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The Great War The Great War The War to End All Wars The War to End All Wars

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Page 1: The ww1 powerpoint1

The Great WarThe Great War

The War to End All WarsThe War to End All Wars

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National InterestNational Interest

Last day we discussed different views Last day we discussed different views of “national interest”. of “national interest”.

Why would a nation WANT to go to Why would a nation WANT to go to war?war? Economic Prosperity

Employment and standard of livingPass laws, make trade treaties

SecurityProtecting citizens inside the country, passing lawsSecuring national bordersResolve differences with other countries

Beliefs and ValuesAffirming and promoting its citizens cultures and beliefsEnsuring a standard of quality of life for its citizensConcern for our land, environment, and ecosystems

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Understanding the EraUnderstanding the Era

1814 – Congress of Vienna1814 – Congress of ViennaNationalist revolutions takeNationalist revolutions take

place throughout Europe in the place throughout Europe in the 1800’s1800’s

Industrial Revolution flourishesIndustrial Revolution flourishesBerlin Conference (1884) – Berlin Conference (1884) –

Scramble for Africa.Scramble for Africa.Imperialism takes off again.Imperialism takes off again.

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The Causes Of WWIThe Causes Of WWI

1.1. The Industrial RevolutionThe Industrial Revolution

2.2. ImperialismImperialism

3.3. The Rise of NationalismThe Rise of Nationalism

4.4. The Death of the Ottoman EmpireThe Death of the Ottoman Empire

5.5. Alliances Alliances

6.6. The Assassination The Assassination 1.1. II NO AAII NO AA

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#1 The Industrial #1 The Industrial RevolutionRevolution

From 1750 onwardFrom 1750 onwardStarted with the textile industryStarted with the textile industrySpread to other industriesSpread to other industriesBy the 1900s – industrialization had By the 1900s – industrialization had

greatly affected the militarygreatly affected the militaryLeaders were eager to put new Leaders were eager to put new

weapons to useweapons to use

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The Machine GunThe Machine Gun

Turkey - 1913Turkey - 1913

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Canon ImprovementsCanon Improvements

Germany - 1913Germany - 1913

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#2 – The Rise of #2 – The Rise of NationalismNationalism

Since 1789 – The Ripple Effect…Since 1789 – The Ripple Effect… 1794 – Poland1794 – Poland 1796 – White Lotus – China1796 – White Lotus – China 1789 – Irish1789 – Irish 1804 – Serbian1804 – Serbian 1808 – Madrid1808 – Madrid 1810 – Mexico, Paraguay, Venezuela1810 – Mexico, Paraguay, Venezuela 1812 – Korea1812 – Korea 1820 – Spain and Portugal – Peru, too!1820 – Spain and Portugal – Peru, too! 1821 – Greece1821 – Greece 1822 – Mexico IND1822 – Mexico IND 1824 – Russian (Decembrists)1824 – Russian (Decembrists) 1825 – Indonesia1825 – Indonesia 1830 – French again1830 – French again 1830 – Belgium IND1830 – Belgium IND 1832 – Algeria1832 – Algeria 1837 – Canada1837 – Canada 1841 – Afghanistan1841 – Afghanistan 1848 – France, Italy, Germany IND1848 – France, Italy, Germany IND 1848 – Hungary1848 – Hungary 1851 – China1851 – China 1854 – Spain IND1854 – Spain IND 1857 – India1857 – India 1859 – Italy1859 – Italy 1866 – Japan1866 – Japan 1867 – Irish1867 – Irish 1867 – Canada IND1867 – Canada IND 1868 – Puerto Rico IND1868 – Puerto Rico IND 1875 – Herzegovina 1875 – Herzegovina 1876 – Bulgaria1876 – Bulgaria 1896 – Philippine IND1896 – Philippine IND 1903 – Macedonia IND1903 – Macedonia IND 1905 – Iran1905 – Iran 1907 – Romania1907 – Romania 1908 – Turkey1908 – Turkey 1910 - Mexico1910 - Mexico

Nationalism develop a new sense of pride that people were willing to die to defend.

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Self-Determination FaisalT.E. Lawrence

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#3 - Imperialism#3 - ImperialismThe act of creating an The act of creating an

empireempireBritish Empire – “Sun Never British Empire – “Sun Never

Sets..Sets..Germany – “Her Place in the Germany – “Her Place in the

Sun”Sun”1884 – Berlin Conference1884 – Berlin ConferenceSeveral conflict erupting –Several conflict erupting – Boar War, Moroccan Crisis…Boar War, Moroccan Crisis…The Cape to Cairo DreamThe Cape to Cairo Dream

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#4 – The Death of The #4 – The Death of The Ottoman EmpireOttoman Empire

The “Sick Man” of EuropeThe “Sick Man” of EuropeLand grab possibility?Land grab possibility?

