon. Total depth of the lysimeters according to the soil thickness was 155 cm, a soil weight in one cell – 10.5 ton, the sown area was 3.8 m2, threefold repetition.

III. Results

A nutritive regime of soil against leaching moisture regime depends not only on ap-

plied fertilizer systems but also a loss of nutrients due to vertical infiltration of moisture. Average of a year in light grading sod-podzolic soils about 75 l/m2 of water, com-

ing from precipitation, are infiltrated. However, this amount varies considerably de-pending on the vegetation field cover. It was specified that the most intense vertical rainfall infiltration occurs in the complete fallow soils, which yearly average is 121 l/m2, where 85% of this amount accounts for autumn and spring periods. Under winter wheat it is reduced by 51% and under potatoes – by 26%.

In general, considering a crop rotation as a whole, the lowest moisture loss (49 l/m2) is provided when using a crop rotation with perennial grasses (clover). In the case of their lack and significant presence of grain crops along with potatoes in the crop rotation, this figure rises to 82 l/m2, or 67%, while when using sideration it is only 26% (tab. 1).

Tab.1. Rainfall infiltration depending on crop rotation factor l/m2

Period

Cultivation type Permanent plantings Crop rotation

Com

plet

e fa

llow

Win

ter

whe

at

Pot

atoe

s

1. Clover, winter wheat,potatoes, oats

2. Lupine as a green manure crop, winter wheat, potatoes, oats

3. Oats, winter wheat, potatoes, oats

Autumn- spring 97 52 74 44 53 71 Summer 24 7 15 5 9 11 In all for a year 121 59 89 49 62 82


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2) Dependence of biophysical criteria on their frequency characteristics а) The passing of alternating current through live tissues is characterized by the dis-

persive curve of electrical conductivity – this is the graphical dependence of the tissue total resistance (z-impedance) on the alternating current frequency logarithm ( ). Normally, such curve, on which the impedance is plotted on the coordinate axis, and – on the abscissa axis, formally, completely corresponds to the entropic nomogram (Fig. 1).

b) The fluctuations of biomembrane conductivity (conditioned by random pro-cesses) «have the form of Lorentz curve» [6, p. 99]. In this graph, the fluctuation spec-tral density (ρ) is plotted on the coordinate axis, and the frequency logarithm function ( ) – on the abscissa axis.

The type of such curve also corresponds to the entropic nomogram in Fig. 1.

5. Lorentz curve of spatial-time dependence

The intervals between the events in different coordinate systems are determined by Lorentz geometry of spacetime. In this geometry, the velocity (β) is not additive by itself, therefore, the concept of the velocity parameter is introduced (θ). The connection

between the velocity β and velocity parameter is simple: , where means «hyperbolic tangent» and the law of adding two velocities is as follows:

The dependence between the velocity parameter and velocity itself is demon-strated [7] with Lorentz curve in Fig. 4. Both values are used in relative units in respect to the light velocity. The curve type is formally completely corresponds to the entropic nomogram in Fig. 2.

Fig. 4 – Connection between the velocity parameter θ and velocity itself obtained directly from the addition law

At small θ values the slope equals 1

20 (20) 2014 Physics

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The dependence of rainfall infiltration intensity in autumn and spring, taking into account the rainfall during the September-December period, was determined. Against the background of complete fallow, permanent plantings of winter wheat and potatoes a correlation coefficient (r) between these factors is 0,95-0,97. These dependencies are described by first-order polynomials (fig. 1a).

80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280

Precipitation for September - December, mm

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

220

240

260

Infi

ltrat

ion,

l/m

2

Winter wheat Potatoes Land fallow

80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300

Precipitation for June-July, mm

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Infi

ltra

tion

, l/m

2

Winter wheat Potatoes Land fallow

(а) (b) Fig. 1. Income of infiltration water during autumn and spring (a) and summer (b) periods in the soils under winter wheat, potatoes and complete fallow sub-

ject to rainfall In some years in the region the summer infiltration is recorded, which depends on

the rainfall in June-July period (r = 0,83-0,91). These dependencies are described by second-order polynomials (fig. 1b). With the highest probability (68%) in September – December period the rainfall of 100 to 200 mm is recorded in the region, with the same probability its infiltration amount reaches 37-72 l/m2 in the soils under winter wheat and 55-101 l/m2 under potatoes, but in 8% of cases this amount can exceed 160 l/m2. In the summer time when the rainfall is less than 135 mm, which is recorded in 50% of years, there is no infiltration in the soils under all cultivation types while the rainfall is more then 205 mm it can be from 26 under winter wheat to 90 l/m2 under complete fallow.

Along with the infiltration water the losses of nitrate nitrogen and water-soluble humus in the complete fallow soils are on average 250.7 and 36.2 kg/ha correspond-ingly (fig. 2). Also the significant losses of these elements are recorded in the soils under row crops (potatoes). Under the close-growing crops (winter wheat) the losses of nitrate nitrogen and water-soluble humus due to infiltration are less by 9 – 36% as against the row crops.


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0

40

80

120

160

200

240

280

virgin soil crop rotation withperennial grasses

winter wheat crop rotation withperennial grassesand green manure

crop rotationwithout perennial

grasses and greenmanure

potatoes complete fallow

Kg

/ha

NO3

Water-soluble humus

Fig. 2. Losses of NO3 and water-soluble humus along with the infiltration water In the crop rotation with perennial grasses (clover – winter wheat – potatoes-bar-

ley) against the background of organo-mineral fertilizer system the losses of biogenic elements due to leaching are minimal. When excluding the perennial grasses from the crop rotation and saturating it with green manure (lupine) the nitrate nitrogen losses are increased by 58%.

In the intensive crop rotation saturated with grain crops (oats – winter wheat-po-tatoes-barley) the losses of nitrate nitrogen can reach to 69.7 kg/ha, which is close to the variant with potatoes as a monoculture and the losses of water-soluble humus even exceed the ones in the variant with potatoes.

IV. Conclusions

Saturating the crop rotations with perennial grasses enables to reduce moisture

infiltration by 55% in autumn- spring period and by 79% – in summer period. Intro-ducing into crop rotations the betweencrop plantings of lupine as a green manure gives a significant effect in reducing moisture losses due to vertical infiltration. Due to rain-fall infiltration, the losses of nitrate nitrogen under the row crops can reach 73 kg/ha, and water-soluble humus – 25 kg/ha, while using the optimal crop rotations with per-ennial grasses they are significantly reduced. Therefore, the crop rotation factor in the area of the Ukrainian forest zone is one of the main ways of nutrient and soil water regimes control.


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nanofilm formation (ω) on the process time is presented by the data from [4] – curve 1 and previously obtained nomogram in the form ρ1 = f(

1

1 ) – curve 3.

The analysis of all the graphical dependencies obtained demonstrates the practically complete graphical coincidence of all three graphs: ω = f(t), ρ1 = f(

1

1 ), ρ2 = f(

2

1 ) with

slight deviations in the beginning and end of the process. Thus, the carbonization rate, as well as the functions of many other physical-chemical structural interactions, can be as-sessed via the values of the calculated coefficient α and entropic nomogram.

4. Nomograms of biophysical processes

1) On the kinetics of fermentative processes «The formation of ferment-substrate complex is the necessary stage of fermentative ca-

talysis … At the same time, n substrate molecules can join the ferment molecule» [5, p. 58]. For ferments with stoichiometric coefficient n not equal one, the type of graphical

dependence of the reaction product performance rate (μ) depending on the substrate concentration (с) has [5] a sigmoid character with the specific bending point (Fig. 3).

0μ с

Fig. 3 – Dependence of the fermentative reaction rate (μ) on the substrate concentration (с)

In Fig. 3 it is seen that this curve generally repeats the character of the entropic

nomogram in Fig. 2. The graph of the dependence of electron transport rate in biostructures on the dif-

fusion time period of ions is similar [5, p. 278]. In the procedure of assessing fermentative interactions (similarly to the previously

applied in par. 3 for surface-diffusive processes) the effective number of interacting molecules over 1 is applied.

In the methodology of P-parameter, a ferment has a limited isomorphic similarity with substrate molecules and does not form a stable compound with them, but, at the same time, such limited reconstruction of chemical bonds which «is tuned» to obtain the final product is possible.

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Applying the reliable experimental data we obtain the nomogram of structural

interaction degree dependence ( ) on coefficient , the same for a wide range of structures. This approach gives the possibility to evaluate the degree and direction of the structural interactions of phase formation, isomorphism and solubility processes in multiple systems, including molecular ones.

