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Northeast Bioenergy & Bioproducts (NBB) Educational Tools and Training
This project is supported by AFRI Competitive Grant no. 2011-67009-30055 from the USDA, NIFA.
The Sustainability Challenge
and the Role of AgBiosciences
Dennis Hall
Northeast Bioenergy & Bioproducts 2011 OBIC Training Program
Northeast Bioenergy & Bioproducts (NBB) Educational Tools and Training
This project is supported by AFRI Competitive Grant no. 2011-67009-30055 from the USDA, NIFA.
“There is no other arena of economic activity, or field of science and innovation, that so directly addresses human survival and quality of life, global economic development, and prospects for an environmentally sustainable future as agriculture and agbioscience. “
POWER & PROMISE: Agbioscience in the North Central
United States
Entering the “BioCentury”
Northeast Bioenergy & Bioproducts (NBB) Educational Tools and Training
This project is supported by AFRI Competitive Grant no. 2011-67009-30055 from the USDA, NIFA.
Towards Sustainability - The Energy Challenge
- Sources, consumption, issues - The Future of Energy
- Sustainability - Possible Solutions: Renewables - Why Bio?
- Systems Approach - Definition and Examples
- Meet the Bioeconomy
Northeast Bioenergy & Bioproducts (NBB) Educational Tools and Training
This project is supported by AFRI Competitive Grant no. 2011-67009-30055 from the USDA, NIFA.
Energy Basics • Energy: The capacity to do work • Work: Application of force over a
distance • Power: The rate at which work is done
• Energy is measured in British Thermal Units (BTUs)
• 1 gallon of gasoline contains about 100,000 BTUs of Energy
Northeast Bioenergy & Bioproducts (NBB) Educational Tools and Training
This project is supported by AFRI Competitive Grant no. 2011-67009-30055 from the USDA, NIFA.
NUCLEAR
COAL
NATURAL GAS
WIND
SOLAR
BIOMASS
OIL
Hydro
GEOTHERMAL
Energy Sources
Northeast Bioenergy & Bioproducts (NBB) Educational Tools and Training
This project is supported by AFRI Competitive Grant no. 2011-67009-30055 from the USDA, NIFA.
Northeast Bioenergy & Bioproducts (NBB) Educational Tools and Training
This project is supported by AFRI Competitive Grant no. 2011-67009-30055 from the USDA, NIFA.
US Energy Consumption, 2002
Oil 43%
Coal 22%
Gas 20%
Nuclear 8%
Renewable 6%
Nearly 60% of oil is imported
Commercial Energy Consumption
Northeast Bioenergy & Bioproducts (NBB) Educational Tools and Training
This project is supported by AFRI Competitive Grant no. 2011-67009-30055 from the USDA, NIFA.
US Primary Energy Consumption by Source and Sector, 2009
Northeast Bioenergy & Bioproducts (NBB) Educational Tools and Training
This project is supported by AFRI Competitive Grant no. 2011-67009-30055 from the USDA, NIFA.
- Low efficiency
- Declining supply of fossil fuels
Energy Issues
- Increasing energy demand
- High dependence on fossil fuels
- Environmental impacts of fossil fuel consumption
Northeast Bioenergy & Bioproducts (NBB) Educational Tools and Training
This project is supported by AFRI Competitive Grant no. 2011-67009-30055 from the USDA, NIFA.
Energy Issues
• Increasing energy demand
Annual ! in energy consumption worldwide 1% from 1972 – 2010
Developed countries w/ 20% world population Consume 80% of commercial energy
India Energy consumption has doubled since 1992
China Was self-sufficient, now 2nd largest fuel importer
Northeast Bioenergy & Bioproducts (NBB) Educational Tools and Training
This project is supported by AFRI Competitive Grant no. 2011-67009-30055 from the USDA, NIFA.
Oil 43%
Coal 22%
Gas 20%
Nuclear 8%
Renewable 6%
> 80% Energy supply from fossil fuels
• High dependence on fossil fuels
Energy Issues
Northeast Bioenergy & Bioproducts (NBB) Educational Tools and Training
This project is supported by AFRI Competitive Grant no. 2011-67009-30055 from the USDA, NIFA.
• Environmental impacts of fossil fuel consumption
! Climate change by Carbon Dioxide (CO2) release
! Air pollution: Sulfur Oxides (SOx), Nitrous Oxides (NOx), Particulate Matter, metals, radiation
! Wildlife habitat destruction (ex: oil spills)
Energy Issues
Northeast Bioenergy & Bioproducts (NBB) Educational Tools and Training
This project is supported by AFRI Competitive Grant no. 2011-67009-30055 from the USDA, NIFA.
