8
U-has been.a long debate towards !he miss o( scientists in poJicy-mal<lng process. In differentiating wllh Iheotherstakehoiders, Ihe role afthe SCtenlists is providing the: possibilities instead of dedctingtlt!l\N'een ttie possibilities. It means thai the scientistse:<pect fo gather fdCIS and provlde:prediclions policies rather Ihan io datenn)ne policies. In Ihe forest polI9· making arena. (OI"tJstry scientists are seeking to playa positive role III and contribute for a better process and results of policy, .n fact. however. forestry sCientists f'Jre p'aying a minor role in a pubUc .disCourse. e.g. the of scienUsts through Iheir statements abQut forest fire in the global poblicmedia was only abo\Jt 12% and in the Indonesian public media e'Ven less than 3%, Enhancingroleofthe forestry scientisls is reQuired because 11 is criHcalty importaf't It; a functioning democracy and a better forest policy, The objectives of this paper are to understand the vartous 'Views of the -scientists in deflniflg forestrv problems and to cole of forestry scientists to contribute In the procMs;n 2.1 ReLatm .hAf, ",'scl.mists in me>'!1a dls(:ounte TtleiWCm, U"WI' (LIl lIeWlI;"15, ,,; fJ(Jicy l'>"'!I!iI;iI"lll- pt:J::uu hoi'! 001''' ......;mg OIh(:..- b;lmI.!ouflrtltr/Jng .. tWll;v. 5M-1I of so;ion\iIIt; 10 ll'IOI.lll'I tll,ctIIJIH: atko!ltMlt ... ... pOliey....i"It.,opr(J(J!'il'I .... .... '*'',.Ifl.iJy_ .. rcod 1'Itl10Xl1l1 OO-,·f-4>14-U irt lIIh,JI) f'\UVub1i-.a 1$. alC tJ lila ;h:)l i!$3 C0r1OO'm fur AJlI'OV\II". »! kwil! lII::':O<:'> UI.et. Of' T.... ,; n" 10<,,'11", of C_Pi:l'tlon 1..,_ ffwI mlldio >1(6"*,,,",(11\100 by tP".""""",nl iNllho M t»l"Ivtf (11m <l.Juo<y,.,J (J)lIWrN(lg ll:l!f'(.!"-, fi'OOlQSffOlNlfa1lllL0OC;mit1' NGD-. ralllw :'Ulf'l;;ox,tl'l"l')(UlIs".$i"k_ mill 'tl ... aQcf1- in Ute f!\eQla 1M *' Ihc I)"U",,1M::m'n QI Frim''TJIbla .J. II ." Ihll ut illkJ'rlUhor'lUl ;<,('..alo. NCO '" 1l'iO&: IteqoonC)' :If m&j.a butIlrM:llt.'))C!' 'ltV n<;1 "",n :U1pe-1Ir I'l:8 $PIMkln11 aCkn-Il<JIlt>fJy {;t'l C-.lJll:'IWfl'CliltIOll' 41 nl!; 1'I'IO'K!IIIIIl!'lali<>I'IIAI sc.t'\l_Mf.-..hIe_ In II !e·<1I'II!>oY.>N!, lifO INl !'IlQl\ D1'h.;1r.o lacalillf'f,J Kli:i"1l ill ill J"11!&t. Comp.nscl\l\IIIfW6I1l\tNl f !liqltCl>t:yotoc:rur!'2f!01>o!apclltklt'9At1Ot'it: 1Nid.a and thfIir "'" !f'11I16iJ <ri '01 o..;""""_''''h 101,,,l'i1 d Itt p·,t>Nt ;';1"""0"

The Role of Forestry Scientists in Policy-Making Process in Indonesia

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U-has beena long debate towards he miss o( scientists in poJicy-malltlng process In differentiating wllh Iheotherstakehoiders Ihe role afthe SCtenlists is providing the possibilities instead of dedctingtltlNeen ttie possibilities It means thai the scientistseltpect fo gather fdCIS and provldeprediclions tocurrentandp~oposed policies rather Ihan io datenn)ne policies In Ihe forest polI9middot making arena (OItJstry scientists are seeking to playa positive role III poicy~making and contribute for a better process and results ofpolicy n fact however forestry sCientists fJre paying a minor role in a pubUc disCourse eg the cc~1(ibutiO ofscienUsts through Iheir statements abQut forest fire in the global poblicmedia was only aboJt 12 and in the Indonesian public media eVen less than 3 Enhancingroleofthe forestry scientisls is reQuired because 11 is criHcalty importaft It a functioning democracy and a better forest policy The objectives of this paper are to understand the vartous Views of the -scientists in deflniflg forestrv problems and to elaluat~ th~ cole of forestry scientists to contribute In the policy~maktng procMsn ~ndonesi8

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The Role of Forestry Scientists in Policy-Making Process in Indonesia

Nurtochrnat DR (Faculty of Forestry Boger Agricultural University Indonesia gnrochf1iltyahoocom)

Darusrnan D (Faculty of Forestry Bogor Agricultural University Indonesia ==~====I

Ekayani M (Faculty of Economics and Management Bogor Agricultural University metieka(a)vahoocom)

Abstract

It has been a long debate towards the roles of scientists in policy-making process In differentiating with the other stakeholders the role of the scientists is providing the possibilities instead of deciding between the possibilities It means that the scientists expect to gather facts and provide predictions to current and proposed policies rather than to determine policies In the forest policy making arena forestry scientists are seeking to play a positive role in policyshymaking and contribute for a better process and results of policy In fact however forestry scientists are playing a minor role in a public discourse eg the contribution of scientists through their statements about forest fire in the global public media vas only about 12 and in the Indonesian public media even less than 3 Enhancing role of the forestry scientists is required because it is critically important in a functioning democracy and a better forest policy The objectives of this paper are to understand the various views of the scientists in defining forestry problems and to evaluate the role of forestry scientists to contribute in the policy-making process in Indonesia

Keywords forestry scientists forest fire lndonesia media policy-making process

1 Introduction

Scientists are seeking to play a posItive role ih policy and politics and contribute to the sustainability of scientific enterprise Scientists are concerned on how best science can contribute to policy making and healthy democracy (Pielke 2006) The role of the scientist is not to decide between the possibilities but to determine what the possibilities are (May 1990 in Pielke 2006) Furthermore Pielke (2006) indicates four types of scientist role

a Pure Scientist with no interest in decision making process and simply share some fundamental information

b Science Arbiter as a resource for decision making standing ready to answer factual questions that the decision maker thinks are relevant

c Issue Advocate try to convince the decision maker to take particular decision telling the decision maker what he or she ought to prefer

d Honest Broker of Policy Alternative provides basic information on each choices makes an effort to expand (or at least to clarify) the scope of choices and let the decision maker

Paper complemented to the poster presentation at the XXIII IUFRO World Congress 23-28 August 2010 Seoul Republic of Korea Abstract published at the International Forestry Review ISSN 1465 5489