Such nomogram can be demonstrated [5] as a logarithmic dependence:

(4)

where coefficient β – the constant value for the given class of structures. β can structurally change mainly within ± 5% from the average value. Thus coefficient α is reversely proportional to the logarithm of the degree of structural interactions and therefore can be characterized as the entropy of spatial-energy interactions of atomic-molecular structures.

Actually the more is ρ, the more probable is the formation of stable ordered struc-tures (e.g. the formation of solid solutions), i.e. the less is the process entropy. But also the less is coefficient α.

The equation (4) does not have the complete analogy with Boltzmann's equation (1) as in this case not absolute but only relative values of the corresponding character-istics of the interacting structures are compared which can be expressed in percent. This refers not only to coefficient α but also to the comparative evaluation of structural interaction degree (ρ), for example – the percent of atom content of the given element in the solid solution relatively to the total number of atoms.

Therefore in equation (4) coefficient k = 1. Thus, the relative difference of spatial-energy parameters of the interacting struc-

tures can be a quantitative characteristic of the interaction entropy:

3. Entropic nomogram of surface-diffusive processes As an example, let us consider the process of carbonization and formation of

nanostructures during the interactions in polyvinyl alcohol gels and metal phase in the form of copper oxides or chlorides. At the first stage, small clusters of inorganic phase are formed surrounded by carbon containing phase. In this period, the main character of atomic-molecular interactions needs to be assessed via the relative difference of P-param-eters calculated through the radii of copper ions and covalent radii of carbon atoms.

In the next main carbonization period the metal phase is formed on the surface of the polymeric structures being formed.

From this point, the binary matrix of the nanosystem С→Сu is being formed. The values of the degree of structural interactions from coefficient are calculated, i.e.

22

1 f – curve 2 given in Fig. 2. Here, the graphical dependence of the degree of


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References

1. Patyka N.V., Berdnikov А.М., Patyka V.F. Migration of nutrients and hu-mus in the podzolic soil in the setting of long-term lysimeter experiments // Agricultural Chemistry and Soil Science.–Kharkiv: NSC «Institute of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry named after О.N. Sokolovsky», 2009.–issue 72. P. 81–84.

2. Small mining encyclopedia. In В 3 volumes. / Edited by V.C. Biletsky.–Donetsk: «Donbas», 2004.–ISBN 966-7804-14-3.

3. Nykytuk Y.А. Agroecological assessment of different fertilizer systems for potatoes. Abstract of a thesis for PhD in agricultural sciences:03.00.16 ecology / Y.A. Nykytuk.–Kyiv, 2007.–25 p.

4. Berdnikov О.М., Skachok L.М., Potapenko L.V., Milutenko Т.B. Lysime-ter research in agricultural chemistry and agroecology. // Scientific Papers «NSC Soil Science» – 2013.- Issue – 1 – 2 P.38 – 45.

5. Mazur V.G., Gorschar V.І., Коnoplyev О.V. and others. Ecological problems of agriculture / Edited by І.D. Prymak–К.: Educational Literature Center, 2010–456 p.

6. Mineev V.G. Agricultural chemistry : Manual. – second edition. – М.: Pub-lishing house of МSU and «Коlos», – 2004. – 720 p.


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*179848* Dmytro Merzlyak, Serhii Udodov, Iryna Dovgun, Lesia Martsynkevych

National University of Food Technologies

ANALYTICAL STUDY OF THE METHODS AND MEANS OF BEER WORT HEAT TREATMENT

Abstract Beer is a sparkling, refreshing drink with distinctive aroma and pleasant bitter

taste. Beer is the most popular alcoholic beverage in the world. In this regard, the brewing industry of food industry needs to control the quality and price performance of the finished product. The process of boiling the wort with hops or hop extract is the main factor, but at the same time it is the most energy intensive process in brewing. The analysis shows that discussed ways of wort boiling enable to save energy costs in the range of 70 to 90%. It in turn can greatly affect the price performance of the fin-ished product and increase is competitiveness.

Keywords: beer, wort, extract, boiling, energy, boiler.

I. Introduction Beer is a sparkling, refreshing drink with a distinctive aroma and pleasant bitter

taste. Being a good food emulsifier, it contributes to a proper metabolism and increas-ing the digestibility of food. In addition, extract beer is very easily and completely digested [1]. Beer is the most popular alcoholic beverage in the world. Estimates of the worldwide annual consumption range from 114 to 132 billion litres [2]. In this regard, the brewing sector of food industry has to control the quality and price indices of the finished product, which in turn depend on the raw material base, perfection of the ap-propriate technological process and equipment, raw material costs and equipment op-eration. To create high quality technological equipment and implement optimal process parameters it is necessary to start with the study of the factors that affect beer quality, to identify certain shortcomings in technology and/or equipment, outstanding issues or field problems on the basis of practical and theoretical experience.

As the processes that take place in the brewing department of the brewery are fundamental and they determine further quality of the product, it is necessary to focus attention on this stage of the production [3].

The constituents used in brewing have a significant impact at the stage of wort preparation. The main component of nearly 90% of beer produced in the world is barley malt. Wheat is the second mostly used cereal in brewing, especially for Weissbiers and Weizenbiers production in Germany, as well as the so-called Kafir beer in South Africa


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pressure and chemical potentials, and the main characteristic of the process is the ther-modynamic probability W.

In actual processes in the isolated system the entropy growth is inevitable – dis-order and chaos increase in the system, the quality of internal energy goes down.

The thermodynamic probability equals the number of microstates corresponding to the given macrostate.

Since the system degradation degree is not connected with the physical features of the systems, the entropy statistic concept can also have other applications and demonstrations (apart from statistic thermodynamics).

«It is clear that out of the two systems completely different by their physical con-tent, the entropy can be the same if their number of possible microstates corresponding to one macroparameter (whatever parameter it is) coincide. Therefore the idea of en-tropy can be used in various fields. The increasing self-organization of human society … leads to the increase in entropy and disorder in the environment that is demonstrated, in particular, by a large number of disposal sites all over the earth» [2].

In this research we are trying to apply the concept of entropy to assess the degree of spatial-energy interactions using their graphic dependence, and in other fields.

2. Entropic nomogram of the degree of spatial-energy interactions

The idea of spatial-energy parameter (P-parameter) which is the complex charac-

teristic of the most important atomic values responsible for interatomic interactions and having the direct bond with the atom electron density is introduced based on the mod-ified Lagrangian equation for the relative motion of two interacting material points [3].

The value of the relative difference of P-parameters of interacting atoms-compo-nents – the structural interaction coefficient is used as the main numerical character-istic of structural interactions in condensed media:

%1002/21

21

РР

РР

(3)

Fig. 1. Nomogram of structural interaction degree dependence (ρ) on coefficient

α

20 (20) 2014 Physics

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*179590* Korablev G.А. *, Petrova N.G. ***, Kodolov V.I.**, Korablev R.G. *,

Osipov A.K. *, Akmarov P.B. * *Izhevsk State Agricultural Academy

**Kalashnikov Izhevsk State Technical University ***Ministry of Informatization and Communication of the Udmurt Republic

ENTROPIC NOMOGRAM

Similarly to the ideas of thermodynamics on the static entropy, the concept of the

entropy of spatial-energy interactions is used. The nomogram to assess the entropy of different processes is obtained. The variability of entropy demonstrations is discussed, in biochemical processes

and economics, as well. Keywords: entropy, nomogram, spatial-energy parameter, carbonization, diffu-

sion, business.

1. Introduction The idea of entropy appeared based on the second law of thermodynamics and

ideas of the adduced quantity of heat. In statistic thermodynamics the entropy of the closed and equilibrious system

equals the logarithm of the probability of its definite macrostate:

(1)

where W – number of available states of the system or degree of the degradation of microstates; k – Boltzmann's constant.

Or: (2)

These correlations are general assertions of macroscopic character, they do not contain any references to the structure elements of the systems considered and they are completely independent from microscopic models [1].

Therefore the application and consideration of these laws can result in a large number of consequences which are most fruitfully used in statistic thermodynamics.

The sense of the second law of thermodynamics comes down to the following: The nature tends from the less probable states to more probable ones. The most

probable is the uniform distribution of molecules through the entire volume. From the macrophysical point, these processes consist in equalizing the density, temperature,


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based on sorghum. Different malt and malt-free impurities affect the flavour character-istics of beer and enable to save the costs for raw materials. A lot of brewers use dif-ferent supplements for reasons of quality (different colours, better beer foam, and in-teresting flavours) or stability. In fact, the costs cannot be completely reduced that are expected using supposedly cheaper sources of starch because the brewer may have to use more expensive processing procedure. Corn, millet, sorghum, rice and other starch-containing cereals can be additional or alternative components of wort.

