The United States in WWII

Allied Powers

• Main Powers: Great Britain, Soviet Union, United States, China, France

• Latin America: Argentina, Bolivia, Mexico, Paraguay, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Ecuador, Guatamala, Haiti, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Venezuala

Allied Powers

• Europe: Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Greece, Norway, Netherlands, Luxembourg, Poland, San Marino, Turkey, Yugoslavia

• Africa: Egypt, Ethiopia, Liberia, South Africa

• Asia/Other: China, India, Iran, Iraq, Mongolia, Saudi Arabia, Syria, New Zealand, Australia, Canada

US after WWI

•US never signed the Treaty of Versailles•Wilson(Democrat) vs Congress(Republican controlled)• Join the League of Nations or go back to isolationism?

•Republican Warren Harding won the 1920 Presidential election with a promise to “Return to Normalcy”

•The US went back to focusing on America in the 1920’s and 1930’s

Washington Naval Conference-1921-1922

4 Power Pact

•4 Power Pact-US, GB, France and Japan would respect each other’s possessions in the Pacific

5 Power Pact

•Signed by Great Britain, the United States, Japan, France, and Italy

•Designed to prevent an arm’s race

• It limited the construction of battleships, battle cruisers and aircraft carriers

•Did not restrict cruisers, destroyers or submarines

9 Power Pact

•Guaranteed Chinese independence and upheld the Open Door Policy

•Signed by the United States, Japan, China, France, Great Britain, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands, and Portugal

Kellogg-Briand Pact

•The US did sign the Kellogg-Briand Pact denouncing war as a means to settle disputes

Neutrality in General

• The Neutrality Acts were passed by the US in the 1930s in response to the issues in Europe and Asia that eventually led to World War II

• They were caused by the desire to be isolationist in the US following WWI

• Passed to ensure that the US would not become involved in world conflicts(war)

• US had very strong history of isolationism

Interventionists vs. Isolationists

America First Committee

US Neutrality Acts during 1930’s

• Neutrality Act of 1935-stop trading with countries at war

• Neutrality Act of 1936-stop loaning money to countries at war

• Neutrality Act of 1937-Cash and Carry System-weapons not included

• Neutrality Act of 1939-Cash and Carry System-weapons included

Neutrality Act of 1935

• Signed on August 31, 1935

• It was designed to last six months

• Banned US trade of arms and war materials with any country at war

• It also declared that US citizens traveling on warring ships traveled at their own risk

Neutrality Act of 1936

• Signed in February 1936

• Renewed the provisions of the 1935 act for another 14 months

• It also forbade all loans or credits to belligerents

• The act did not cover "civil wars," such as the Spanish Civil War

• The act also did not cover materials such as trucks and oil

Neutrality Act of 1937

• Passed in May, 1937

• Set to expire after two years

• Included the provisions of the earlier acts this time without expiration date

• This time it also included civil wars

• U.S. ships were prohibited from transporting any passengers or items to belligerents

• U.S. citizens were forbidden from traveling on ships of belligerentnations

• A “cash and carry” system was set up

• The President could permit the sale of supplies to belligerents in Europe as long as they paid immediately in cash and transported the goods on their own ships

• FDR believed that cash-and-carry would help France and Great Britain in the event of a war with Germany

• FDR chose not to invoke the Neutrality Acts on Japan and China since they had not formally declared war

Quarantine Speech-1937

Panay Incident-December 1937

• American gunboat attacked on river in China by Japan

• 3 US troops killed, 45 wounded

• Japan said it was an accident, apologized and paid US $$

• Worsened US-Japanese relations

Neutrality Act of 1939

• Passed in November, 1939

• Allowed for arms trade with belligerent nations on a cash-and-carry basis

• US citizens and ships were barred from entering war zones designated by the President

Bases for Destroyers

• Passed in September, 1940 between the US and Great Britain

• Fifty US destroyers were given to Great Britain in exchange for land rights(for 99 years) on British colonies for naval or air base purposes

• Newfoundland, eastern side of the Bahamas, southern coast of Jamaica, western coast of St. Lucia, west coast of Trinidad, Antigua, British Guiana and Bermuda were the areas the US received

End of US Neutrality-Lend Lease Act

• The end of neutrality for the US came with the Lend-Lease Act , passed in March, 1941

• This act allowed the U.S. to sell, lend or give war materials to nations the US wanted to support

• US gave $50 billion($650 billion today) to Allied nations throughout the war

Selective Training and Service Act

• Passed in September, 1940 and ended in 1947

• Required that men between the ages of 21 and 35 register for the draft.