1

face the challenge of reducing the scope of choices based on his or her preferences and values Honest Broker of Policy Alternative is often best achieved through a collection of experts vorking together with a range of views experiences and knowledge

All those roles are critically important and necessary in a functioning democracy and scientists similar to other member of society have to choose Honest Broker would be a powerful role to facilitate the creation of new and innovative policy alternatives

VIEW OF SCIENCE

Linear Model Stakeholder Model

Pure Scientist Issue Advocate

Science Arbiter Honest Broker of Policy Alternative

Source Pielke (2006) Darusman et al (20 I 0) Figure 1 The Role Matrix of Scientists in Decision Making

According to the role matrix of scientists in decision making (Figure 1) the most suited role for the scientists is to be an Honest Broker of Policy Alternative (referring stakeholder model and schatschneider theory of democracy) which engages in decision making by clarifying and seeking to expand the scope of choice available to decision makers Therefore the objective of this paper is to evaluate the role of forestry scientists in policy making process in Indonesia especially related to forest fire issues

2 Methods

The role of scientists in policy-making process is determined by three approaches

1) Relative sqare of scientists in media discourse 2) Communication-Effectiveness index of scientists 3) Stakeholders perception towards the role of scientists

21 Relative share of scientists in media discourse

Discourse in the news media is one of the most important vays to influence policy making process Therefore measuring the role of certain actor eg scientists in policy making process could be done among others by understanding the relative share of scientists in media discourse as follows

2

Relative share in media = Frequencv o(scienlisl s stalement ciled in media towards certain issue Frequency ofall statement in media 100rard certain issue

Usually the relative share or contribution is stated in percent The higher the relative 3hare of scientists in media the bigger their influence to the policy making process Two reputable national media (newspapers) that have been decided to be included in this study are Kompas and Republika

22 Communication-Effectiveness Index of Scientists

The role of speaking actors eg scientists in media to influence public OpInlOn could be evaluated by calculating an effectiveness index Effectiveness index measures how far the statements of a speaking actor can drive public opinion In this study the effectiveness index is calculated by comparing the ievel of frequency of speaking actors statements cited in media and the level of influence of speaking actors statements in driving public opinion

Effectiveness index Average score o(frequencv ofspeaking actors statement cited in media Average score ofspeaking actors statemenl in driving public opinion

A speaking actor can effectively communicate with the public if heshe has an effectiveness index of 100 or higher If the efTectiveness index is less than 100 then this means that a speaking actor talks more but less influental in driving public opinion

23 Stakeholders perception towards the role of scientists

Key person interviews were conducted to evaluate stakeholders perception towards the role of scientists The selection of institutions and key persons in which and with whom the interview were conducted was based on the relevance to the research topic and the principle of the representativeness At the international level several experts from Centre for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) ASEAN - Korea Cooperation Unit in Indonesia (AKECUshyIndonesia) ASEAN Secretariat and SEAMEO-BIOTROP were interviewed At the national level interviews were conducted with policy makers at the Ministry of Forestry (MvF) scientists at the Bogor Agricultural University (IPB) activist of NGO-LATIN and forest enterprises (KBT KL and PK) At the provincial level interviews were conducted in seven provinces Riau East Kalimantan West Java North Sulawesi Bali Bangka Belitung and Special Region of Y ogyakarta

3 Result and Discussion

31 The Minor Role of Scientists in Colouring News Media

According to the evaluation Bf relative share of speaking actors in media it shows that non scientists are very dominant as speaking actors in news media The contribution of scientists through their statements about forest fire in the global news media was only about 12 and in the Indonesian news media (Kompas and Republika) even less than 3 (Figure 2)

3

3

Figure 2 The Contribution of Scientists to Indonesian News Media

Looking at the distribution of the non scientist speaking actors in the news media the administrative official (administration) is one of the most important resource persons for news media Referring to forest fire issue in national news media it seems that resource perSOllS from non-forest administration act more frequently as speaking actors on forest fire issues rather than those from forest administration (Table 1)

Table 1 Distribution of the Non Scientists Speaking Actors on Forest Fire in the Indonesian News Media

Non-Scientists Speaking ActorsFre~ Politicians a Politician government b Politician non government Administration a Forest administration b Non forest administration Media Organization a Forest organization b Non forest organization Others Total

17 13 4

527 184 343 446

55 18 37

366 1411

__ 00 120 092 028

3735 1304 2431 3161

390 128 262

2594 10000

Source 486 articles in Indonesian media 1994-2004 (Kompas amp Republika)

Measuring the role of scientists in policy making process could be approached by understanding their contribution (relative share) in the news media News media especially news paper is themiddot most effective communication media that influences public opinion on forestry issues based on

the perception of respondents in the international national and local organizations Following the news papers leaf1ets and publications issued by NGOs are also considered quite effective in influencing public opinion on forestry issues at international and local levels Publications issued by government and other communication instruments are considered less effective in influencing public opinion related to international and local forestry issues For the national forestry issues however television is considered quiet effective in inf1uencing public opinion than publications issued by NGO or government (Table 2)

4

Table 2 The Most Influencing Communication Media in Driving Public Opinions Concerning Forestry Issues

International National Local Kinds of Media

Score Rank SCOle Rank Score Rank

News media 350 10 333 10 354 10

Government printed 225 35 197 40 213 35

publ ications

NGOs printed publications 250 20 217 30 217 20

Others 225 35 250 20 213 35

Source Primary data (2O()9) n=40 respondents

In order to gain wide supports from the public the decision makers must consider the option of effective communication instruments Maintaining good relationships and improving communication with newspapers journalists are some ways that can help disseminate information on forestry programs and the most effective way of directing public opinion related to forestry issues The communication of forestry issues through television is quite effective in influencing public opinion if the issues raised are at national scale Meanwhile at the local and international scales cooperation with NGOs who voiced forestfY issues is an alternative way of communication that can well influence public opinion

32 The Effectiveness of Scientists Communication

Although at national level speaking actors discussing forestry issues in the media are dominated by government agencies but the majority of respondents believe that national public opinion concerning forestry issues are more influences by NGOs rather than governments opinions Therefore the degree of influence of speaking actors in driving public opinion is not only determined by the frequency of occurrence of speaking actors in the media but also depends on the effectiveness of communication of each speaking actor (Table 3)

Table 3 The Effectiveness Index of Communication among Speaking Actors

The Effectiveness Index of Communication Speaking Actors

International National Local Government officer 093 082 092 Scientist 100 107 108 Politician 073 110 094 Community leader 100 100 104 NGO 109 110 104 Businessman 100 226 098 Others 100 128 100

5

Table 3 shows that at the international scale NGO is the most effective actor in conducting communication within the news media Although in terms of frequency of media exposure businessmen do not often appear as speaking actors but they can establish etIective communications in the news media at a national scale Meanwhile in a local scope scientists are the most effectie speaking actors in building communication within the news media Comparison between the frequency of occurrence of speaking actor in the news media and their influence in shaping public opinion on related forestry issues is presented in the Figure 3