Water quality has a significant impact too. Monitoring of the relative characteris-tics of water, means of its purification and enrichment are priority issues at the stage of raw material preparation.

Hop, its extract or pellets are among the components that affect the qualitative parameters of beer, give it an appropriate bitterness, flavour and aroma [4]. Bitter com-ponents and hop resin also contribute to better beer foam and inhibit the development of microorganisms in beer.

Design features of machines and apparatuses performance, methods of raw mate-rials processing, factors that are provided directly by the equipment, where a particular process is, affect qualitative indicators of beer in addition to traditional ingredients and different additives. At the same time, to a greater or lesser extent, all equipment in-volves energy consumption, material and involvement of maintenance engineers to en-sure performance and expected result. Although the costs of different types of energy and materials used in brewing only partially affect the qualitative characteristics of the finished product, they are, on the other hand, affect price indices. Thus energy con-sumption in brewing is more than 8% of the total cost. Competitive recovery is possible due to the reduction of energy consumption [5].

New trends today due to scientific and technological progress of mankind create new topical issues mostly related to ecology, environmentally friendly products, influ-ence of various components of the product on the body and health as well as problems related to energy conservation and rationalization of energy use. These issues are stud-ied by domestic and foreign scholars. But still, not all issues are resolved and the prob-lems are discussed.

Thus the analysis and study of energy consumption efficiency for raw material processing and operation of the apparatus-technological lines are the most critical is-sues described above.

II. Problems and Methods

The main goal of the article is to analyze the technology of beer wort preparation,

related existing factors, problems and unresolved issues; to study possible means how to solve the problems by changing the design features of the machines and apparatuses of the technological line for beer wort preparation; as well as to provide recommenda-tions what further research to choose on the subject under consideration.


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Analysis of the factors affecting beer qualitative indices is conducted reviewing foreign literature, mainly monographs on brewing technology and scientific articles of relevant areas.

Critical analysis of the existing technical and technological advances on the pos-sible solutions of the issues and questions is based on the use of national, Ukrainian and international patent databases, scientific publications, technical achievements, and company implementations in brewing equipment manufacture.

III. Results

The processes of beer wort preparation that are in the brewing section of the brew-

ery were chosen for the analysis. These processes affect primarily the product and, in fact, are fundamental in brewing technology. This section has also the most energy consuming equipment where the processes of mashing and wort boiling are held.

Whereas issues related to power consumption were selected among the key issues of brewing, the processes of mashing and wort boiling will be studied further respectively. Beer wort boiling is the most energy consuming stage of the process of beer making. It accounts about 30% of the total energy consumption used by the brewery [6].

The technology of wort stripping is one of the results to solve these issues. This technology provides better quality, higher productivity, and flexibility of the brewing production at lower costs. Stripping is held immediately before wort cooling. Lighted wort is served to the column at a rate depending on the cooling parameters and required productivity. Wort is evenly distributed across the surface of the column and then passed through stainless steel filler due to a special distribution system inside the col-umn. Steam is served into the bottom of the column at low pressure for stripping of the volatile compounds. Steam flow rate should be less than 1.5% of the wort flow rate. If wort goes into the column at the boiling point, the amount of released steam is equal to the number of the resulting condensate. One of the main advantages of the wort stripping system is an opportunity to save up to 92% of energy [6].

The development of thin film wort boiling «Merlin» system by «Steineker» com-pany is the next worth attention constructive decision. The «Merlin» system consists of a brewing unit and a standard whirlpool. The heating role is performed by the heat exchange device in the form of a cone divided in height into two independent sectors in the brewing unit. Each of the two steam-jackets can be activated and operate inde-pendently. While heating and boiling the wort is pumped six times through a heated cone. The heat load on wort and the degree of volatility can be deliberately changed by adjusting the temperature of the steam in the steam- jackets and supply of the circulat-ing pump. The total amount of moisture that evaporates with a traditional method of wort boiling with hops is 8%–12%. In the «Merlin» system 4% of moisture evaporate only at boiling (DMS of thin film evaporates much better and there is no need to evap-orate 12% of wort). The process of wort evaporation is the most energy consuming. Therefore, by reducing evaporation from 12% to 4%, we proportionally reduce energy


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[5] Rajaraman R. Solitons and instantons in quantum field theory. Moscow: Mir, 1985, 416 p.

[6] Schwartz A.S. Quantum field theory and topology. Moscow: Nauka, 1989, 400 p.

[7] Samarsky A.A. Introduction to the theory of difference schemes [in Rus-sian]. Moscow: Nauka, 1971, 553 p.

[8] Gulin A.V. Necessary and sufficient conditions for the stability of triple layer difference schemes // Zh. Vychisl. Mat. Mat. Fiz., 8:4 (1968), 899–902

[9] Muminov Kh.Kh., Shokirov F.Sh. Dynamics of interaction of two-dimen-sional topological solitons in O(3) nonlinear vector sigma-model // Re-ports of Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tajikistan. 2010, vol. 53, №9, 679-684.

[10] Muminov Kh.Kh., Shokirov F.Sh. Stability and dynamics of two-dimensional topological solitons in O(3) non-linear vector sigma-model // Modern methods of the theory of functions and related problems: Proceedings of Voronej Winter Mathematical School, Russia, Voronej, VSU, 2011, 224-227.

[11] Muminov Kh.Kh. Multidimensional dynamic topological solitons in non-linear anisotropic sigma model // Reports of Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tajikistan. 2002, vol. XLV, №10, 28-36.

[12] Voronov V.P., Kosevich A.M. Two-dimensional solitons: magnetic vor-tices in a uniaxial antiferromagnet // JETP, 1986, 90, 2145-2151.

[13] Ivanov B.A., Stefanovich V.A. About two-dimensional topological soli-tons by short-radius in the magnetic solitons // JETP, 1986, 90, 638-648.

[14] Derrick G.H. Comments on Nonlinear Wave Equations as Models for El-ementary Particles // J. Math. Phys. 5 (1964), 1252-1254

[15] Bogolubskaya A.A., Bogolubsky I.L. Stationary topological solitons in the two-dimensional anisotropic Heisenberg model with a Skyrme term // Phys.Lett. A136 (1989) 485.

[16] Leese R.A. Q lumps and their interactions // Nucl. Phys. B366 (1991) 283-314. [17] Makhankov V.G. Solitons and numerical experiment // Fiz. Elem. Chast.

Atom. Yadra, 1983, 14(1), 123-180. [18] Makhankov V.G, Рыбаков Ю.П., Санюк В.И. The Skyrme model and

strong interactions // UFN, 1992, 162 (2), 1-61 [19] Muminov Kh.Kh., Shokirov F.Sh. Interaction and decay of two-dimen-

sional topological solitons in O(3) non-linear vector sigma-model // Re-ports of Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tajikistan. 2011, vol. 54, №2, 110-114.

20 (20) 2014 Physics

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Change of energy integral a system of interacting TS was in the range

( 34 1010 ). Note that in Fig.4 the modified topological solution (right) has the fol-lowing form:

1,,/2,, tmRrarctgtyx sm

s , (13)

which differs from the solutions of the form (11) to the opposite sign in the ex-pression for TCh s . Thus, the numerical experiments indicate that at the interaction TS type (11) and (13) exhibits the effect of long-range interaction. In Fig.10 shows a scheme of the dynamic of the isospin structure of the long-range interactions solitons (11) and (13).

VI. Conclusions

Thus, in this paper we present the results of research questions of existence and

stability of two-dimensional particle-like TS (vortices) O(3) VNSM. We found that in two-dimensional easy-axis model the topological solutions exist only for a single fre-quency value of 1 . The computer experiments and analytical studies by methods of TTF the TS with TCh 6,...,2,1tQ a model (7) the demonstrated to their sustainability.

By methods of numerical simulations, we obtained a new moving TS of Belavin-Polyakov type and were set their stability in the process of evolution for different val-ues of TCh. Were obtained the model of the evolution of the dynamics of elastic inter-action of the TS, which differ from other well-known by manifestation of the long-range forces. Were conducted the numerical analysis of the isospin structure and iso-spin dynamics of TS a model (7).

References

[1] Kosevich A.M., Ivanov B.A., Kovalev A.S. Nonlinear magnetization

waves. Dynamic and topological solitons [in Russian], Naukova dumka, Kiev (1983), 193 p.

[2] Muminov Kh.Kh. On the existence and stability of two-dimensional top-ological solitons in the classical isotropic of Heisenberg antiferromagnet // Reports of Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tajikistan. 2002, vol. XLV, №10, 21-27.