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#5 - Military Alliances#5 - Military Alliances Triple Alliance – Germany, Austria-Triple Alliance – Germany, Austria-

Hungary, ItalyHungary, Italy Triple Entente – Great Britain, France, and Triple Entente – Great Britain, France, and

RussiaRussia Various other Various other

alliancesalliances Russian – SerbiaRussian – Serbia Britain – BelgiumBritain – Belgium Colonies!Colonies!

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#6 - The Assassination#6 - The Assassination

Archduke Franz Archduke Franz Ferdinand Ferdinand Austrian heir to the Austrian heir to the

thronethroneSarajevo, BosniaSarajevo, Bosnia

Touring regionTouring regionGavrilo PrincipGavrilo Princip

Serbian NationalistSerbian Nationalist

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19 at the time of 19 at the time of the assassinationsthe assassinations

Death penalty set Death penalty set at 20 (27 days at 20 (27 days away) away)

Cyanide capsule Cyanide capsule failed (past failed (past expiration)expiration)

88 lbs at time of 88 lbs at time of death – TB, 1918death – TB, 1918

The Shots Heard Around the The Shots Heard Around the World! World!

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Declarations of Declarations of WARWAR Begin! Begin!

Austria-Hungary – SerbiaAustria-Hungary – SerbiaWho will help Serbia?Who will help Serbia?When Russia declares War on A-H, When Russia declares War on A-H,

who will help them?who will help them?When Germany declares war on When Germany declares war on

Russia… who will help them?Russia… who will help them?

Let’s Let’s ACTACT this out!! this out!!

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The WWI TimelineThe WWI Timeline Open War – Aug 1914Open War – Aug 1914 War of Attrition – Sept 1914War of Attrition – Sept 1914 Total War – 1916Total War – 1916 The Last Push – 1917The Last Push – 1917 1917 – May, Germans begin to lose 1917 – May, Germans begin to lose

groundground 1917 – Summer USA joins the war1917 – Summer USA joins the war Nov 11, 1918 – ArmisticeNov 11, 1918 – Armistice Jan 1919 – Treaty of VersaillesJan 1919 – Treaty of Versailles

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The Beginning of the WarThe Beginning of the War

Schlieffen PlanSchlieffen Plan Aug 1914Aug 1914 – 1 500 000 advance into – 1 500 000 advance into

BelgiumBelgium French – old mentality, bright, no French – old mentality, bright, no

helmets, rifles… 500 000 causalities!helmets, rifles… 500 000 causalities! Miracle of Marne – 2 million clashMiracle of Marne – 2 million clash Sept – repositioned – stalemate begins Sept – repositioned – stalemate begins

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Failure of the Schlieffen Failure of the Schlieffen PlanPlan

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The War of AttritionThe War of Attrition Western Front:Western Front:

Race for the sea beginsRace for the sea begins Trench warfare beginsTrench warfare begins

Eastern Front:Eastern Front: Russia mobilizes 5 millionRussia mobilizes 5 million 400 trains a day sent from Western Front400 trains a day sent from Western Front Russia quickly out of suppliesRussia quickly out of supplies

Southern FrontSouthern Front A-H and Serbia – mountains of SerbiaA-H and Serbia – mountains of Serbia

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Old StrategiesOld Strategies(Infantry and Cavalry Charges)(Infantry and Cavalry Charges)

Met Machine GunsMet Machine Guns

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Old StrategiesOld Strategies(Infantry and Cavalry Charges)(Infantry and Cavalry Charges)

Met Machine GunsMet Machine Guns

Led to Led to Trench WarfareWarfare

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Old StrategiesOld Strategies(Infantry and Cavalry Charges)(Infantry and Cavalry Charges)

Met Machine GunsMet Machine Guns

Led to Trench WarfareLed to Trench Warfare

Led To:Led To:

ReconnaissanceReconnaissancePlanesPlanes

Fighter PlanesFighter Planes

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"there was a lump in my throat. If he had been my dearest friend, I could not have felt greater sorrow"

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Old StrategiesOld Strategies(Infantry and Cavalry Charges)(Infantry and Cavalry Charges)

Met Machine GunsMet Machine Guns

Led to Trench WarfareLed to Trench Warfare

Led ToLed To

ReconnaissanceReconnaissancePlanesPlanes

Fighter PlanesFighter Planes

Gas Gas WarfareWarfare

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Second Battle of YpresSecond Battle of YpresApril 22, 1915April 22, 1915

• Canadians were moved into position in early April Canadians were moved into position in early April 19151915

• On the 22nd of April Germans released 160 tons On the 22nd of April Germans released 160 tons of chlorine gasof chlorine gas

• A four mile hole was developed in the Allied line A four mile hole was developed in the Allied line due to the gas attack due to the gas attack

• Canada fought through the night to close the gapCanada fought through the night to close the gap• On April 24th, German forces launched another On April 24th, German forces launched another

gas attack in an attempt to push the Canadians gas attack in an attempt to push the Canadians backback

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Second Battle of YpresSecond Battle of Ypres

• The Canadian forces held the line until reinforcements could arrive

• The cost of this 48 hour battle was extremely high; over 4000 Canadians injured and 2000 deaths.