Influence l J 0 -

Frequencv OtherS

Busi ncsslll Llil - Influence

aNGOsect l bull Community leaderZ Frequency

~ ~ Influence bull Scielltisti5

l bull Govcrt)lllcnt officer ( Frequency

000 200 400 600 800

Figure 3 Comparison of Speaking Actors Frequency of Occurrence in the Media and Level of Influence in Shaping Public Opinion

33 Stakeholder Perception the Role of Scientists in Setting Policy Agenda

Although news media is the source of information that mostly shapes public opinion on forestry issues however it is not the main reference for determining policy agenda setting The majority of respondents of international organizations stated that policy agenda setting is mostly affected by scientists who are requested by the concerned institutions to provide advisories in response to certain issues Meanwhile respondents at national and local institutions tend to argue that internal reports are the main reference in determining the poi icy agend~ setting in their institutions followed by input from a scientist Based on respondents perception news media is the third referral sources after internal report and scientists input in determining policy agenda setting (Table 4)

6

Table 4 The Most Influencing Information to Decision Making Process

Speaking Actors International National Local

Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank

Internal report 475 20 517 10 488 10

Scientific advisory 525 10 492 20 458 20

Scientific media Uoumals) 300 40 267 50 263 50

News media 425 30 383 30 417 30 (newspapermagazine)

Information frol~l society 275 50 342 40 354 40

Others 100 60 100 60 121 60 Source Primary data (2009) n=40 respondents

3 Conclusion and Policy Recommendation

The roles of scientists in policy making process concerning forestry especially forest fire issue in Indonesia are generally weak Referring to the number of statements found in the national news media the scientists only contributed less than 3 of statements on forest fires issues It confirms the domination of non scientists speaking actors particularly administration in the forestry discourses of Indonesian news media Although administration gave more statements in the news media than others however in term of communication effectiveness the statement of administration is less effective than scientists The communication effectiveness of the Indonesian scientists is generally better than administration and politician but less effective than NGOs and Businessmen Although the role of scientists to influence policy making process through news media is relatively low but the role of a group of scientist or seiected scientists through their direct advices to decision maker is one of the most important consideration in policy making besides the internal reports

References)

Pielke RA Jr (2006) The Honest Broker Making Sense of Science in Policy and Politics Cambridge University Press New York

Darusman 0 Nurrochmat DR Sundawati Land IZ Siregar (2009) Policy Evaluation of COM and REDD Schemes Economic and Social Considerations Paper presented at the AKECOP Meeting on REDD Bogor 14-15 October 2009

Kompas (1994-2004) Source of evaluated news media

Republika (1994-2004) Source of evaluated news media

) The substance ofthis poster is parlly taken Jronltlfe paper ofDarusman D Nurrochmat DR Sundawati Land IZ Siregar (2009) Policy Evaluation of CDM and REDD Schemes Econumic and Social Considerations and some parts ofthe draft ofPhD Thesis ofMeti Ekayani at the Chair ofForest Policy and Nature Conservation University oGoettingen

7

The Role of Forestry Scientists in Policy-Making Process in Indonesia

Nurtochrnat DR (Faculty of Forestry Boger Agricultural University Indonesia gnrochf1iltyahoocom)

Darusrnan D (Faculty of Forestry Bogor Agricultural University Indonesia ==~====I

Ekayani M (Faculty of Economics and Management Bogor Agricultural University metieka(a)vahoocom)

Abstract

It has been a long debate towards the roles of scientists in policy-making process In differentiating with the other stakeholders the role of the scientists is providing the possibilities instead of deciding between the possibilities It means that the scientists expect to gather facts and provide predictions to current and proposed policies rather than to determine policies In the forest policy making arena forestry scientists are seeking to play a positive role in policyshymaking and contribute for a better process and results of policy In fact however forestry scientists are playing a minor role in a public discourse eg the contribution of scientists through their statements about forest fire in the global public media vas only about 12 and in the Indonesian public media even less than 3 Enhancing role of the forestry scientists is required because it is critically important in a functioning democracy and a better forest policy The objectives of this paper are to understand the various views of the scientists in defining forestry problems and to evaluate the role of forestry scientists to contribute in the policy-making process in Indonesia

Keywords forestry scientists forest fire lndonesia media policy-making process

1 Introduction

Scientists are seeking to play a posItive role ih policy and politics and contribute to the sustainability of scientific enterprise Scientists are concerned on how best science can contribute to policy making and healthy democracy (Pielke 2006) The role of the scientist is not to decide between the possibilities but to determine what the possibilities are (May 1990 in Pielke 2006) Furthermore Pielke (2006) indicates four types of scientist role

a Pure Scientist with no interest in decision making process and simply share some fundamental information

b Science Arbiter as a resource for decision making standing ready to answer factual questions that the decision maker thinks are relevant

c Issue Advocate try to convince the decision maker to take particular decision telling the decision maker what he or she ought to prefer

d Honest Broker of Policy Alternative provides basic information on each choices makes an effort to expand (or at least to clarify) the scope of choices and let the decision maker

Paper complemented to the poster presentation at the XXIII IUFRO World Congress 23-28 August 2010 Seoul Republic of Korea Abstract published at the International Forestry Review ISSN 1465 5489

1

face the challenge of reducing the scope of choices based on his or her preferences and values Honest Broker of Policy Alternative is often best achieved through a collection of experts vorking together with a range of views experiences and knowledge

All those roles are critically important and necessary in a functioning democracy and scientists similar to other member of society have to choose Honest Broker would be a powerful role to facilitate the creation of new and innovative policy alternatives

VIEW OF SCIENCE

Linear Model Stakeholder Model

Pure Scientist Issue Advocate

Science Arbiter Honest Broker of Policy Alternative

Source Pielke (2006) Darusman et al (20 I 0) Figure 1 The Role Matrix of Scientists in Decision Making

According to the role matrix of scientists in decision making (Figure 1) the most suited role for the scientists is to be an Honest Broker of Policy Alternative (referring stakeholder model and schatschneider theory of democracy) which engages in decision making by clarifying and seeking to expand the scope of choice available to decision makers Therefore the objective of this paper is to evaluate the role of forestry scientists in policy making process in Indonesia especially related to forest fire issues

2 Methods

The role of scientists in policy-making process is determined by three approaches

1) Relative sqare of scientists in media discourse 2) Communication-Effectiveness index of scientists 3) Stakeholders perception towards the role of scientists

21 Relative share of scientists in media discourse

Discourse in the news media is one of the most important vays to influence policy making process Therefore measuring the role of certain actor eg scientists in policy making process could be done among others by understanding the relative share of scientists in media discourse as follows

2

Relative share in media = Frequencv o(scienlisl s stalement ciled in media towards certain issue Frequency ofall statement in media 100rard certain issue

Usually the relative share or contribution is stated in percent The higher the relative 3hare of scientists in media the bigger their influence to the policy making process Two reputable national media (newspapers) that have been decided to be included in this study are Kompas and Republika