[3] Skyrme T.H.R. A Non-Linear Field Theory. – London: Proceedings of the Royal Society – Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Series A, (Feb. 7, 1961), Vol. 206, No. 1300, 127-138.

[4] Belavin A.A., Polyakov A.M. Metastable states of two-dimensional iso-tropic ferromagnets // JETP, 1975, 22(10), 245-247.


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consumption. The system provides a significant reduction in energy consumption (in some cases up to 73%).

Wort brewing boilers with boiling at low gage pressure are produced as airtight boilers designed for maximum gage pressure of 0.5 bars and equipped with necessary pressure-relief valves in case of overpressure and vacuum formation. Wort heating is conducted using a remote or internal boiler. The condenser of the secondary steam is calculated according to the pressure in the boiler, so that higher temperature of the secondary steam can be used. Currently the condenser of the secondary steam is fre-quently produced in the form of a single-stage plate-type heat exchanger. In this case the secondary steam is served from the top in every second plate and it condenses when moving down, while cooling water runs bottom-up in the intermediate plates in the counter flow and at the same time it is heated.

As a result of the use of the heat exchange units a large abundance of warm water is usually produced at different production sections of the brewhouse, which is difficult to be applied. However, hot water of high temperature is needed in the brewhouse as it can be used for heating purposes with small supply of additional heat. It is also necessary to use even a small difference in temperature and to accumulate hot water for using it when needed. It can be reached with the use of thermally insulated system with heat accumulation.

Evaporated in the wort brewing boiler water condenses in the condenser of the secondary steam while cooling water is heated to 97° C in the counter flow. Heated to 97° C water is served into the upper part of the energy storage. Unhopped wort, which is in the collector or wort in the mashing apparatus, can be heated by this hot water from the upper part of the energy storage. There are other facilities for heating, but it is necessary to pay attention to the fact that hot water does not cool.

In such systems of heat energy accumulation it is possible to store heat excess for a long time and use it at any time. The economy of primary energy in contrast to the traditional methods of boiling without heat reuse is:

About 40–50% for boiling at low overpressure; About 60–70% for boiling at low overpressure using energy storage [7]. Kaspar Schulz company can offer its customers a product of diligent research and

years of experience gained by the brewers-engineers in the sphere of energy saving and high-tech wort processing: SchoKolino – gentle boiling system for the brewery with brewing up to 30 HL of wort output; SchoKo – gentle boiling system for the brewery with brewing more than 30 HL of wort output.

The principle of operation is that using a vacuum evaporator it is no longer necessary to boil wort in the brewing boiler. It is enough to maintain wort at a temperature below 100° C (simmer). Simmering occurs at a temperature of 98° C and with additional wort stirring by a pump and its subsequent dispersion in a brewing boiler of a dome shape. The required level of stirring and initial evaporation at 1% is achieved by stirring and disper-sion. Wort dispersion occurs due to the secondary node – adjustable wort dispersion plate (AWDP). Due to the fact that the gap clearance can be adjusted to AWDP, the brewer can


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either reduce or increase the level of initial wort evaporation. All necessary processes oc-cur during wort simmering at a temperature below 100° C: wort sterilization, isomerisa-tion of the hop substances, proteins coagulation, formation of the taste and aroma charac-teristics, etc. However, wort evaporation does not occur in the brewing boiler when it is simmered. In the traditional process about 70 % of the heat energy for wort production is spent for moisture evaporation from wort in the brewing boiler.

Wort enters the vacuum evaporator after a simmering phase and proteins separa-tion in the whirlpool. At the entrance to the vacuum evaporator the temperature of wort is 95° C. Discharging occurs in the vacuum evaporator by a vacuum pump. Proceeding to the vacuum evaporator tangentially, wort forms a thin, flowing down layer, then wort boils due to the differential pressure and moisture evaporates containing undesir-able aromatic substances such as DMS. After evaporation wort enters the cooler that gives the additional benefit as the remaining DMS does not manage to be restored un-like the traditional method of wort boiling. In the vacuum evaporator evaporation rate can be set be the changes in pressure. Temperature reduction of wort is 5° C at 1% of moisture evaporation; it implies that with the evaporation of 3% wort with temperature of 80° C comes into the cooler. Hot water with temperature of about 80° C is generated in the wort cooler, it is sufficient for its further use for brewing purposes without addi-tional heating that maintains positive energy balance of the brewery. Steam coming from the vacuum evaporator has also energy value, the evaporation data pass through the condenser where hot water is produced [8].

Using SchoKo system there is a reduction in the consumption of a litre of liquid fuel per hectolitre of wort in comparison with the traditional systems. Energy consump-tion is reduced to 2.2 litres of liquid fuel per hectolitre of wort (Fig. 1). Water con-sumption is reduced due to less evaporation to 400–500L per cooking.

Figure 1. Energy Consumption (Litres of Liquid Fuel per Hectolitre of Wort) by Different Systems of Wort Boiling in Schulz Company [8].

Based on the above described material, a diagram of the percentage of energy

savings when using different systems of wort boiling can be built (Fig. 2).


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and the projection of component of the unit isovector aS rotates in the opposite direc-tion. To study the dynamics of interactions of TS from the point of view of the analysis of the above properties was produced series of changes in to structure of the isospin dynamics in one of the TS. These changes are consistent, basically, in changes to the values of the angular variable tms when 1 in (11).

Fig.3. Isospin structure of the dynamics of an oncoming collision of TS type (11) a two-dimensional O(3) VNSM with the equal TCh 321 QQ and speeds

1.021 vv , at 0.12T . After numerous experiments with models of the collision, where is observed the differ-

ent options evolution of the interaction of solitons from the total annihilation by radiation the concentrated in them energy to a state of collapse of the numerical scheme, we obtain a new group of models the evolution of the interaction of two-dimensional TS O(3) VNSM which different from all other our experiments – TS are reflected, repelled at a distance, without the explicit collision, i.e. exhibit the properties of long-range force (Fig.4).

Fig.4. The dynamics of interaction (head-on collision on a single trajectory, re-flection without collision) TS (11) (left) and the modified TS (right) a model (7) with TCh 321 QQ , moving with same speed 0995.021 vv : a) – f ) the dis-

tribution of the energy density (DH ) at ]0.60,0.0[T .

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The solitons moves straight forward, when approaching (in the resonance zone), arises a bound state of the TS, where is observed a small perturbation of the solitons – deformation of ring-shape form of the distribution density of their energy (DH) (Fig.2bcd), and solitons are reflected from each other a moving away from the place of collision (Fig.2ef). At the moment of the collision as a result of perturbations of TS increases their energy density. The energy integral of the system of two interacting TS a form (11) a

retained with accuracy 340 1010/ EE . In the future, for the convenience of the

visual analysis, on the graphics will be represented also the contours of energy density. Similar computer experiments were conducted in the case of the interaction of the

two-dimensional TS type of (5) the collision of solitons of isotropic O(3) VNSM (1). But in this case, in all experiments is observed the violation of conservation of the numerical scheme and a complete breakdown of the system of colliding solitons. This numerical fact allows us to offer that sustainability of TS (11) of the anisotropic model (7) at the interaction associated with the presence of isospin rotation in isotopic space. In the following numerical experiments, investigated were conducted with the TS of two-dimensional O(3) VNSM only in the anisotropic case (7).

V. The long-range effect

In this part of paper with introduction of changes in the dynamics of the isospin

structure of one of the interacting TS (11) of two-dimensional O(3) VNSM (7) was obtained by the model, showing the properties of the so-called – the long-range inter-action. The essence of this property is in the mutual reflection in the far distance, the solitons moving in a counter direction – without explicit collision. Also, here are the results of numerical experiments, where observed the decay of the long-range interac-tions solitons on the localized perturbations (LP) at the simulation of counter types of interactions, i.e., obtained the model of the decay of interacting solitons without the collision. Next, we obtained numerical models of interaction of long-range solitons when incident collision ( 0.01 v , 0.02 v ), where at increase in velocity of the inci-dent soliton occurs the annihilation of solitons with the periodic radiation of energy.

Development of a model of long-range interaction solitons. Numerical simulation of in-teraction of TS of two-dimensional O(3) VNSM showed that the collision of these TS has unique features: depending of the trajectory of counter movement the interaction of TS occurs in different ways. Because of the chirality of model, the solitons at collision received the addi-tional momentum, unfolding their trajectory towards the coherent rotation of the isospin.