• Low energy efficiency throughout entire process
! !"#$%&'()*!! !+)*,-%./)*!! !0%&*.1/../)*!! !2/.$%/34()*!! !"*5!4.-!
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Energy Issues
Northeast Bioenergy & Bioproducts (NBB) Educational Tools and Training
This project is supported by AFRI Competitive Grant no. 2011-67009-30055 from the USDA, NIFA.
• Depletion of fossil fuels Coal: ~ 10 trillion metric tons Proven reserves will last 200 yrs at present
consumption rate (pcr)
Oil: ~ 4 trillion barrels (half recoverable) Proven reserves will last 40 yrs at pcr
(28.5 billion barrels/yr)
Natural gas: ~ 10,000 trillion ft3 Proven reserves (6200 trillion ft3) will last 60
yrs at pcr
Energy Issues
Northeast Bioenergy & Bioproducts (NBB) Educational Tools and Training
This project is supported by AFRI Competitive Grant no. 2011-67009-30055 from the USDA, NIFA.
Energy: An Overview - Energy Basics
- Sources, consumption, issues - The Future of Energy
- Sustainability - Possible Solutions: Renewables - Why Bioenergy
Northeast Bioenergy & Bioproducts (NBB) Educational Tools and Training
This project is supported by AFRI Competitive Grant no. 2011-67009-30055 from the USDA, NIFA.
The Future of Energy • Energy issues are not going away
Demand + Supply = Cost
Northeast Bioenergy & Bioproducts (NBB) Educational Tools and Training
This project is supported by AFRI Competitive Grant no. 2011-67009-30055 from the USDA, NIFA.
A Non Sustainable Situation!
Increasing Population & Energy Demand
Declining supply of fossil fuels & high dependence
Environmental impacts of fossil fuel consumption
Northeast Bioenergy & Bioproducts (NBB) Educational Tools and Training
This project is supported by AFRI Competitive Grant no. 2011-67009-30055 from the USDA, NIFA.
Sustainability
• Widely used term • Little agreement on what it means • “SUSTAINABILITY CRITERIA”
• Renewable • A more “environmentally friendly” option • Options that decrease dependence on
fossil fuels
Northeast Bioenergy & Bioproducts (NBB) Educational Tools and Training
This project is supported by AFRI Competitive Grant no. 2011-67009-30055 from the USDA, NIFA.
Sustainability
SOCIAL VALUES
ECONOMIC VALUES
ENVIRONMENTAL VALUES
Northeast Bioenergy & Bioproducts (NBB) Educational Tools and Training
This project is supported by AFRI Competitive Grant no. 2011-67009-30055 from the USDA, NIFA.
Possible Solutions
Large impact, quickly through energy conservation and increased efficiencies BUT "".. • Can not just conserve our way to
sustainability SO "". • Developing renewable energy sources
& energy diversification are important strategy options
Northeast Bioenergy & Bioproducts (NBB) Educational Tools and Training
This project is supported by AFRI Competitive Grant no. 2011-67009-30055 from the USDA, NIFA.
Renewable Sources
- Solar - Wind - Geothermal - Hydro - Fuel Cells - Biomass
WIND
SOLAR
BIOMASS
Hydro
GEOTHERMAL
FUEL CELL
Northeast Bioenergy & Bioproducts (NBB) Educational Tools and Training
This project is supported by AFRI Competitive Grant no. 2011-67009-30055 from the USDA, NIFA.
Contribution of Renewable Energy Sources
Northeast Bioenergy & Bioproducts (NBB) Educational Tools and Training
This project is supported by AFRI Competitive Grant no. 2011-67009-30055 from the USDA, NIFA.
Energy Generation & Consumption Data
Energy Information Administration (EIA)
www.eia.gov "
#"$%&%'"()'*+,"-&%&"$,.%'/"0$(-$1"2345667778'9&8+:;6.%&%'6.'<."
Northeast Bioenergy & Bioproducts (NBB) Educational Tools and Training
This project is supported by AFRI Competitive Grant no. 2011-67009-30055 from the USDA, NIFA.
1%1%2%
48%
18%
22%
7%
1%
United States
Electric Power Sector Consumption (Trillion Btu)
52%
22%
19%
7%
0%1960 2009
Price: ~ 9.8c/kWh
Northeast Bioenergy & Bioproducts (NBB) Educational Tools and Training
This project is supported by AFRI Competitive Grant no. 2011-67009-30055 from the USDA, NIFA.