22 Communication-Effectiveness Index of Scientists

The role of speaking actors eg scientists in media to influence public OpInlOn could be evaluated by calculating an effectiveness index Effectiveness index measures how far the statements of a speaking actor can drive public opinion In this study the effectiveness index is calculated by comparing the ievel of frequency of speaking actors statements cited in media and the level of influence of speaking actors statements in driving public opinion

Effectiveness index Average score o(frequencv ofspeaking actors statement cited in media Average score ofspeaking actors statemenl in driving public opinion

A speaking actor can effectively communicate with the public if heshe has an effectiveness index of 100 or higher If the efTectiveness index is less than 100 then this means that a speaking actor talks more but less influental in driving public opinion

23 Stakeholders perception towards the role of scientists

Key person interviews were conducted to evaluate stakeholders perception towards the role of scientists The selection of institutions and key persons in which and with whom the interview were conducted was based on the relevance to the research topic and the principle of the representativeness At the international level several experts from Centre for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) ASEAN - Korea Cooperation Unit in Indonesia (AKECUshyIndonesia) ASEAN Secretariat and SEAMEO-BIOTROP were interviewed At the national level interviews were conducted with policy makers at the Ministry of Forestry (MvF) scientists at the Bogor Agricultural University (IPB) activist of NGO-LATIN and forest enterprises (KBT KL and PK) At the provincial level interviews were conducted in seven provinces Riau East Kalimantan West Java North Sulawesi Bali Bangka Belitung and Special Region of Y ogyakarta

3 Result and Discussion

31 The Minor Role of Scientists in Colouring News Media

According to the evaluation Bf relative share of speaking actors in media it shows that non scientists are very dominant as speaking actors in news media The contribution of scientists through their statements about forest fire in the global news media was only about 12 and in the Indonesian news media (Kompas and Republika) even less than 3 (Figure 2)

3

3

Figure 2 The Contribution of Scientists to Indonesian News Media

Looking at the distribution of the non scientist speaking actors in the news media the administrative official (administration) is one of the most important resource persons for news media Referring to forest fire issue in national news media it seems that resource perSOllS from non-forest administration act more frequently as speaking actors on forest fire issues rather than those from forest administration (Table 1)

Table 1 Distribution of the Non Scientists Speaking Actors on Forest Fire in the Indonesian News Media

Non-Scientists Speaking ActorsFre~ Politicians a Politician government b Politician non government Administration a Forest administration b Non forest administration Media Organization a Forest organization b Non forest organization Others Total

17 13 4

527 184 343 446

55 18 37

366 1411

__ 00 120 092 028

3735 1304 2431 3161

390 128 262

2594 10000

Source 486 articles in Indonesian media 1994-2004 (Kompas amp Republika)

Measuring the role of scientists in policy making process could be approached by understanding their contribution (relative share) in the news media News media especially news paper is themiddot most effective communication media that influences public opinion on forestry issues based on

the perception of respondents in the international national and local organizations Following the news papers leaf1ets and publications issued by NGOs are also considered quite effective in influencing public opinion on forestry issues at international and local levels Publications issued by government and other communication instruments are considered less effective in influencing public opinion related to international and local forestry issues For the national forestry issues however television is considered quiet effective in inf1uencing public opinion than publications issued by NGO or government (Table 2)

4

Table 2 The Most Influencing Communication Media in Driving Public Opinions Concerning Forestry Issues

International National Local Kinds of Media

Score Rank SCOle Rank Score Rank

News media 350 10 333 10 354 10

Government printed 225 35 197 40 213 35

publ ications

NGOs printed publications 250 20 217 30 217 20

Others 225 35 250 20 213 35

Source Primary data (2O()9) n=40 respondents

In order to gain wide supports from the public the decision makers must consider the option of effective communication instruments Maintaining good relationships and improving communication with newspapers journalists are some ways that can help disseminate information on forestry programs and the most effective way of directing public opinion related to forestry issues The communication of forestry issues through television is quite effective in influencing public opinion if the issues raised are at national scale Meanwhile at the local and international scales cooperation with NGOs who voiced forestfY issues is an alternative way of communication that can well influence public opinion

32 The Effectiveness of Scientists Communication

Although at national level speaking actors discussing forestry issues in the media are dominated by government agencies but the majority of respondents believe that national public opinion concerning forestry issues are more influences by NGOs rather than governments opinions Therefore the degree of influence of speaking actors in driving public opinion is not only determined by the frequency of occurrence of speaking actors in the media but also depends on the effectiveness of communication of each speaking actor (Table 3)

Table 3 The Effectiveness Index of Communication among Speaking Actors

The Effectiveness Index of Communication Speaking Actors

International National Local Government officer 093 082 092 Scientist 100 107 108 Politician 073 110 094 Community leader 100 100 104 NGO 109 110 104 Businessman 100 226 098 Others 100 128 100

5

Table 3 shows that at the international scale NGO is the most effective actor in conducting communication within the news media Although in terms of frequency of media exposure businessmen do not often appear as speaking actors but they can establish etIective communications in the news media at a national scale Meanwhile in a local scope scientists are the most effectie speaking actors in building communication within the news media Comparison between the frequency of occurrence of speaking actor in the news media and their influence in shaping public opinion on related forestry issues is presented in the Figure 3

Influence l J 0 -

Frequencv OtherS

Busi ncsslll Llil - Influence

aNGOsect l bull Community leaderZ Frequency

~ ~ Influence bull Scielltisti5

l bull Govcrt)lllcnt officer ( Frequency

000 200 400 600 800

Figure 3 Comparison of Speaking Actors Frequency of Occurrence in the Media and Level of Influence in Shaping Public Opinion

33 Stakeholder Perception the Role of Scientists in Setting Policy Agenda

Although news media is the source of information that mostly shapes public opinion on forestry issues however it is not the main reference for determining policy agenda setting The majority of respondents of international organizations stated that policy agenda setting is mostly affected by scientists who are requested by the concerned institutions to provide advisories in response to certain issues Meanwhile respondents at national and local institutions tend to argue that internal reports are the main reference in determining the poi icy agend~ setting in their institutions followed by input from a scientist Based on respondents perception news media is the third referral sources after internal report and scientists input in determining policy agenda setting (Table 4)

6

Table 4 The Most Influencing Information to Decision Making Process

Speaking Actors International National Local

Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank

Internal report 475 20 517 10 488 10

Scientific advisory 525 10 492 20 458 20

Scientific media Uoumals) 300 40 267 50 263 50

News media 425 30 383 30 417 30 (newspapermagazine)

Information frol~l society 275 50 342 40 354 40

Others 100 60 100 60 121 60 Source Primary data (2009) n=40 respondents

3 Conclusion and Policy Recommendation

The roles of scientists in policy making process concerning forestry especially forest fire issue in Indonesia are generally weak Referring to the number of statements found in the national news media the scientists only contributed less than 3 of statements on forest fires issues It confirms the domination of non scientists speaking actors particularly administration in the forestry discourses of Indonesian news media Although administration gave more statements in the news media than others however in term of communication effectiveness the statement of administration is less effective than scientists The communication effectiveness of the Indonesian scientists is generally better than administration and politician but less effective than NGOs and Businessmen Although the role of scientists to influence policy making process through news media is relatively low but the role of a group of scientist or seiected scientists through their direct advices to decision maker is one of the most important consideration in policy making besides the internal reports