To investigate the causes of the above-mentioned properties of soliton interactions (11), we investigated the structure of the system consisting of two interactions TS, in terms of the analysis of the projection of the first two components of the unit isovectors

aS ( 1,2,3a ) to the plane modeling ),( yx .

The structure of the isospin projection on the plane ),( yx of the model of head-on collision TS type (11) for 3tQ is shown in Fig.3. The TS has a left-hand rotation,


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Figure 2. Energy Saving at Different Methods of Wort Boiling: 1- boiling system

using internal boiler; 2- wort boiling at low pressure without excessive energy storage; 3- system of gentle boiling SchoKolino; 4- system of gentle boiling

SchoKo; 5- boiling wort at low overpressure of energy storage; 6- system of thin-film boiling; 7- the technology of wort stripping.

At this stage extensive work has been done to implement energy-saving equip-

ment in the development of the brewing branch of food industry. New systems have been developed by the different manufacturers of the equipment that enable to reduce energy consumption and use waste energy. However, every system has its shortcom-ings that need further research, examination and elimination.

IV. Conclusions

Due to the analysis of key problems and unresolved issues of brewing food indus-

try it was found out that one of its main problems is associated with excessive energy consumption. Their solution is embodied in the technological and industrial innova-tions. The most perspective system, according to the results of the analysis, is wort stripping that saves about 90% of energy. However, the most popular systems of wort boiling are Merlin, SchoKo and boiling systems (with remote kettle) at low overpres-sure using energy storage that enable to save energy within 70–75%.

Received data can be used when choosing current areas of research, doing corre-sponding studies on the above described issue and in scientific and methodical works.

References

1. Charles W. Bamforth, Beer. Health and nutrition, University of California,

Davis, 2004 – 500p.


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2. Denny Mark, Froth! : the science of beer, The Johns Hopkins University Press All rights reserved, 2009. – 320p.

3. Bamforth, Charles W, Beer : tap into the art and science of brewing / by Charles Bamforth–2nd ed. Oxford University Press, 2003. – 603p.

4. Guillaume Lermusieau, Catherine Liégeois, Sonia Collin, Reducing power of hop cultivars and beer ageing, Food Chemistry, Volume 72, Issue 4, March 2001, Pages 413-418

5. Barbara Sturm, Stephan Hugenschmidt, Werner Hofacker, Anthony P. Ros-killy, Opportunities and barriers for efficient energy use in a medium-sized brewery, Applied Thermal Engineering, Volume 53, Issue 2, 2 May 2013, Pages 397-404.

6. R. Braereleirs, Cl. Bauduin, MEURA S.A., WORT STRIPPING-THE BOILING SYSTEМ OF THE FUTURE, Belgium Food Chemistry. – Vol. 32. – Issue 7, March 2009, P. 13-22

7. Кунце В. Технология солода и пива. Перевод с нем., – С-Пб., Издатель-ство «Профессия», 2003. – 912 с.

8. Kaspar Schulz, Schulz. Brewhouse Technology, apparatebauanstalt KG D-96052, Bamberg/www.kaspar-schulz.de/


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Similar computer experiments with two-dimensional isotropic TS (1) and aniso-tropic (7) O(3) VNSM having TCh 6,5,4tQ , also demonstrate the stability of these nonlinear localized perturbations. It should be noted that in minor fluctuations the val-ues of the energy integral (En) TS in our numerical models, is also present the contri-bution of the boundary conditions of the «black box» [2,9-11,19,20] which established on the boundaries of the simulation.

Note also that for the identification of the real dynamics of soliton solutions, in which fully manifested their special, particle-like properties, a required carry out in-vestigation of the dynamics of their interactions. The nature of the interaction of soli-tons in numerical simulations can provide preliminary information on the complete integrability of the model [17, 18]. Below, we present our results of numerical model-ing of the dynamics of interactions TS of the two-dimensional O(3) VNSM. The pa-rameters of the numerical experiments are similar to the previous one, the distinction to consist a relatively large area of modeling L : 11{ LxL , }22 LyL ,

where 0.101 L , 0.52 L . Grid resolution L were doubled to in relation a previous experiments and is consist from 10012001 points in each layer in the time, the sim-ulation time: ]0.150,0.0[T .

Were considered the following types of collisions: «frontal-central» – collision of the TS, moving along a single path; non-central head-on – collision of the TS, moving along parallel paths; «incident» – collision the moving TS on the stationary (

0.021 vv ); «overtakes» – collision the TS, moving in one direction along a single

path, but with different velocities ( 21 vv ). The central head-on collision. In this case, in area of the modeling are faced a two TS a form (11) of two-dimensional O(3) VNSM (7) with TCh 3tQ (Fig.2).

Fig.2. The dynamics of interaction (central head-on collision on a single trajec-

tory) TS form (11) a model (7) with equal TCh ( 321 QQ ) moving at the same speed ( 0995.021 vv ): a)-f ) the distribution of the energy density (DH). Time

simulation: ]0.60,0.0[T .

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sinsin2 s , cos3 s , tm , rx /cos , ry /sin , where

0 and 0m , were obtained in [12] in the next form:

ms RrarctgRr )/(2),( , tms , (11)

ryrxyxr /sin,/cos,222 .

In given case, the profile function )(r of these solutions is described by the equation

,1

,0)/1(2sin2

12

2222

dr

d

rdr

drm rrrr

(12)

0)(,)0( .

IV. Collision of topological solitons

This part begins by presentation of the results of applying the Lorenz transfor-mation to the two-dimensional TS of O(3) VNSM where were obtained the topological numerical solutions of the form (5) and (11), moving at speeds less than c – the speed of light [9,10]. The evolution of these type traveling solitons in numerical experiments the demonstrated their stability. The distribution of energy density (DH) moving TS (11) with TCh 3,2 mQt is shown in Fig.1. In these experiments, the control of

conservation of energy of the moving TS having the TCh 3,2tQ carry out by calcu-lates an integral of their energy, which was retained with accuracy

340 1010/ EE in the anisotropic case (7), and 56

0 1010/ EE in the case of an isotropic O(3) VNSM (1).

Fig.1. The application of the Lorenz transformation for the TS (11). The distri-bution of energy density (DH) for ТS with TCh: a) 2tQ , b) 3tQ ; at 2.0v .

Time simulation: ]5.10,0[T .


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*179439* Kopaleishvili Tinatin , graduate student

Kipiani Alma, k.t.s., professor Xvedelidze Varden, d.t.s., professor

AkakiTsereteli State University, department of chemical technology. Kutaisi, Georgia

DIAGNOSIS OF BURN HEALING EFFECT OF NEW PHYTOPREPARATION ON THE BASIS

OF EXSTRACTED OIL OF TEA LEAF

Annotation.New phytopreparationof tea leaf – 5% oily form ofextraction oil of

tea leaf prepared on sunflower oil – shows significant woundhealing activity during chemical and thermic burning of skin in white outbred mice.Significant effectivity of the preparation during experimental burning of skin leads us to recommend conducting appropriate pharmacotherapeutic researches for realization of given preparation in medical practice.

Key words: burnings; phytopreparation; pharmacological effect; wound healing.

INTRODUCTION. The wound healing process has important value for normal vital activity of organ-

ism. It exhibits biological adaptation without which complex multicellular organisms could not appear in the process of evolutionandsurvive [1, 2].

Medicaments used for local treatment of wounds must have significant antibacterial activity, high dehydrating activity and also anesthetic effect. In the regenerating phase wound healing preparations must provide protecting effect on growing granulations, pro-tect them from secondary infection,stimulatethe process of material exchange in the wound for acceleration of the process of healing. Perspective direction is searching of plant preparations, properly acting on basic elements of the pathological process [3,4].

The whole wide variety of medicinal plants used for healing wounds in Tibetan and other people’s medicine, is studied poorly and it is the subject of interest for ex-perimental researches for finding antiflammatoryagents and those of stimulating re-generation of tissues.

At the department of chemical technology lipid complex has been excreted from tea leaf – this is extraction oil of tea leaf [5,6]. 5% oil form of this lipid complex, prepared on the sunflower oil was used as medicinal preparation («VGZ»)


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II. Statement of the problem:

The aim of the researches is the diagnosis of wound healing effect of new phyto-preparation «VGZ» during experimental chemical and thermal burning of skin.

Pharmacological effect of phytopreparation «VGZ» has been studied in the series of experiments on the patterns of skins exposed to thermic and chemical burn.AEKOL was used as preparation for comparing, taken in comparable doses, approved by phar-macological committee of USSR I8.05.I989 under the registration number 87/295/З. Sunflower oil was used as a placebo.