• Extended to all men aged 18 to 45 once US entered war

• First peacetime draft in US history

How Did the Draft Work?

• Local draft boards were set up from coast to coast

• Each male registered was given a number between 1-7,836

• In Washington, papers with the numbers 1 through 7,836 printed on them were put into capsules, one number to a capsule

• The capsules were dumped into a giant fishbowl and then stirred

• Finally the capsules were drawn from the bowl one by one to establish the draft order

• If your number was chosen, you were now officially part of the US military! Congrats!

• 158 was the first number chosen(6175 young men were drafted with that number)

Atlantic Charter

• Signed in August 1941 between the US(FDR) and Great Britain(Churchill)

• Defined the Allied goals for the post-war world

• Many similarities to Wilson’s 14 Points

WWII Major Battle Timeline Vs Japan

• Pearl Harbor-December 7, 1941

• Battle of the Philippines(1942 and 1944)

• Doolittle’s Raid-April, 1942

• Battle of Coral Sea-May, 1942

• Battle of Midway-June, 1942

• Battle of Guadalcanal-1942-43

• Battle of Saipan-1944

• Battle of Guam-1944

• Battle of Iwo Jima-1945

• Battle of Okinawa-1945

• Hiroshima/Nagasaki Bombing-August, 1945

Pearl Harbor-December 7, 1941

Pearl Harbor

USS Arizona Memorial

• The names of the Arizona’s dead are engraved on this white marble wall at the memorial.

•

Pearl Harbor Propaganda

December 8, 1941

FDR’s War Speech

• FDR’s War Speech

Why did Japan attack Pearl Harbor?

• After Japan invaded French Indochina in 1940, US stopped trading with Japan

• Japan signed the Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact in April, 1941 guaranteeing that Japan and USSR would not go to war

• Japan realized they needed US trade to be successful in war

• Only way to force US’ hand was to hit them hard in a surprise attack forcing them out of the war

• Japan knew that this plan was a huge risk, but thought it was the only way to defeat US

• Plan backfired. Instead, Japan “awoke a sleeping giant”.

Backdoor to War Conspiracy

• Discuss

FDR’s War Message

• Pearl Harbor was not the only area Japan attacked on December 7

• “Yesterday the Japanese Government also launched an attack against Malaya.”

• “Last night Japanese forces attacked Hong Kong.”

• “Last night Japanese forces attacked Guam.”

• “Last night Japanese forces attacked the Philippine Islands.”

• “Last night the Japanese attacked Wake Island.”

• “This morning the Japanese attacked Midway Island.”

December 7, 1941-Philippines

Bataan Death March

Bataan Death March-Philippines-1942

• Up 10,000 Filipino and 650 American POW’s died during march

Doolittle’s Raid-April, 1942

Battle of Coral Sea-First Turning Point in Pacific

Battle of Midway-June 1942-Major Turning Point in Pacific

Guadalcanal-August,1942-February, 1943

Kamikazes

Battle of Leyte Gulf-Philippines

MacArthur’s Return to the Philippines

Iwo Jima-February-March, 1945

6,821 US Deaths at Iwo Jima

Raising Flag on Mt. Suribachi

Battle of Okinawa-April-June, 1945

Summer 1945-Preparing for the Invasion of Japan

• Operation Downfall

• Planned for October 1945

• Estimated to have over 1 million casualties

• Estimated to have 267,000 deaths

• Why did this never take place?

The Manhattan Project

•1939-1945

Trinity Test-July 16, 1945

Enola Gay

Paul Tibbits

Hiroshima Bombing

• “Little Boy”

Before

After

Radiation Sickness

The Atomic Shadow

Nagasaki Bombing

• “Fat Man”

• Bockscar

Before

After

VJ Day

• August 14/15, 1945(Official UK)

• September 2, 1945(Official for US)

• When Japan officially signed on USS Missouri

Potsdam Conference-July, 1945

• On July 26, the United States, Great Britain, and China issued the Potsdam Declaration

• Announced the terms for Japan's surrender

• "We will not deviate from them. There are no alternatives.”