New York State
Electric Power Sector Consumption (Trillion Btu)
2%
2%2%
2%
34%
28%
20%
10%
2%
56%10%
21%
11%
1960 2009
Price: ~ 15.5c/kWh
Northeast Bioenergy & Bioproducts (NBB) Educational Tools and Training
This project is supported by AFRI Competitive Grant no. 2011-67009-30055 from the USDA, NIFA.
1%
99%
Petroleum Coal
1960
District of Columbia
Electric Power Sector Consumption (Trillion Btu)
2009 100%
Price: ~ 12.7c/kWh
Northeast Bioenergy & Bioproducts (NBB) Educational Tools and Training
This project is supported by AFRI Competitive Grant no. 2011-67009-30055 from the USDA, NIFA.
Ohio
Electric Power Sector Consumption (Trillion Btu)
Northeast Bioenergy & Bioproducts (NBB) Educational Tools and Training
This project is supported by AFRI Competitive Grant no. 2011-67009-30055 from the USDA, NIFA.
Challenges of Some Renewables
• Ever tried to drive a car powered by a wind turbine?
• Would you be willing to only heat your home when the sun shines?
• How about using only paddlewheels to run your assembly line?
Northeast Bioenergy & Bioproducts (NBB) Educational Tools and Training
This project is supported by AFRI Competitive Grant no. 2011-67009-30055 from the USDA, NIFA.
Why Bioenergy?"Major Premise:
Agriculture will increasingly provide the raw materials and energy needed to drive our transition to a sustainable world
Northeast Bioenergy & Bioproducts (NBB) Educational Tools and Training
This project is supported by AFRI Competitive Grant no. 2011-67009-30055 from the USDA, NIFA.
Why Bioenergy?"- Renewable
- Biomass is the only renewable that directly reduces our dependency on liquid fuels!
- Can be created from waste products
- Can be produced on marginal lands that are often unsuitable for food production
- Can help to decrease environmental impacts when used in place of fossil fuels
- May help to increase energy efficiency
- Will help the US become more energy independent
- Will help create jobs
Northeast Bioenergy & Bioproducts (NBB) Educational Tools and Training
This project is supported by AFRI Competitive Grant no. 2011-67009-30055 from the USDA, NIFA.
• BIOMASS: Plant or Animal material available on a renewable basis
• BIOBASED: Starting materials are biologically-based as opposed to fossil-fuel based
• BIOPOWER: Electricity, Combined heat & power
• BIOFUELS: Liquid -Transportation & heating fuels
• BIOPRODUCTS: Industrial chemicals, polymers
BIO-terminology
Northeast Bioenergy & Bioproducts (NBB) Educational Tools and Training
This project is supported by AFRI Competitive Grant no. 2011-67009-30055 from the USDA, NIFA.
SAM'S VOICE: I have a big deal coming up that's going to make us all rich. George, you remember that night in Martini's bar when you told me you read someplace about making plastics out of soybeans?
GEORGE: Huh? Yeah-yeah-yeah . . . soybeans. Yeah.
SAM'S VOICE: Well, Dad's snapped up the idea. He's going to build a factory outside of Rochester. How do you like that?
Bioenergy: Not such a new idea"It's a Wonderful Life (1946) - Final Script
Northeast Bioenergy & Bioproducts (NBB) Educational Tools and Training
This project is supported by AFRI Competitive Grant no. 2011-67009-30055 from the USDA, NIFA.
Diesel engine invented: February of 1897
Bioenergy: Not such a new idea
- Rudolf Diesel’s engine was designed to run on
vegetable oil!
- Diesel also designed a solar-powered air engine
Northeast Bioenergy & Bioproducts (NBB) Educational Tools and Training
This project is supported by AFRI Competitive Grant no. 2011-67009-30055 from the USDA, NIFA.
• Energy issues are not going away – supply, demand, cost
• We need research, education, and infrastructure to transfer the technology to move to larger scales
• Today’s students will help discover and develop the solutions for tomorrow’s
energy needs • Bioenergy, biofuels, and bio-based products
are going to be an important component of the solutions!
Why Bioenergy?"
Northeast Bioenergy & Bioproducts (NBB) Educational Tools and Training
This project is supported by AFRI Competitive Grant no. 2011-67009-30055 from the USDA, NIFA.
How do we address our energy needs for the future?