• Canadian forces established a reputation as a formidable fighting force in their first major appearance on a European battlefield.

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Old StrategiesOld Strategies(Infantry and Cavalry Charges)(Infantry and Cavalry Charges)

Met Machine GunsMet Machine Guns

Led to Trench WarfareLed to Trench Warfare

Led ToLed To

ReconnaissanceReconnaissancePlanesPlanes

Fighter PlanesFighter Planes

Gas Gas WarfareWarfare

ArtilleryArtilleryBarragesBarrages

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They were They were enormous canons enormous canons that could launch that could launch shells that weighed shells that weighed a ton 15 a ton 15 kilometers. There kilometers. There destructive power destructive power could penetrate could penetrate two meters of two meters of earth, three meters earth, three meters of concrete in a of concrete in a meter thick wall.meter thick wall.

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Verdun

• Verdun was a well fortified town surrounded by fortresses and trenches

• It projected out into German occupied territory

• It remains the longest battle in history, spanning roughly 10 months, beginning on February 21st 1916 and ending on December 11th 1916.

• The French suffered 550,000 losses and the Germans fared better at only 434,000

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Opening Barrage: 1200 guns targeted 60 forts and strong points. Over 80 000 shells hit per day. A huge gaping hole was torn in the French defenses.

Bravery – Hand to Hand Combat: More than 80 % of casualties were taken in hand to hand combat.

Flame Throwers: Both sides used flame throwers to gain territory.

French Defenders: French defenders caught in the open were blown apart. 98 % of units were lost and men went insane from the explodingshells

Battle of Verdun

Feb 21, 1916

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Opening Barrage: 1500 guns bombed German

defenses for 5 days.

German Withdrawal:

The German troops withdrew from the frontline trenches into the back

trenches, knowing they could rearm their guns in 3 minutes.

British Advance – Machine Guns:

The British felt that no one would survive the barrage, and they sent a 12 mile column of four rows of

men (only 2 meters apart) towards the well armed German machine

guns.20 000 died on the first day.

Somme Offensive

June 24, 1916

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Battle of the Somme• Began on July 1st, 1916 – 60K casualties on the British side• A counter offensive against the German push at Verdun• 1.5 million rounds of artillery ammunition• 600 000 British and French troops were lost in less than 3

months • Canadians joined the battle on September, 15th 1916• Newfoundland Regiment joined battle on the first day:

• Of the 780 men who went forward only about 110 survived unscathed, of whom only 68 were available for roll call the following day…. a casualty rate of approximately 90 percent.

• The Canadians were able to capture many key positions • After 141 days the battle fighting came to a stand still• Canada had 24 000 casualties• Approximately 1 million injured and 300K killed

“Somme. The whole history of the world cannot contain a more ghastly word”

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Who else was at Who else was at The Battle of The Somme?The Battle of The Somme?

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Old StrategiesOld Strategies(Infantry and Cavalry Charges)(Infantry and Cavalry Charges)

Met Machine GunsMet Machine Guns

Led to Trench WarfareLed to Trench Warfare

Led ToLed To

ReconnaissanceReconnaissancePlanesPlanes

Fighter PlanesFighter Planes

Gas Gas WarfareWarfare

ArtilleryArtilleryBarragesBarrages

TanksTanksMass Mass

AttacksAttacks

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The first tank was named “Little Willie” and The first tank was named “Little Willie” and could travel 3 miles per hour, (2 on rough could travel 3 miles per hour, (2 on rough terrain). This tank was restricted as it could terrain). This tank was restricted as it could not cross trenches. Early on, tanks often not cross trenches. Early on, tanks often broke down and became ditched - i.e. stuck broke down and became ditched - i.e. stuck in a muddy trench - more often than in a muddy trench - more often than anticipated.anticipated. Tanks were deployed during Tanks were deployed during

the notorious, almost swampy, the notorious, almost swampy, conditions of the conditions of the Third Battle of Ypres (more (more commonly known as commonly known as 'Passchendaele').  They 'Passchendaele').  They promptly sank in the mire and promptly sank in the mire and were entirely without benefit.were entirely without benefit.