Potsdam Declaration-July, 1945

• Dismantle the current government of Japan(excluding Emperor Hirohito)

• The Allies(US) will occupy Japan

• Japan will consist only of the major islands(Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu, Shikoku). It will lose all territory gained in WWII and years leading up to it.

• Japanese military forces will be disarmed and allowed to return home

• There will be war crimes trials for the atrocities committed by Japan throughout WWII

Potsdam Continued

• Democracy will be promoted as well as Freedom of speech, religion, and of thought, as well as respect for fundamental human rights(Universal Declaration of Human Rights-1948)

• Japan will be allowed to have industry so they can make money to pay for reparations. World trade will also be enabled at some point.

• Allied(US) occupation of Japan(1945-1952) will end once Japan accomplishes all the above points.

• "We call upon the government of Japan to proclaim now the unconditional surrender of all Japanese armed forces, and to provide proper and adequate assurances of their good faith in such action. The alternative for Japan is prompt and utter destruction.” President Harry Truman

WWII Major Battle/Operations Timeline Vs Germany

• Battle of the Atlantic-1941-45

• Operation Torch(Invasion of Morocco)-1942

• Operation Avalanche(Invasion of Italy)-1943• Battle of Salerno(1943)

• Battle of Anzio(1944)

• Battle of Monte Cassino(1944)

• Operation Overlord(D-Day)-June 6, 1944

• Operation Dragoon(Invasion of southern France)-August, 1944

• Battle of the Bulge(Hitler’s last major offensive)-Winter 1944-45

• Operation Varsity(Invasion of western Germany past the Rhine River)-March 1945

• Fighting in Germany-Issues with the Siegfried Line(WestWall)

The German Westwall-Siegfried Line

German U-Boats

• After repeated attacks by German U-boats on U.S. ships in the Fall of 1941, FDR announced that he had ordered the U.S. Navy to attack German and Italian war ships in the "waters which we deem necessary for our defense"

• War was imminent!

• US ships damaged/sunk prior to 12-7-41

Convoy System

Allied Intelligence

• Churchill and Roosevelt knew the importance of intelligence in safeguarding Allied commerce to defeat the Axis powers.

• The Allies shared information from RADAR and High Frequency Radio Direction Finding (HF/DF or "huff duff").

• RADAR provided a means of detecting vessels and aircraft above the surface

• HF/DF was used to locate the sources of enemy radio transmissions such as submarines.

• British and American trackers exploited special intelligence to locate Axis forces with extreme precision.

• Allied intelligence leaders began sharing code-breaking secrets, known as "very special intelligence" and classified under cover-names like "ULTRA" and "MAGIC".

Enigma

• System in which Germany transferred their information through codes

• Solving the Enigma system remains one of the great Allied triumphs of World War II

• During periods when Allied cryptanalysts were unable to solve Enigma, U-boats caused great damage to Anglo-American commerce

Enigma

Bombe

Hunter-Killers

Hunter-Killers Chasing down an Axis Submarine—USS Pillsbury (DE 133) and USS Guadalcanal (CVE 60)

U.S. Navy photograph in the collections of The Mariners' Museum

Depth Charges

• Bomb Bay Showing Depth Bombs and Sonobuoys inside a TBF "Avenger"U.S. Navy photograph in the collections of The Mariners' Museum

Allied Hunter-Killer Escorts Conducting a Depth Charge Attack on a U-Boat

U.S. Navy photograph in the collections of The Mariners' Museum

• Hunter-Killer Grumman TBF "Avenger" Configured for Antisubmarine WarfareU.S. Navy photograph in the collections of The Mariners' Museum

Dwight Eisenhower

D-Day-Operation Overlord-June 6, 1944

Ike, Patton and Bradley

D-Day Facts

• June 6, 1944

• The D in D-Day stands for “day” since the final invasion date was unknown and weather dependent

• 156,000 Allied troops from the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Free France and Norway

• The Allied code names for the beaches along the 50-mile stretch of Normandy coast targeted for landing were Utah, Omaha, Gold, Juno and Sword.

• Omaha was the costliest beach in terms of Allied casualties.

• 5,000 ships and landing craft50,000 vehicles11,000 planes

• Major Generals: • United States – Dwight D. Eisenhower, Omar Bradley• The United Kingdom – Bernard Law Montgomery• Germany – Erwin Rommel

• Casualties:• United States – 6,603 (1,465 killed)• United Kingdom – 2,700• Canada – 1,074 (359 fatal)• Germany – Estimated between 4,000 – 9,000

• By June 11, with the beachheads firmly secured

• More than 326,000 troops had crossed with more than 100,000 tons of military equipment

• Paris was liberated on August 25

• Germany surrendered on May 8, 1945.