- Our approach needs to be:
- Multifaceted
- System oriented
- Collective
The Future of Energy
Northeast Bioenergy & Bioproducts (NBB) Educational Tools and Training
This project is supported by AFRI Competitive Grant no. 2011-67009-30055 from the USDA, NIFA.
Energy: An Overview - Energy Basics
- Sources, consumption, issues - The Future of Energy
- Sustainability - Possible Solutions: Renewables - Why Bioenergy
- Systems Approach - Definition - Examples
Northeast Bioenergy & Bioproducts (NBB) Educational Tools and Training
This project is supported by AFRI Competitive Grant no. 2011-67009-30055 from the USDA, NIFA.
The Systems Approach
What is a System?
- A system is “something” built from many other components, which interact for a common purpose
- To define a system, we must include its context, behavior or purpose and structure
Northeast Bioenergy & Bioproducts (NBB) Educational Tools and Training
This project is supported by AFRI Competitive Grant no. 2011-67009-30055 from the USDA, NIFA.
The Systems Approach ! The systems approach is a methodological process that develops solutions by considering all of the Inter-related parts of a system and their impact on the system as a whole
OR
! OPTIMIZING each component individually, then OPTIMIZING system as a whole, which may require altering the individual components
Northeast Bioenergy & Bioproducts (NBB) Educational Tools and Training
This project is supported by AFRI Competitive Grant no. 2011-67009-30055 from the USDA, NIFA.
Examples of Designed Systems ! The commercial air transportation system ! A Boeing 787 aircraft ! A computer system network
! Energy “system”, regional or national scale
Many systems at one level can be
considered subsystems at another level
Key Ideas: • Interaction • Feedback
• Broad-based • Systematic
Northeast Bioenergy & Bioproducts (NBB) Educational Tools and Training
This project is supported by AFRI Competitive Grant no. 2011-67009-30055 from the USDA, NIFA.
SYSTEMS INTEGRATION
Plant Crops Farm Animals Forests
Production of commodities and generation of waste
TRADITIONAL AGRICULTURE
WASTE MATERIALS FROM PRODUCTION and PROCESSING STEPS
Food and FiberProcessing Plants
Dairy, Eggs, MeatProcessing Plants
Lumber and PaperProcessing Plants
Processing of commodities and generation of waste
COUNTY LANDFILL or ON-FARM DUMPING SITES
Commodities Markets
Plant Crops Farm Animals Forests
Production of commodities and generation of waste
TRADITIONAL AGRICULTURE
WASTE MATERIALS FROM PRODUCTION and PROCESSING STEPS
Food and FiberProcessing Plants
Dairy, Eggs, MeatProcessing Plants
Lumber and PaperProcessing Plants
Food and FiberProcessing Plants
Dairy, Eggs, MeatProcessing Plants
Lumber and PaperProcessing Plants
Processing of commodities and generation of waste
COUNTY LANDFILL or ON-FARM DUMPING SITES
Commodities Markets
Northeast Bioenergy & Bioproducts (NBB) Educational Tools and Training
This project is supported by AFRI Competitive Grant no. 2011-67009-30055 from the USDA, NIFA.
Industrial Ecology: &".,.%'/"/:<'="%2&%">.'."%2'"7&.%'".%*'&/":?":)'"4*:@'.."&."&"?''<.%:@A"?:*"%2'")'B%"4*:@'.."&=="&=:)+"%2'";&=>'C&<<'<"@2&9)
Plant Crops Farm Animals Forests
Production of commodities and generation of waste
A BIOBASED INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY
WASTE MATERIALS FROM PRODUCTION and PROCESSING STEPS
Food and FiberProcessing Plants
Dairy, Eggs, MeatProcessing Plants
Lumber and PaperProcessing Plants
Processing of commodities and generation of waste
Commodities MarketsBIOREFINERY
Extraction of valuableoils, sugars, starches,pharmaceutical proteins
Value-added Markets
Production of biobasedFuels and biobased energy
Production of biobasedchemicals
Energy Markets
NEWDEDICATED
CROPS
Biorefinery Wastes
Plant Crops Farm Animals Forests
Production of commodities and generation of waste
A BIOBASED INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY
WASTE MATERIALS FROM PRODUCTION and PROCESSING STEPS
Food and FiberProcessing Plants
Dairy, Eggs, MeatProcessing Plants
Lumber and PaperProcessing Plants
Food and FiberProcessing Plants
Dairy, Eggs, MeatProcessing Plants
Lumber and PaperProcessing Plants
Processing of commodities and generation of waste
Commodities MarketsBIOREFINERY
Extraction of valuableoils, sugars, starches,pharmaceutical proteins
Value-added Markets
Production of biobasedFuels and biobased energy
Production of biobasedchemicals
Energy Markets
NEWDEDICATED
CROPS
Biorefinery Wastes
SYSTEMS INTEGRATION
Northeast Bioenergy & Bioproducts (NBB) Educational Tools and Training
This project is supported by AFRI Competitive Grant no. 2011-67009-30055 from the USDA, NIFA.