References)

Pielke RA Jr (2006) The Honest Broker Making Sense of Science in Policy and Politics Cambridge University Press New York

Darusman 0 Nurrochmat DR Sundawati Land IZ Siregar (2009) Policy Evaluation of COM and REDD Schemes Economic and Social Considerations Paper presented at the AKECOP Meeting on REDD Bogor 14-15 October 2009

Kompas (1994-2004) Source of evaluated news media

Republika (1994-2004) Source of evaluated news media

) The substance ofthis poster is parlly taken Jronltlfe paper ofDarusman D Nurrochmat DR Sundawati Land IZ Siregar (2009) Policy Evaluation of CDM and REDD Schemes Econumic and Social Considerations and some parts ofthe draft ofPhD Thesis ofMeti Ekayani at the Chair ofForest Policy and Nature Conservation University oGoettingen

7

face the challenge of reducing the scope of choices based on his or her preferences and values Honest Broker of Policy Alternative is often best achieved through a collection of experts vorking together with a range of views experiences and knowledge

All those roles are critically important and necessary in a functioning democracy and scientists similar to other member of society have to choose Honest Broker would be a powerful role to facilitate the creation of new and innovative policy alternatives

VIEW OF SCIENCE

Linear Model Stakeholder Model

Pure Scientist Issue Advocate

Science Arbiter Honest Broker of Policy Alternative

Source Pielke (2006) Darusman et al (20 I 0) Figure 1 The Role Matrix of Scientists in Decision Making

According to the role matrix of scientists in decision making (Figure 1) the most suited role for the scientists is to be an Honest Broker of Policy Alternative (referring stakeholder model and schatschneider theory of democracy) which engages in decision making by clarifying and seeking to expand the scope of choice available to decision makers Therefore the objective of this paper is to evaluate the role of forestry scientists in policy making process in Indonesia especially related to forest fire issues

2 Methods

The role of scientists in policy-making process is determined by three approaches

1) Relative sqare of scientists in media discourse 2) Communication-Effectiveness index of scientists 3) Stakeholders perception towards the role of scientists

21 Relative share of scientists in media discourse

Discourse in the news media is one of the most important vays to influence policy making process Therefore measuring the role of certain actor eg scientists in policy making process could be done among others by understanding the relative share of scientists in media discourse as follows

2

Relative share in media = Frequencv o(scienlisl s stalement ciled in media towards certain issue Frequency ofall statement in media 100rard certain issue

Usually the relative share or contribution is stated in percent The higher the relative 3hare of scientists in media the bigger their influence to the policy making process Two reputable national media (newspapers) that have been decided to be included in this study are Kompas and Republika

22 Communication-Effectiveness Index of Scientists

The role of speaking actors eg scientists in media to influence public OpInlOn could be evaluated by calculating an effectiveness index Effectiveness index measures how far the statements of a speaking actor can drive public opinion In this study the effectiveness index is calculated by comparing the ievel of frequency of speaking actors statements cited in media and the level of influence of speaking actors statements in driving public opinion

Effectiveness index Average score o(frequencv ofspeaking actors statement cited in media Average score ofspeaking actors statemenl in driving public opinion

A speaking actor can effectively communicate with the public if heshe has an effectiveness index of 100 or higher If the efTectiveness index is less than 100 then this means that a speaking actor talks more but less influental in driving public opinion

23 Stakeholders perception towards the role of scientists

Key person interviews were conducted to evaluate stakeholders perception towards the role of scientists The selection of institutions and key persons in which and with whom the interview were conducted was based on the relevance to the research topic and the principle of the representativeness At the international level several experts from Centre for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) ASEAN - Korea Cooperation Unit in Indonesia (AKECUshyIndonesia) ASEAN Secretariat and SEAMEO-BIOTROP were interviewed At the national level interviews were conducted with policy makers at the Ministry of Forestry (MvF) scientists at the Bogor Agricultural University (IPB) activist of NGO-LATIN and forest enterprises (KBT KL and PK) At the provincial level interviews were conducted in seven provinces Riau East Kalimantan West Java North Sulawesi Bali Bangka Belitung and Special Region of Y ogyakarta

3 Result and Discussion

31 The Minor Role of Scientists in Colouring News Media

According to the evaluation Bf relative share of speaking actors in media it shows that non scientists are very dominant as speaking actors in news media The contribution of scientists through their statements about forest fire in the global news media was only about 12 and in the Indonesian news media (Kompas and Republika) even less than 3 (Figure 2)

3

3

Figure 2 The Contribution of Scientists to Indonesian News Media

Looking at the distribution of the non scientist speaking actors in the news media the administrative official (administration) is one of the most important resource persons for news media Referring to forest fire issue in national news media it seems that resource perSOllS from non-forest administration act more frequently as speaking actors on forest fire issues rather than those from forest administration (Table 1)

Table 1 Distribution of the Non Scientists Speaking Actors on Forest Fire in the Indonesian News Media

Non-Scientists Speaking ActorsFre~ Politicians a Politician government b Politician non government Administration a Forest administration b Non forest administration Media Organization a Forest organization b Non forest organization Others Total

17 13 4

527 184 343 446

55 18 37

366 1411

__ 00 120 092 028

3735 1304 2431 3161

390 128 262

2594 10000

Source 486 articles in Indonesian media 1994-2004 (Kompas amp Republika)

Measuring the role of scientists in policy making process could be approached by understanding their contribution (relative share) in the news media News media especially news paper is themiddot most effective communication media that influences public opinion on forestry issues based on

the perception of respondents in the international national and local organizations Following the news papers leaf1ets and publications issued by NGOs are also considered quite effective in influencing public opinion on forestry issues at international and local levels Publications issued by government and other communication instruments are considered less effective in influencing public opinion related to international and local forestry issues For the national forestry issues however television is considered quiet effective in inf1uencing public opinion than publications issued by NGO or government (Table 2)

4

Table 2 The Most Influencing Communication Media in Driving Public Opinions Concerning Forestry Issues

International National Local Kinds of Media

Score Rank SCOle Rank Score Rank

News media 350 10 333 10 354 10

Government printed 225 35 197 40 213 35

publ ications

NGOs printed publications 250 20 217 30 217 20

Others 225 35 250 20 213 35

Source Primary data (2O()9) n=40 respondents

In order to gain wide supports from the public the decision makers must consider the option of effective communication instruments Maintaining good relationships and improving communication with newspapers journalists are some ways that can help disseminate information on forestry programs and the most effective way of directing public opinion related to forestry issues The communication of forestry issues through television is quite effective in influencing public opinion if the issues raised are at national scale Meanwhile at the local and international scales cooperation with NGOs who voiced forestfY issues is an alternative way of communication that can well influence public opinion