• But not before……..

Battle of the Bulge

BATTLE FACTS

The coldest, snowiest weather “in memory” in the Ardennes

Forest on the German/Belgium border.

Over a million men, 500,000 Germans, 600,000 Americans (more

than fought at Gettysburg) and 55,000 British.

100,000 German casualties, killed, wounded or captured.

81,000 American casualties, including 23,554 captured and 19,000

killed.

1,400 British casualties 200 killed.

800 tanks lost on each side, 1,000 German aircraft.

The Malmedy Massacre, where 86 American soldiers were

murdered, was the worst atrocity committed against American

troops during the course of the war in Europe.

The Battle of the Bulge was the worst battle- in terms of losses -

to the American Forces in WWII.

Yalta Conference Feb 1945

Yalta Conference-February, 1945

• Before the end of the World War II, Stalin, Churchill and Roosevelt met at Yalta, USSR to plan what should happen when the war ended.

• They agreed on the following:

1. The establishment of the United Nations.

2. Germany to be divided into four zones.

3. Free elections allowed in the states of eastern Europe.

4. Russia promised to join the war against Japan.

V-E Day May 8, 1945

FDR Dies, Harry Truman is sworn in-April 12, 1945

Women in WWII

•Rosie the Riveter

-represented women workers in WWII

WAVES-Women’s Navy

WASP-Women’s Army Service Pilots

“Tokyo Rose” Iva Toguri

• Forced to broadcast propaganda to the Allied troops for Japan.

• In these radio programs, she taunted the troops and played music from home

• She was a US citizen in Japan

• Convicted of treason

Native Americans-Navajo Code Talkers

African-Americans in WWII

Tuskegee Institute/Airmen

Asian Americans in WWII

Hollywood in WWII

• The Captain (Cary Grant) speaks to his men about the death of Mike in Destination Tokyo.

Casablanca

Bob Hope and the USO(United Service Organizations) Tour

Bob Hope

Bing Crosby

John Wayne

OPA and Rationing• The Office of Price Administration was established in 1941 under to administer price controls

• Food rationing included restrictions on sugar and meat; clothing rationing restricted silk and nylon.

• Gasoline rationing began in May 1942 limiting use to five gallons per week

• By the end of 1942, half of the nation's automobiles were issued an A sticker, allowing 4 gallons per week.

• The other half of automobiles had either a B sticker (supplementary allowance for war workers) or a C sticker (vital occupation such as doctor).

• Truckers had a T sticker for unlimited amounts.

• A black market developed in stolen or counterfeit stickers that were used in 5-30% of gasoline sales.

• By 1945, there were 32,500 motorists arrested for using such false stickers, 1300 convictions, 4000 gas stations closed.

People standing in line for sugar

Rationing Front Cover

Back Cover

• The following is a set of instructions that came with every book:

Your first ration book has been issued to you, originally containing 28 war ration stamps. Other books may be issued at laterdates. The following instructions apply to your first book and will apply to any later books, unless otherwise ordered by theOffice of Price administration. In order to obtain a later book, the first book must be turned in. You should preserve War Rations Books with the greatest possible care.

1) From the time the Office of Price Administration may issue orders rationing certain products. After the dates indicated bysuch orders, these products can be purchased only through the use of War rations Books containing valid War Ration Stamps.

2) The orders of the Office of Price Administration will designate the stamps to be used for the purchase of a particular rationed product, the period during which each of these stamps may be used, and the amounts which may be bought with each stamp.

3) Stamps become valid for use only when and as directed by the Orders of the Office of Price Administration.

4) Unless otherwise announced, the Ration Week is from Saturday midnight to the following Saturday midnight.

5) War Ration stamps may be used in any retail store in the United States.

6) War Ration Stamps may be used only by or for the person named and described in the War Ration Book.

7) Every person must see that this War Ration Book is kept in a safe place and properly used. Parents are responsible for thesafekeeping and use of their children's War Ration Book.

• 8) When you buy any rationed product, the proper stamp must be detached in the presence of the storekeeper, his employee, or the person making the delivery on his behalf. If a stamp is torn out of the War Ration Book in any other way than above indicated, it becomes void. If a stamp is partly torn or mutilated and more than one half of it remains in the book, it is valid. Otherwise it becomes void.