Wound healing effect of «VGZ» during chemical and thermic burn of skin has been studied on white outbred male-mice with themass of 120-140g. Theamountofan-imalsineachgroupisn=8.

Chemical burn of the skin wascaused by introduction of 0,5ml of 9% acetic acid under hexenal anesthesia.These preparations applied on wounds approximately 0,5ml once a day during 21 days.

Thermic burn in white outbred rats was caused by contact hightemperature method due to a special apparatus under hexenalanesthesia [7].Given method helps to get standard burn by its space and deepness along the whole thickness of the skin.Space of the contact plate is 4 cm2, time for exposition 10 sec, temperature 220-240 0C. After keeping all the conditions the burn corresponds to 3A and 3B levels according to clinical classifications of burns. Preparations were applied once a day in the volume of 0,5 ml, during 21 days.

Planimetry and microscopical analysis of the wounds were conducted on 7-th, 14-th, 21-th days of observation. Slices were stained according to van Gizon withpicro-fucsine and hematoxilineosine [8,9].

III. Results.

The results of the researches of wound healing effect of phytopreparation»VGZ»

are represented on the table 1-4. Using of phytopreparation «VGZ» during chemical burn of the skin helped the

fast healing of the wound to compare with control and the use of aekol (table 1,2). During histological study of the wound defect the following is revealed.

1. Control. Onthefirstweekthenecrosisisnoticed. Scab is dense, greyish-brown. Wound surface with irregular borders, with evidentinflammatory reaction of soft tis-sues. Epidermis is necrotized, derma and appendages are also exposedto necrosis and they are stained with less intensity to compare with intacttissue. By the end of the week rejection of scab starts.

On the second weekcell infiltration process in hypoderm and derma are more sig-nificant. Producing of new blood vessels occurs. Tissue around the wound is a little edematous and hyperemic.

On the third week growing of epidermis starts towards the center of the injury. Granulated tissue is formed, the basic element of which is fibroblast.On the 21-st day the entire healing could reach in none of these cases.

2. Aekol.1-7-th day. On the histological preparations necrotizing layer of epider-mis, dermis and underlayers can be observed. Tissues surrounding the wound have


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ryrxyxr /sin,/cos,222

with nonzero TCh mQt , where , are corners (Euler’s) variables

cossin1 s , sinsin2 s , cos3 s . (6)

III. The dynamic topological solitons in the anisotropic model

In this part of the work a consider the analytically and numerically, the issues of

sustainability of the TS of two-dimensional O(3) VNSM in the anisotropic case. The existence and the stability of this type of solitons have been considered in [9-11], using a variational approach and computer experiments. In particular, in [11] was investi-gated the existence and stability of the two-and three-dimensional TS of anisotropic O(3) VNSM and is shown that in two-dimensional easy-axis model the topological solutions exist only for a single value of frequency, and in a three-dimensional model the axially-symmetric topological solitons with the unit TCh does not exists. The la-grangian and hamiltonian density in the two-dimensional O(3) VNSM for the aniso-tropic case are written in the next form [11]:

)]1([ 23 sss aa

2

1L , (7)

)]1()()[(2

1 23

21

20 sss aa H , (8)

1,3,2,1,2,1,0 aassa . The Euler-Lagrange equations of the model are:

3,2,1,0)()( 333 isssssss iiiaai

(9)

(in the Euler parameterization (6)). From (7) we obtain the density of charge (of isospin) N and of momentum )3,2,1(, iiP :

122 sss tt 1sN 3,2,1, iss aiatiP , (10)

which determine the appropriate motion integrals of Noether of model

xdN 2N , xdP ii2P . In first time the solution of (9) in the form of topological

solitons by using a trial functions method of the form cossin1 s ,

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like solutions [2-4], although, in general, does not guarantee their existence and stabil-ity. Among the non-linear models that allow the existence of the localized fields distri-butions with nonzero TCh, a private interest presents the O(3) VNSM that are widely used in particle physics [1,2,5,6]. Below we describe analytically and numerically the existence and stability of stationary and dynamic TS in the isotropic and anisotropic O(3) VNSM, conduct a numerical study of the properties of the solutions.

II. The dynamic topological solitons in the isotropic model

Using a variational approach based on a well-known technique of test functions

(TTF), as well by numerical simulation, investigated the issues of sustainability TS isotropic two-dimensional O(3) VNSM. In this case, considered the Lagrangian and the Hamiltonian density of O(3) VNSM have the form:

])()[(2

1

2

1 220 akaaa ssss

L , (1)

])()[(2

1 220 aka ss H , (2)

3,2,1;2,1;2,1,0;1 akss aa ,

(implied the summation over indices ak ,, ). Euler-Lagrange equations of the

model (1) subject to the condition 1aass can be written as follows [2]:

0)( iaai ssss

, 1,2,3i , (3)

while stationary ( 0 it s ) localized solutions are described by equation

0)( 22 iakik sss , (4)

which defines the extremes 0stH of the functional xdsH akst22

2

1 , cor-

responding to integer values of the functional TCh tQ , also known as the degree of the

map 2compR on the 2S , 2R compactifies by boundary conditions 0)( aa ss [4,5].

The model (1) possess a steady simple localized perturbations of the form (called in [2] Belavin-Polyakov solitons or BP-solitons):

ms RrarctgRr /2, , ms , (5)


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significant inflammatory changes. Several phenomena of cellular infiltration take place in the layers of derma and around hair follicles.

Table 1 Dynamics of decreasing of wound area in white rats by using phyto-

preparation «VGZ» (cm2)

Preparations 7-th day 14-th day 21-th day Placebo 2,20±0,13 0,80±0,02

Р1<0,05 0,40±0,04 Р1<0,05

Aekol 2,10±0,14 0,66±0,04 Р1<0,05

0,29±0,03 Р1< 0,05

«VGZ» 1,52 ± 0,09 Р1<0,05 Р2<0,05

0,34±0,03 Р1<0,001 Р2<0,05

0,07±0,02 Р1< 0,001 Р2<0,001

Control 2,26 ± 0,11 0,90 ± 0,04 0,53±0,03 Table2 Daily decreasing of wound area in white rats by using of phytoprep-

aration»VGZ» (%)

Preparations 7-14-th day 14-21-th day Placebo 9,09 7,14 Aekol 9,80 8,01 «VGZ» 11,09 11,34 Control 8,60 5,90

Table 3 Dynamics of decreasing of wound area in white rats by using phyto-

preparation «VGZ» (cm2)

Preparation 7-th day 14-th day 21-th day

Placebo 5,06±0,13 Р1<0,05

2,90 ± 0,05 1,77±0,05 Р1< 0,05

Aekol 4,99±0,09 Р1<0,05

2,66 ± 0,07 Р1<0,001

1,40 ± 0,04 Р1<0,001

«VGZ» 4,70± 0,09 Р1<0,001 Р2<0,05

2,15± 0,05 Р1<0,001 Р2<0,001

0,88± 0,03 Р1<0,001 Р2<0,001

Control 5,72±0,13 3,12±0,11 2,08±0,07


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Table 4 Daily decreasing of wound area in white rats by using of phytoprep-aration»VGZ» (%)

Preparation 7-14-th day 14-21-th day Placebo 6,09 5,56

Aekol 6,67 6,76

«VGZ» 7,75 8,43

Control 6,49 4,76 Note: On the tables 1 and 3 P1 – reliability of experimental data to compare with

control; P2 – reliability of experimental data to compare with aekol. On the second week rejection of the burn scabcan be observed in the most of ani-

mals.Wound hollow is filled with immature granulated tissue. Growing ofepithelium from the edges of the wound occurs.Inflammation processaroundthewoundisnegligible.

On the 15-21-nd day growth of bunched hair around the wound is observed. Rate of healing is more intensive to compare with control. Fibroblasts look flattened, they get elongated form. Inflammatory changes of surrounded soft tissues is absent. The entire healing could reach in none of these cases on the 21-st day.

3. Phytopreparation»VGZ». 1-7-th day. Burn surface of irregular form, slough is formed with distinct demarcated line.Epidermis is necrotized, derma and skin append-ages are also exposed to necrosis.On the 3-4-th day rejection of the scab begins, clean-ing of wound surface. Tissue surrounded the wound is inflammated.

On the second week rejected of burn scab is observed, cleaning of wound surface. Formation of new vessels occurs, around which cellular infiltration is observed. Gran-ulated tissue is reinforced, which basic elements are fibroblasts.Healing of skin defects is seen in growing of epithelium from edges long distance.