The Systems Approach Innovation is about
INTEGRATION & OPTIMIZATION • Feedstock development • Feedstock production • Feedstock Logistics • Conversion processes • Markets and distribution • End use technologies • Public policy, human values
Northeast Bioenergy & Bioproducts (NBB) Educational Tools and Training
This project is supported by AFRI Competitive Grant no. 2011-67009-30055 from the USDA, NIFA.
SYSTEMS THINKING • A systems approach assesses the energy
yield, carbon neutrality, and the full impact of biofuel production on downstream and downwind ecosystems.
• It takes into account all of the flows, controls, and storage of materials and energy. A positive energy yield means that more energy is produced than is consumed by its extraction and transport.
• Carbon neutrality means that any fossil fuel carbon used in the production of biofuels is offset by carbon sequestration elsewhere in the system
Northeast Bioenergy & Bioproducts (NBB) Educational Tools and Training
This project is supported by AFRI Competitive Grant no. 2011-67009-30055 from the USDA, NIFA.
Carbon Flow & Carbon Neutrality
Northeast Bioenergy & Bioproducts (NBB) Educational Tools and Training
This project is supported by AFRI Competitive Grant no. 2011-67009-30055 from the USDA, NIFA.
Energy: An Overview - Energy Basics
- Sources, consumption, issues - The Future of Energy
- Sustainability - Possible Solutions: Renewables - Why Bioenergy
- Systems Approach - Definition - Examples
- Meet the Bioeconomy
Northeast Bioenergy & Bioproducts (NBB) Educational Tools and Training
This project is supported by AFRI Competitive Grant no. 2011-67009-30055 from the USDA, NIFA.
• Enhancing the sustainability, competitiveness, and profitability of U.S. food and agricultural systems
• Adapting to and mitigating the impacts of climate change on food, feed, fiber, and fuel systems in the United States
• Supporting the energy security and the development of the bioeconomy from renewable natural resources
• Playing a global leadership role to ensure a safe, secure, and abundant food supply for the United States and the world
• Improving human health, nutrition, and wellness of the U.S. population
• Heightening environmental stewardship through the development of sustainable management practices
• Strengthening individual, family, and community development and resilience.
A Science Roadmap for Food and Agriculture November, 2010
7 Grand Challenges
Northeast Bioenergy & Bioproducts (NBB) Educational Tools and Training
This project is supported by AFRI Competitive Grant no. 2011-67009-30055 from the USDA, NIFA.
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Northeast Bioenergy & Bioproducts (NBB) Educational Tools and Training
This project is supported by AFRI Competitive Grant no. 2011-67009-30055 from the USDA, NIFA.
Northeast Bioenergy & Bioproducts (NBB) Educational Tools and Training
This project is supported by AFRI Competitive Grant no. 2011-67009-30055 from the USDA, NIFA.
Many Thanks!
Corinne Rutzke, Cornell University C. Lindsay Anderson, Cornell University
Mike Jabot, SUNY Fredonia Mingxin Guo, Delaware State
Lauren Dowler & Ann Fisher, Pace University Training Program
Use of Presentation Materials and Slides
Northeast Bioenergy & Bioproducts (NBB) Educational Tools and Training
This project is supported by AFRI Competitive Grant no. 2011-67009-30055 from the USDA, NIFA.
The Bioeconomy
Meet the Bioeconomy Video
Northeast Bioenergy & Bioproducts (NBB) Educational Tools and Training
This project is supported by AFRI Competitive Grant no. 2011-67009-30055 from the USDA, NIFA.
Race to the Pumps!
Northeast Bioenergy & Bioproducts (NBB) Educational Tools and Training
This project is supported by AFRI Competitive Grant no. 2011-67009-30055 from the USDA, NIFA.
Northeast Bioenergy & Bioproducts (NBB) Educational Tools and Training
This project is supported by AFRI Competitive Grant no. 2011-67009-30055 from the USDA, NIFA.
Northeast Bioenergy & Bioproducts (NBB) Educational Tools and Training
This project is supported by AFRI Competitive Grant no. 2011-67009-30055 from the USDA, NIFA.