32 The Effectiveness of Scientists Communication

Although at national level speaking actors discussing forestry issues in the media are dominated by government agencies but the majority of respondents believe that national public opinion concerning forestry issues are more influences by NGOs rather than governments opinions Therefore the degree of influence of speaking actors in driving public opinion is not only determined by the frequency of occurrence of speaking actors in the media but also depends on the effectiveness of communication of each speaking actor (Table 3)

Table 3 The Effectiveness Index of Communication among Speaking Actors

The Effectiveness Index of Communication Speaking Actors

International National Local Government officer 093 082 092 Scientist 100 107 108 Politician 073 110 094 Community leader 100 100 104 NGO 109 110 104 Businessman 100 226 098 Others 100 128 100

5

Table 3 shows that at the international scale NGO is the most effective actor in conducting communication within the news media Although in terms of frequency of media exposure businessmen do not often appear as speaking actors but they can establish etIective communications in the news media at a national scale Meanwhile in a local scope scientists are the most effectie speaking actors in building communication within the news media Comparison between the frequency of occurrence of speaking actor in the news media and their influence in shaping public opinion on related forestry issues is presented in the Figure 3

Influence l J 0 -

Frequencv OtherS

Busi ncsslll Llil - Influence

aNGOsect l bull Community leaderZ Frequency

~ ~ Influence bull Scielltisti5

l bull Govcrt)lllcnt officer ( Frequency

000 200 400 600 800

Figure 3 Comparison of Speaking Actors Frequency of Occurrence in the Media and Level of Influence in Shaping Public Opinion

33 Stakeholder Perception the Role of Scientists in Setting Policy Agenda

Although news media is the source of information that mostly shapes public opinion on forestry issues however it is not the main reference for determining policy agenda setting The majority of respondents of international organizations stated that policy agenda setting is mostly affected by scientists who are requested by the concerned institutions to provide advisories in response to certain issues Meanwhile respondents at national and local institutions tend to argue that internal reports are the main reference in determining the poi icy agend~ setting in their institutions followed by input from a scientist Based on respondents perception news media is the third referral sources after internal report and scientists input in determining policy agenda setting (Table 4)

6

Table 4 The Most Influencing Information to Decision Making Process

Speaking Actors International National Local

Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank

Internal report 475 20 517 10 488 10

Scientific advisory 525 10 492 20 458 20

Scientific media Uoumals) 300 40 267 50 263 50

News media 425 30 383 30 417 30 (newspapermagazine)

Information frol~l society 275 50 342 40 354 40

Others 100 60 100 60 121 60 Source Primary data (2009) n=40 respondents

3 Conclusion and Policy Recommendation

The roles of scientists in policy making process concerning forestry especially forest fire issue in Indonesia are generally weak Referring to the number of statements found in the national news media the scientists only contributed less than 3 of statements on forest fires issues It confirms the domination of non scientists speaking actors particularly administration in the forestry discourses of Indonesian news media Although administration gave more statements in the news media than others however in term of communication effectiveness the statement of administration is less effective than scientists The communication effectiveness of the Indonesian scientists is generally better than administration and politician but less effective than NGOs and Businessmen Although the role of scientists to influence policy making process through news media is relatively low but the role of a group of scientist or seiected scientists through their direct advices to decision maker is one of the most important consideration in policy making besides the internal reports

References)

Pielke RA Jr (2006) The Honest Broker Making Sense of Science in Policy and Politics Cambridge University Press New York

Darusman 0 Nurrochmat DR Sundawati Land IZ Siregar (2009) Policy Evaluation of COM and REDD Schemes Economic and Social Considerations Paper presented at the AKECOP Meeting on REDD Bogor 14-15 October 2009

Kompas (1994-2004) Source of evaluated news media

Republika (1994-2004) Source of evaluated news media

) The substance ofthis poster is parlly taken Jronltlfe paper ofDarusman D Nurrochmat DR Sundawati Land IZ Siregar (2009) Policy Evaluation of CDM and REDD Schemes Econumic and Social Considerations and some parts ofthe draft ofPhD Thesis ofMeti Ekayani at the Chair ofForest Policy and Nature Conservation University oGoettingen

7

Relative share in media = Frequencv o(scienlisl s stalement ciled in media towards certain issue Frequency ofall statement in media 100rard certain issue

Usually the relative share or contribution is stated in percent The higher the relative 3hare of scientists in media the bigger their influence to the policy making process Two reputable national media (newspapers) that have been decided to be included in this study are Kompas and Republika

22 Communication-Effectiveness Index of Scientists

The role of speaking actors eg scientists in media to influence public OpInlOn could be evaluated by calculating an effectiveness index Effectiveness index measures how far the statements of a speaking actor can drive public opinion In this study the effectiveness index is calculated by comparing the ievel of frequency of speaking actors statements cited in media and the level of influence of speaking actors statements in driving public opinion

Effectiveness index Average score o(frequencv ofspeaking actors statement cited in media Average score ofspeaking actors statemenl in driving public opinion

A speaking actor can effectively communicate with the public if heshe has an effectiveness index of 100 or higher If the efTectiveness index is less than 100 then this means that a speaking actor talks more but less influental in driving public opinion

23 Stakeholders perception towards the role of scientists

Key person interviews were conducted to evaluate stakeholders perception towards the role of scientists The selection of institutions and key persons in which and with whom the interview were conducted was based on the relevance to the research topic and the principle of the representativeness At the international level several experts from Centre for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) ASEAN - Korea Cooperation Unit in Indonesia (AKECUshyIndonesia) ASEAN Secretariat and SEAMEO-BIOTROP were interviewed At the national level interviews were conducted with policy makers at the Ministry of Forestry (MvF) scientists at the Bogor Agricultural University (IPB) activist of NGO-LATIN and forest enterprises (KBT KL and PK) At the provincial level interviews were conducted in seven provinces Riau East Kalimantan West Java North Sulawesi Bali Bangka Belitung and Special Region of Y ogyakarta

3 Result and Discussion

31 The Minor Role of Scientists in Colouring News Media

According to the evaluation Bf relative share of speaking actors in media it shows that non scientists are very dominant as speaking actors in news media The contribution of scientists through their statements about forest fire in the global news media was only about 12 and in the Indonesian news media (Kompas and Republika) even less than 3 (Figure 2)

3

3

Figure 2 The Contribution of Scientists to Indonesian News Media

Looking at the distribution of the non scientist speaking actors in the news media the administrative official (administration) is one of the most important resource persons for news media Referring to forest fire issue in national news media it seems that resource perSOllS from non-forest administration act more frequently as speaking actors on forest fire issues rather than those from forest administration (Table 1)

Table 1 Distribution of the Non Scientists Speaking Actors on Forest Fire in the Indonesian News Media

Non-Scientists Speaking ActorsFre~ Politicians a Politician government b Politician non government Administration a Forest administration b Non forest administration Media Organization a Forest organization b Non forest organization Others Total