15-21-st day. Intensive healing of burn wound is observed by secondary tension. Granulated tissue gets mature form with predominance of fibrous structure. Complete healing on 18-21-st day was obtained in five animals from eight.In three animals the process of healing occurred on the 22-25-th day from the beginning of observation. The defect of burn is filled with mature granulated tissue.Regeneration and forming of skin appendages occurs.

So, by using phytopreparation «VGZ» to compare with control and by using aekol, earlier cleaning of wounds from necrotizing masses, intensive forming of granulating tis-sue, also accelerating of epithelization and producing of cicatricial tissue occur.

Applying of the new phytopreparation «VGZ» by the thermal burn of skin in white outbred rats promotes fast healing of wounds to compare with control and using of aekol (tabl. 3 and 4). By the histological study of wound defect the following is revealed:


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*182103* Muminov Kh.Kh.1, Shokirov F.Sh.2, Atoeva Kh.I.3

1,2,3 Physical-Technical Institute named after S.U. Umarov Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tajikistan

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF NEW TYPES OF TOPOLOGICAL AND DYNAMICAL SOLITONS

IN NON-LINEAR SIGMA-MODEL

Abstract In this paper with the numerical experiments conducted study on the existence and

stability of the new dynamic two-dimensional topological solitons, as well as the dynamics of their interaction in the O(3) vectorial nonlinear sigma-model in the isotropic and ani-sotropic cases for different values of the topological charge. In particular, for the found topological soliton solutions is obtained models of their evolution and interaction, as well as models that indicate a manifestation of mutual attraction and repulsion. Conditions are found manifestation of long-range forces of topological solitons.

Keywords: O(3) vectorial nonlinear sigma-model, long-range forces of solitons, topological soliton, solitons interactions, numerical simulation, topological charge, mutual attraction and repulsion of solitons.

I. Introduction

The study of topological solitons (TC, non-trivial homotopy group 2 ) as the

class of regular, particle-like solutions in quantum field theory (baryons, the kinks, monopoles, instantons, skyrmions, etc.) and in the theory of condensed matter (vorti-ces, dislocations, disclinations, domain wall, point defects) is an actual task at the mod-ern description of the properties of nuclear matter. The practical significance of this trend becomes, for example, in connection with the discovery of high-temperature su-perconductors, where the layered structure of the ceramics is a two-dimensional anti-ferromagnet 2CuO . TS is also attractive in astrophysics (skyrmions with topological charge 1Q ), in the theory of ferromagnetism, the theory of defects in crystals, mag-neto-hydrodynamics and in the theory of elasticity.

It is known that physically important class of vectorial nonlinear sigma models (VNSM) includes a Heisenberg magnets, in these models the three-isovector ),( txsa ,

3,2,1a (antiferromagnetic vector) takes its values on the sphere 2S [1,2]. The pres-ence of the topological charge (TCh, Hopf index, a topological invariant, degree of the map, degree of Brouwer) opens up additional possibilities for the existence of particle-

20 (20) 2014 Physics

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The analysis of characteristics of the sealants processed in RF plasma discharge showed that physical mechanical values of apocessed samples possess the improved technological, operational indicators in comparison with control. the best result was obtaines in mix of argon and propane-butane gases in the ratio of 80% to 20%.

References

1. Patent №RU 2467237. Sealant. 2. V.V. Savich, Designs from composite materials, 4, 114 – 119 (2006). 3. I. Аbdullin, А.Khubatkhuzin, Vestnik of Kazan state technological univer-

sity, 11; 625 – 627 (2010). 4. I. Аbdullin, А.Khubatkhuzin, Vestnik of Kazan state technological univer-

sity, 11; 628 – 629 (2010).


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1. Control. On the first week after applying dense scab is producedwith grayish-dull colorand evident inflammatory changes of surrounded tissues, with the further re-striction of the necrosis zone with distinct line of demarcation. Here and there scab is sliced with sanious-fibrotic extractions. Significant necrosis of underneath layers – fas-cia, muscles, under skin fiber, is noticed. Theedgesofthewoundlookthickened.

On the second week complete or partial rejection of scab is observed. On the histolog-ical preparation it is seen that wound defect is gradually replaced by gentle granulated tissue composed of basically cellular elements. Epitheliumgrowsfromtheedgeofthewound.

15-21-nd day. Wound surface is cleaned from necrotized tissue. Inflammatory changes of surrounded tissues is moderate. Macroscopically can be revealed that in granulated tissue the number of fibroblasts is increased.A lot of vessels full of blood are located in new formed tissue. Total healing can be seen in none of these cases.

2. Aekol. On the first week burn scab is observed greyish-brown colored, with inflammation changes. Hair follicles and other appendages of the skin are nonstructural masses which can be stained intensively with hematoxylin. Wounds are separated by sero-sanious tissue. Growth occurrsunder scab.

On the second week partial rejection of the burn scab, cleaning of the wound sur-face from necrotizing tissues and growth of the granulated tissues can be observed. Wound separated sero-fibrinous. Inflammatory changes are moderate. Growth of epi-thelium from the edges of the wound under the scab is observed, which starts rejecting.

15-21-st day. Wound surface starts filling with young coarse grained granulated tissue.Epithelizationdevelopes from the edges of the wound due to growing of epithe-lium of hair follicles.Inflammatory changes of surrownded tissues are absent. Complete healing by the 21-st day can’t be seen in both cases, though the rate of healing is sig-nificantly accelerated to compare with control.

3. Phytopreparation»VGZ». On the first weekthe surface of the wound is covered with scab of grey-brown color with significant inflammatory changes of surrounded tissues after thermic burn. Wound separated sanious. Necrotic changes occupy all lay-ers of the skin, collagen fibers are bonded with each other. On the 7-th day clear de-marcation of the necrotic zone from health tissue occurs. Epithelium bends by the edge of burn wound to the bottom and grows under the scab.

On the second week rejection of the burn scab can be observed in most of the animals, cleaning from the necrotic tissues. Cellular infiltration is noticed in all layers of the derma. Formation of young fine grained granulated tissue occurs. Formation of vessels full of blood is also seen. Epithelialgrowthoccursfromtheedgesofthewound.

15-21 days. Total cleaning of the burn surface is noticed. Wound hollow is filled with granulated tissue of pink color.Epithelization occurs from the edges of the wound. Growth of the bundled hair around the wound is noticed. Inflammation changes in sur-rounding tissues are absent. Granulated tissue gets mature form. Complete healing of wound defect is noticed in three animals out of eight, in others it happened on 21-25 day.


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IV. Conclusions. It’s determined that during chemical and thermic burn of skin, everyday use of

phytopreparation «VGZ»to compare with control and aekol, allows earlier cleaning of the wound from necrotic mass, intensive formation of granulated tissue, and also in-creasing of the rate of epithelization and formation of cicatricial tissue. Therefore, the use of new «VGZ»phytopreparation can be recommended in medical practice as burn healing cure.

REFERENCE

1. Убашев И.0. Раны и их лечение в тибетской медицине, – Новоси-

бирск; Наука. – 1990. 2. Сергиенко А.В. Ранозаживляющая активность мазей на основе маг-

нетита. //Фармация, 2, 2005,-С,25-26. 3. Государственная Фармакопея СССР. Выпуски 1,2. Репринтное изда-

ние Москва, 1998. 4. Фармакопейная статья 42-7300-86. Масло облепиховое. 5. Хвелелидзе В.Г., Буцхрикидзе Б.А., Нигуриани Н.Г. Ранозаживляю-

щаяактивность экстракционного масла чайного листа //GeorgianMedicalNews, 11(140), 2006.-С.84-87.

6. Хведелидзе В.Г., Гвинианидзе Т.Н. Парадоксальные технологиче-ские аспекты грубого чайного сырья. – Тбилиси: Мецниереба, 2004.

7. Гублер Е.В. Термические ожоги и ожоговая болезнь. – Москва: Ме-дицина. – 1973. -С.59-78.

8. Серов Л.И. Элементы экспериментальной фармакологии – Москва: Медицина – 2000.

9. Руководство по экспериментальному изучению новых фармакологи-ческих веществ /Под ред. В.П.Фисенко, Е.В, Арзамасцева и др. – Москва: Ремедиум, – 2000.


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(a) (b)

Fig. 3 Relief of a sample before processing (a) and after processing (a) Experimental points were obtained with the help of a method of a measuring dynamic inden-

tation. It is possible to describe a nature of change of properties due to such measurements. Dia-grams of change of hardness depending on depth of penetration of plasmochemical gas for a firm alloy of tungsten-cobalt received as a result of carried-out tests. They are submitted in figures 4.