9) If your War Ration Book is lost, destroyed, stolen or mutilated, you should report that fact to the local Ration Board.

10) If you enter a hospital, or other institution, and expect to be there for more than 10 days, you must turn your War Ration Book over to the person in charge. It will be returned to you upon your request when you leave.

11) When a person dies, his War Ration Book must be returned to the local Ration Board, in accordance with the regulations.

12) If you have any complaints, questions, or difficulties regarding your War Ration Book, consult your local Ration Board.

NOTEThe first stamps in War Ration Book One will be used for the purchase of sugar. When this book was issued, the registrar asked you, or the person who applied for your book, how much sugar you owned on that date. If you had any sugar, you were allowed to keep it, but stamps representing this quantity were torn from your group (except for a small amount which you were allowed to keep without loosing any stamps). If your War Ration Book one was issued to you on application by a member of your family, the number of stamps torn from the books of the family was based on the amount of sugar owned by the family, and was divided as equally as possible among all the books.

War Production Board

War Finance Committee and War Bonds

• Over the course of the war 85 million Americans purchased bonds totaling approximately $185 billion

• Helped pay for the war

• It was an investment for US citizens

• As low as $18.75 per bond

• Ten years later gov’t paid out $25

Japanese Internment Camps

WWII Semester Test Questions

•Be able to describe the causes(in Asia, Europe and for the US), effects and major events of WWII.

•Be able to describe why the US and Allies won WWII.

Causes of WWII• In Europe:

• Treaty of Versailles• The Great Depression• Hitler’s actions in the 1930’s• Mussolini’s actions in the 1930’s• Failure of the League of Nations• Policy of Appeasement• Hitler’s invasion of Poland• Rise of nationalism

• In Asia• The Great Depression• Japanese invasion of Manchuria in 1931• Japanese invasion of China in 1937

• For the United States• Quit trading supplies(oil) with Japan in the

summer of 1941• Tough policies towards Japan in Fall 1941• Pearl Harbor attack

Effects of WWII on US• Stimulated economy

• 17 million new jobs created• average wages increased 30%• middle class greatly expanded

• Federal power during the war increased• shifted from state laws to federal laws- important during civil rights

era and Vietnam war

• Women involved in the workforce

• More rights for African Americans- integrated troops

• German Nazi party was completely destroyed and Germany was broken up into 4 zones

• Japanese cities were destroyed from bombing and Japan was placed under military rule

• Most deaths ever in a war

• United Nations starts

• Major Powers of the world were discovered

• Cold War-US vs USSR

WW II Casualties

Country Men in war Battle deaths Wounded

Australia 1,000,000 26,976 180,864

Austria 800,000 280,000 350,117

Belgium 625,000 8,460 55,5131

Brazil2 40,334 943 4,222

Bulgaria 339,760 6,671 21,878

Canada 1,086,3437 42,0427 53,145

China3 17,250,521 1,324,516 1,762,006

Czechoslovakia — 6,6834 8,017

Denmark — 4,339 —

Finland 500,000 79,047 50,000

France — 201,568 400,000

Germany 20,000,000 3,250,0004 7,250,000

Greece — 17,024 47,290

Hungary — 147,435 89,313

India 2,393,891 32,121 64,354

Italy 3,100,000 149,4964 66,716

Japan 9,700,000 1,270,000 140,000

Netherlands 280,000 6,500 2,860

New Zealand 194,000 11,6254 17,000

Norway 75,000 2,000 —

Poland — 664,000 530,000

Romania 650,0005 350,0006 —

South Africa 410,056 2,473 —

U.S.S.R. — 6,115,0004 14,012,000

United Kingdom 5,896,000 357,1164 369,267

United States 16,112,566 291,557 670,846

Yugoslavia 3,741,000 305,000 425,000

1. Civilians only.2. Army and navy figures.3. Figures cover period

July 7, 1937 to Sept. 2, 1945, and concern only Chinese regular troops. They do not include casualties suffered by guerrillas and local military corps.

4. Deaths from all causes.5. Against Soviet Russia;

385,847 against Nazi Germany.

6. Against Soviet Russia; 169,822against Nazi Germany.

7. National Defense Ctr., CanadianForces Hq., Director of History.