17 13 4

527 184 343 446

55 18 37

366 1411

__ 00 120 092 028

3735 1304 2431 3161

390 128 262

2594 10000

Source 486 articles in Indonesian media 1994-2004 (Kompas amp Republika)

Measuring the role of scientists in policy making process could be approached by understanding their contribution (relative share) in the news media News media especially news paper is themiddot most effective communication media that influences public opinion on forestry issues based on

the perception of respondents in the international national and local organizations Following the news papers leaf1ets and publications issued by NGOs are also considered quite effective in influencing public opinion on forestry issues at international and local levels Publications issued by government and other communication instruments are considered less effective in influencing public opinion related to international and local forestry issues For the national forestry issues however television is considered quiet effective in inf1uencing public opinion than publications issued by NGO or government (Table 2)

4

Table 2 The Most Influencing Communication Media in Driving Public Opinions Concerning Forestry Issues

International National Local Kinds of Media

Score Rank SCOle Rank Score Rank

News media 350 10 333 10 354 10

Government printed 225 35 197 40 213 35

publ ications

NGOs printed publications 250 20 217 30 217 20

Others 225 35 250 20 213 35

Source Primary data (2O()9) n=40 respondents

In order to gain wide supports from the public the decision makers must consider the option of effective communication instruments Maintaining good relationships and improving communication with newspapers journalists are some ways that can help disseminate information on forestry programs and the most effective way of directing public opinion related to forestry issues The communication of forestry issues through television is quite effective in influencing public opinion if the issues raised are at national scale Meanwhile at the local and international scales cooperation with NGOs who voiced forestfY issues is an alternative way of communication that can well influence public opinion

32 The Effectiveness of Scientists Communication

Although at national level speaking actors discussing forestry issues in the media are dominated by government agencies but the majority of respondents believe that national public opinion concerning forestry issues are more influences by NGOs rather than governments opinions Therefore the degree of influence of speaking actors in driving public opinion is not only determined by the frequency of occurrence of speaking actors in the media but also depends on the effectiveness of communication of each speaking actor (Table 3)

Table 3 The Effectiveness Index of Communication among Speaking Actors

The Effectiveness Index of Communication Speaking Actors

International National Local Government officer 093 082 092 Scientist 100 107 108 Politician 073 110 094 Community leader 100 100 104 NGO 109 110 104 Businessman 100 226 098 Others 100 128 100

5

Table 3 shows that at the international scale NGO is the most effective actor in conducting communication within the news media Although in terms of frequency of media exposure businessmen do not often appear as speaking actors but they can establish etIective communications in the news media at a national scale Meanwhile in a local scope scientists are the most effectie speaking actors in building communication within the news media Comparison between the frequency of occurrence of speaking actor in the news media and their influence in shaping public opinion on related forestry issues is presented in the Figure 3

Influence l J 0 -

Frequencv OtherS

Busi ncsslll Llil - Influence

aNGOsect l bull Community leaderZ Frequency

~ ~ Influence bull Scielltisti5

l bull Govcrt)lllcnt officer ( Frequency

000 200 400 600 800

Figure 3 Comparison of Speaking Actors Frequency of Occurrence in the Media and Level of Influence in Shaping Public Opinion

33 Stakeholder Perception the Role of Scientists in Setting Policy Agenda

Although news media is the source of information that mostly shapes public opinion on forestry issues however it is not the main reference for determining policy agenda setting The majority of respondents of international organizations stated that policy agenda setting is mostly affected by scientists who are requested by the concerned institutions to provide advisories in response to certain issues Meanwhile respondents at national and local institutions tend to argue that internal reports are the main reference in determining the poi icy agend~ setting in their institutions followed by input from a scientist Based on respondents perception news media is the third referral sources after internal report and scientists input in determining policy agenda setting (Table 4)

6

Table 4 The Most Influencing Information to Decision Making Process

Speaking Actors International National Local

Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank

Internal report 475 20 517 10 488 10

Scientific advisory 525 10 492 20 458 20

Scientific media Uoumals) 300 40 267 50 263 50

News media 425 30 383 30 417 30 (newspapermagazine)

Information frol~l society 275 50 342 40 354 40

Others 100 60 100 60 121 60 Source Primary data (2009) n=40 respondents

3 Conclusion and Policy Recommendation

The roles of scientists in policy making process concerning forestry especially forest fire issue in Indonesia are generally weak Referring to the number of statements found in the national news media the scientists only contributed less than 3 of statements on forest fires issues It confirms the domination of non scientists speaking actors particularly administration in the forestry discourses of Indonesian news media Although administration gave more statements in the news media than others however in term of communication effectiveness the statement of administration is less effective than scientists The communication effectiveness of the Indonesian scientists is generally better than administration and politician but less effective than NGOs and Businessmen Although the role of scientists to influence policy making process through news media is relatively low but the role of a group of scientist or seiected scientists through their direct advices to decision maker is one of the most important consideration in policy making besides the internal reports

References)

Pielke RA Jr (2006) The Honest Broker Making Sense of Science in Policy and Politics Cambridge University Press New York

Darusman 0 Nurrochmat DR Sundawati Land IZ Siregar (2009) Policy Evaluation of COM and REDD Schemes Economic and Social Considerations Paper presented at the AKECOP Meeting on REDD Bogor 14-15 October 2009

Kompas (1994-2004) Source of evaluated news media

Republika (1994-2004) Source of evaluated news media

) The substance ofthis poster is parlly taken Jronltlfe paper ofDarusman D Nurrochmat DR Sundawati Land IZ Siregar (2009) Policy Evaluation of CDM and REDD Schemes Econumic and Social Considerations and some parts ofthe draft ofPhD Thesis ofMeti Ekayani at the Chair ofForest Policy and Nature Conservation University oGoettingen

7

3

Figure 2 The Contribution of Scientists to Indonesian News Media

Looking at the distribution of the non scientist speaking actors in the news media the administrative official (administration) is one of the most important resource persons for news media Referring to forest fire issue in national news media it seems that resource perSOllS from non-forest administration act more frequently as speaking actors on forest fire issues rather than those from forest administration (Table 1)

Table 1 Distribution of the Non Scientists Speaking Actors on Forest Fire in the Indonesian News Media

Non-Scientists Speaking ActorsFre~ Politicians a Politician government b Politician non government Administration a Forest administration b Non forest administration Media Organization a Forest organization b Non forest organization Others Total

17 13 4

527 184 343 446

55 18 37

366 1411

__ 00 120 092 028

3735 1304 2431 3161

390 128 262

2594 10000

Source 486 articles in Indonesian media 1994-2004 (Kompas amp Republika)

Measuring the role of scientists in policy making process could be approached by understanding their contribution (relative share) in the news media News media especially news paper is themiddot most effective communication media that influences public opinion on forestry issues based on

the perception of respondents in the international national and local organizations Following the news papers leaf1ets and publications issued by NGOs are also considered quite effective in influencing public opinion on forestry issues at international and local levels Publications issued by government and other communication instruments are considered less effective in influencing public opinion related to international and local forestry issues For the national forestry issues however television is considered quiet effective in inf1uencing public opinion than publications issued by NGO or government (Table 2)