By 1917 however, the tanks By 1917 however, the tanks had improved so that they had improved so that they helped solve the problem of helped solve the problem of trench warfare, and were trench warfare, and were iiincreasingly used during the increasingly used during the Allied advance of summer Allied advance of summer 1918.1918.

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1917 – The Big Pushes1917 – The Big Pushes Feb - Russian Revolution Feb - Russian Revolution

What effect does this have?What effect does this have? Germans push to conquer Europe Germans push to conquer Europe

before Americans arrive. 1.5 to 1.3 before Americans arrive. 1.5 to 1.3 millionmillion

What happens when they break What happens when they break through?through?

Allies Come BackAllies Come Back Vimy – AprilVimy – April Canada’s 100 DaysCanada’s 100 Days American’s fill ranksAmerican’s fill ranks

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Vimy Ridge • Vimy was a key position in the German line• French and English forces attempted numerous times to break

through the German line here but failed repeatedly at a tremendous cost

• On April 9th, 1917 the task of taking the ridge was given to the Canadians

• It took only five days for the Canadian forces to sweep the Germans off the ridge

• Over 7 000 Canadians were injured and 3598 were killed• After this battle Canadian troops were seen as an elite fighting

force• Many historians insist that Canada became a country at Vimy

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Arthur CurrieArthur Currie

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The Creeping BarrageThe Creeping Barrage

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Other Canadian Other Canadian ContributionsContributions

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Passchendaele, 1917(also known as the third battle of Ypres)

The casualties of Passchendaele were horrendous. The Germans lost 270,000 men. The Allied forces lost 450,000. This included 36,500 Australians and 16,000 Canadians.

The Canadians were lost in the final assault between October 26 and November 10. 90,000 of the fallen bodies were never identified. 42,000 were never found.

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…Lice and anxiety came into my life about the same time.  At stand-to one morning a flight of whizz-bangs skimmed the top of the trench.  The man next to me went down with a scream and half his face gone.  The sand-bag in front of me was ripped open and I was blinded and half-choked with its contents.

…At the end of the short trench I stumbled over something.  A bank of cloud cleared for a moment from the moon, and I saw it was a headless body.

…I went back to my post, frightened beyond anything that should be humanly possible.  Twice I was blown off my feet by the concussion of bursting shells.  The whine of falling shrapnel filled the air.  I seemed to be all alone in a world tottering into ruin.  If only the noise would stop I felt I might keep my reason.  I think I prayed for a direct hit to end it all.  By a miracle, however, I was not even touched.

…One got used to many things, but I never overcame my horror of the rats.  They abounded in some parts, great loathsome beasts gorged with flesh.  I shall never forget.

…I had one from a woman friend who had always seemed intelligent and understanding.  Yet she asked this singular question: Is it as bad as they say it is out there, or is it only the shortage of cigarettes that makes it seem so rotten?“ The irony of it coming at that time made me giggle like a schoolgirl.  The others wanted to know the joke so I read it aloud.  The comments were unprintable.

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Total WarTotal War Diverting all resources and attention Diverting all resources and attention

to the war effortto the war effort Food rations for civiliansFood rations for civilians Use of propagandaUse of propaganda

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Daddy, what did Daddy, what did you do in the war?you do in the war?

A A TOTAL WARTOTAL WAR Effort Effort

Smear Campaign Smear Campaign against the against the Enemy!Enemy!

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An appeal to An appeal to women!women!

Wartime Wartime materials meant materials meant more than just more than just

weapons weapons

Russians Unite!Russians Unite!

An effort beyond An effort beyond social classsocial class

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What does this poster reveal about Canada’s

war effort?

Lets Go Canada!What is the irony in

this poster?

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November 11 - 1918November 11 - 1918 ALLIESALLIES

5.2 Million Dead5.2 Million Dead 12.8 Million 12.8 Million

WoundedWounded

CENTRAL POWERSCENTRAL POWERS 3.5 Million Dead3.5 Million Dead 8.8 Million Wounded8.8 Million Wounded

TOTAL DEAD – 18.6 TOTAL DEAD – 18.6 TOTAL Military WOUNDED – TOTAL Military WOUNDED – 21.221.2

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Canada’s War Effort: (not including Canada’s War Effort: (not including Nfld)Nfld)

Total Population: 6.8 MillionTotal Population: 6.8 Million Total Enlistees: 620 000 Total Enlistees: 620 000 Wounded: 173 000Wounded: 173 000 Killed: 67 000Killed: 67 000

Proportionally EquivalencyProportionally Equivalency 3 500 000 Enlistees3 500 000 Enlistees 977 000 Injured977 000 Injured 378 000 Killed378 000 Killed

November 11 - 1918November 11 - 1918

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Identify as many territorial differences as you can between the map of Europe in 1910 (pre-WWI) and 1919 (post-WW1)