It is established that for the first sample there was a low-temperature degradation. Value of hardness decreased in the average by 56%. For an explanation of this effect the second experiment in the environment of the pure argon was made. The results showed that hardness increased by 30%, at the same time the roughness also increased by 25%. It testifies the dis-persion of the cobalt which is a part of an alloy, thus pure tungsten appeared on a surface, therefore there is an increase of hardness and roughness. For an exception of these factors plate voltage was reduced. It led (see figure 6) to the increase of hardness by 60% and reduc-tion of a roughness by 40%. Color of a product changed from characteristic metal blaze to yellowish turquoise. It also testifies film formation on an alloy surface.

Research of a roughness of a surface was conducted also by means of the nano-hardness gage «NanoScan-3D».

Fig.2 Change of microhardness of a surface of an alloy: 1) a – sample before processing, b – processed sample Ar+C3H8, Q1=1500 cm3/min, Q2=1300 cm3/min,

U=-20 V, 2) a – sample before processing, б – processed sample Ar, Q=2000 cm3/min, U=-20 V, 3) a – sample before processing, б – processed sample

Ar+C3H8, Q1=2000 cm3/min, Q2=1400 cm3/min, U=-20 V

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Microhardness and roughness measurement were conducted to determine me-chanical properties. Topography of the surface at submicronic and nanometer scale was investigated by means of the scanning nanohardness tester «NanoScan-3D». Measure-ment of the hardness is based on the analysis of force-distance curves according to nanoindentation procedure. This method is a cornerstone of the standard of hardness measurement ISO 14577. The indenter of Berkovich type is applied to mechanical tests. It represents a trihedral diamond pyramid with a corner at top near 142º. The method of a measuring dynamic indentation consists in the following: the indenter is pressed into a sample surface with a constant speed, at the achievement of the set load-ing the indenter is taken away in the opposite direction. In the course of such test record of values of loading and shift of an indenter corresponding to it is made. The experi-mental curve typical for this method in the form of the schedule of dependence of load-ing (P) on depth of indentation (h) is presented in figure 2. It consists of two parts, corresponding to process of loading and unloading. Within this method the hardness H of samples is defined by the equation:

,

here Ас – the area of a projection of a print at the maximum value of the enclosed loading Pmax.

Fig. 2 the General view of a curve of loading, and the scheme of contact with designations of the sizes used in a method of calculation of the elasticity module

and hardness. Topography images were obtained by NanoScan in semi-contact oscillating

mode. Three dimentional images were obtained as a result of the procedure.


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*180918*

Abdullin I., Khubatkhuzin А., Khristoliubova V., Gafarov I. Kazan National Research Technological University, Russia, Kazan

INCREASE OF HARDNESS AND PHYSICAL MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS AND ALLOYS WITH THE HELP

OF RF-PLASMA OF LOW PRESSURE

I. Abdullin – Department of Plasma Technology and Nanotechnology of High

Molecular Weight Materials, KNRTU, Ph.D., professor А. Khubatkhuzin – Department of Plasma Technology and Nanotechnology of

High Molecular Weight Materials, KNRTU, Ph.D., associate professor V. Khristoliubova – Department of Plasma Technology and Nanotechnology of

High Molecular Weight Materials, KNRTU, scientific officer A coating on the surface of solid alloy with the help of radio-frequency discharge

of low pressure due to its interaction with the workpiece was formed. As a result of forming of a coating on the surface of the metal increasing of hardness and physical and mechanical properties of metals was produced.

Keywords: RF plasma, alloy, low pressure. It should be no surprise. Trends in the manufacturing industry drive trends in

metalcutting insert development. Changes in workpiece materials, manufacturing pro-cesses and even government regulations catalyze parallel advances in metalcutting tooling technology.

As manufacturers continually seek and apply new manufacturing materials that are lighter and stronger–and therefore more fuel efficient–it follows that cutting tool makers must develop tools that can machine the new materials at the highest possible levels of productivity.

By finetuning combinations of tool material compositions, coatings, and geome-tries, toolmakers enable users to make more parts faster and at reduced manufacturing costs. The development process is continuous and interactive.

Improvement of quality, reliability and durability is one of the fundamental prob-lems in the Russian industry of mechanical engineering, Sealings are applied in the rotating equipment. Such kind of devices are intended to divide two environments for the purpose of the fluid leakage prevention and to provide tightening of the shafts which transfer mechanical energy to the working body of the mechanisms, such as pumps and compressors. Due to the influence of extreme conditions, for example cor-rosive medium, the unfavorable moments at start-up and turndown of compressors oc-cur, they can easily collapse [1]. Moreover, sealants are exposed to considerable wear

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and can break even during their exploitation in the equipment, especially because of a friction and therefore the replacement is often demanded. Sealants are made by a method of powder metallurgy industry, the firm alloys executed on the basis of tung-sten carbides, titan and tantalum. As a sheaf cobalt is used. There groups of firm alloys which are issued in Russia: carbide – tungsten, titan-tungsten and three-carbide – titan-tantalum-tungsten.

The in-depth researches connected with expansion of application and possibility of increase of firm alloys operational properties are conducted in the domestic firm alloy industry. One effective way of increase of products service life used in mechani-cal engineering is modification of properties of the surfaces which are exposed to wear. The results of studies of wear and destruction processes of various products at their operation showed that the reliability of a product and service life depend on and quite often are completely defined by a condition of a blanket [2, 3].

Radio frequency is a perspective way of material treatment, it implies modifica-tion of the material surface by means of radio frequency (RF) low pressure plasma. The result of the method is an implantation of the ionized-atoms from plasma to the material surface up to the depth of 100 nm[4].

Advantages of influence of radio-frequency plasma of the low pressure are the following: almost unlimited resource of work; simple instrumentation; small duration of processing; possibility of combination of several technological operations; high den-sity of the coverings, which equals to density of an initial material, etc. Using of various plasma-forming gases as a working body allows to process details of a difficult con-figuration, including internal surfaces. There is a change of phase structure and mate-rial structure due to the impact of RF plasma of the low pressure on metals and alloys. It leads to improvement of several, sometimes opposite, properties simultaneously. For example, it is probable to increase microhardness and fatigue durability and longevity at the same time. Distinctive feature of offered technology is use of «cold» plasma: gas temperature in a plasma stream can be regulated in the range from 40 to 600C. Energy of ions is high enough for the elimination of micropores and microcracks, elimination of fractured and relief layers, formation of the squeezing residual tension in a near-surface layer of a sample, etc. The result of influence of RF plasma of the low pressure are saturation of blankets by atoms of plasma-forming gases (Ar, N, O, S) and the formation of nanoduffusive film.

Since sealing rings surface is exposed to wear, their surface hardening is very useful way to increase their operational life. This effect is achieved due to the saturation of metal by carbon. In order to increase increase mechanical properties of compressors samples made of a firm alloy of tungsten-cobalt were processed. The sample entered into RF plasma discharge is exposed to bombing by ions of plasma-forming gas. That leads to reduction of a roughness of a surface, changing of the near-surface structure that in turn provides wear resistance increase. Samples were placed in vacuum instal-lation, the scheme is presented in figure 1.


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The fig. 1 RF plasma plant for polishing and cleaning: 1 – RF-generator, 2 – elec-trodes, 3 – water-cooled reaction chamber, 4 – device of purification of argon, 5 – rotary device, 6 – processed detail, 7 – vacuum camera, 8 – pumping system, 9 –

control management system, 10 – thermocouples, 11 – gas supply system. Pilot studies showed that changes in a blanket of materials are connected with

hardness and roughness change. Pure argon was used as working gas during the research of processes of finishing

cleaning and nanopolishing of surfaces. Mix of gases argon with propane-butane in the following modes was used for impact on structure of a product surface:

№

Gas Pressure, Pа Plate voltage, kV Plate current, А

1 Ar 22 7 0,5 Ar+C3H8 21 7 0,5

2 Ar 26 7 0,5 3 Ar 26 5 0,5

Ar+C3H8 26 5 0,35 In all experiments a product was given a negative potential about -20 V for the

purpose of increase of electric field concentration near details. Before the plasma processing, in order to eliminate side effects samles were de-

greased and dehydrated, and only then put perpendicular to the stream. The magnitude of the sample temperature at the establishment of regularities of properties changes of a blanket from plasma parameters was chosen, on the one hand, to intensify plasma processes, and on the onother hand – heat treatment should not been a dominating fac-tor at this temperature. It was experimentally found that equilibrium working temper-ature in all materials is achieved in 15 – 20 minutes. Therefore all products were pro-cessed in plasma of pure argon within 25 minutes, then 20 minutes in mix of argon with propane-butane.