4

Table 2 The Most Influencing Communication Media in Driving Public Opinions Concerning Forestry Issues

International National Local Kinds of Media

Score Rank SCOle Rank Score Rank

News media 350 10 333 10 354 10

Government printed 225 35 197 40 213 35

publ ications

NGOs printed publications 250 20 217 30 217 20

Others 225 35 250 20 213 35

Source Primary data (2O()9) n=40 respondents

In order to gain wide supports from the public the decision makers must consider the option of effective communication instruments Maintaining good relationships and improving communication with newspapers journalists are some ways that can help disseminate information on forestry programs and the most effective way of directing public opinion related to forestry issues The communication of forestry issues through television is quite effective in influencing public opinion if the issues raised are at national scale Meanwhile at the local and international scales cooperation with NGOs who voiced forestfY issues is an alternative way of communication that can well influence public opinion

32 The Effectiveness of Scientists Communication

Although at national level speaking actors discussing forestry issues in the media are dominated by government agencies but the majority of respondents believe that national public opinion concerning forestry issues are more influences by NGOs rather than governments opinions Therefore the degree of influence of speaking actors in driving public opinion is not only determined by the frequency of occurrence of speaking actors in the media but also depends on the effectiveness of communication of each speaking actor (Table 3)

Table 3 The Effectiveness Index of Communication among Speaking Actors

The Effectiveness Index of Communication Speaking Actors

International National Local Government officer 093 082 092 Scientist 100 107 108 Politician 073 110 094 Community leader 100 100 104 NGO 109 110 104 Businessman 100 226 098 Others 100 128 100

5

Table 3 shows that at the international scale NGO is the most effective actor in conducting communication within the news media Although in terms of frequency of media exposure businessmen do not often appear as speaking actors but they can establish etIective communications in the news media at a national scale Meanwhile in a local scope scientists are the most effectie speaking actors in building communication within the news media Comparison between the frequency of occurrence of speaking actor in the news media and their influence in shaping public opinion on related forestry issues is presented in the Figure 3

Influence l J 0 -

Frequencv OtherS

Busi ncsslll Llil - Influence

aNGOsect l bull Community leaderZ Frequency

~ ~ Influence bull Scielltisti5

l bull Govcrt)lllcnt officer ( Frequency

000 200 400 600 800

Figure 3 Comparison of Speaking Actors Frequency of Occurrence in the Media and Level of Influence in Shaping Public Opinion

33 Stakeholder Perception the Role of Scientists in Setting Policy Agenda

Although news media is the source of information that mostly shapes public opinion on forestry issues however it is not the main reference for determining policy agenda setting The majority of respondents of international organizations stated that policy agenda setting is mostly affected by scientists who are requested by the concerned institutions to provide advisories in response to certain issues Meanwhile respondents at national and local institutions tend to argue that internal reports are the main reference in determining the poi icy agend~ setting in their institutions followed by input from a scientist Based on respondents perception news media is the third referral sources after internal report and scientists input in determining policy agenda setting (Table 4)

6

Table 4 The Most Influencing Information to Decision Making Process

Speaking Actors International National Local

Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank

Internal report 475 20 517 10 488 10

Scientific advisory 525 10 492 20 458 20

Scientific media Uoumals) 300 40 267 50 263 50

News media 425 30 383 30 417 30 (newspapermagazine)

Information frol~l society 275 50 342 40 354 40

Others 100 60 100 60 121 60 Source Primary data (2009) n=40 respondents

3 Conclusion and Policy Recommendation

The roles of scientists in policy making process concerning forestry especially forest fire issue in Indonesia are generally weak Referring to the number of statements found in the national news media the scientists only contributed less than 3 of statements on forest fires issues It confirms the domination of non scientists speaking actors particularly administration in the forestry discourses of Indonesian news media Although administration gave more statements in the news media than others however in term of communication effectiveness the statement of administration is less effective than scientists The communication effectiveness of the Indonesian scientists is generally better than administration and politician but less effective than NGOs and Businessmen Although the role of scientists to influence policy making process through news media is relatively low but the role of a group of scientist or seiected scientists through their direct advices to decision maker is one of the most important consideration in policy making besides the internal reports

References)

Pielke RA Jr (2006) The Honest Broker Making Sense of Science in Policy and Politics Cambridge University Press New York

Darusman 0 Nurrochmat DR Sundawati Land IZ Siregar (2009) Policy Evaluation of COM and REDD Schemes Economic and Social Considerations Paper presented at the AKECOP Meeting on REDD Bogor 14-15 October 2009

Kompas (1994-2004) Source of evaluated news media

Republika (1994-2004) Source of evaluated news media

) The substance ofthis poster is parlly taken Jronltlfe paper ofDarusman D Nurrochmat DR Sundawati Land IZ Siregar (2009) Policy Evaluation of CDM and REDD Schemes Econumic and Social Considerations and some parts ofthe draft ofPhD Thesis ofMeti Ekayani at the Chair ofForest Policy and Nature Conservation University oGoettingen

7

Table 2 The Most Influencing Communication Media in Driving Public Opinions Concerning Forestry Issues

International National Local Kinds of Media

Score Rank SCOle Rank Score Rank

News media 350 10 333 10 354 10

Government printed 225 35 197 40 213 35

publ ications

NGOs printed publications 250 20 217 30 217 20

Others 225 35 250 20 213 35

Source Primary data (2O()9) n=40 respondents

In order to gain wide supports from the public the decision makers must consider the option of effective communication instruments Maintaining good relationships and improving communication with newspapers journalists are some ways that can help disseminate information on forestry programs and the most effective way of directing public opinion related to forestry issues The communication of forestry issues through television is quite effective in influencing public opinion if the issues raised are at national scale Meanwhile at the local and international scales cooperation with NGOs who voiced forestfY issues is an alternative way of communication that can well influence public opinion

32 The Effectiveness of Scientists Communication

Although at national level speaking actors discussing forestry issues in the media are dominated by government agencies but the majority of respondents believe that national public opinion concerning forestry issues are more influences by NGOs rather than governments opinions Therefore the degree of influence of speaking actors in driving public opinion is not only determined by the frequency of occurrence of speaking actors in the media but also depends on the effectiveness of communication of each speaking actor (Table 3)

Table 3 The Effectiveness Index of Communication among Speaking Actors

The Effectiveness Index of Communication Speaking Actors

International National Local Government officer 093 082 092 Scientist 100 107 108 Politician 073 110 094 Community leader 100 100 104 NGO 109 110 104 Businessman 100 226 098 Others 100 128 100

5

Table 3 shows that at the international scale NGO is the most effective actor in conducting communication within the news media Although in terms of frequency of media exposure businessmen do not often appear as speaking actors but they can establish etIective communications in the news media at a national scale Meanwhile in a local scope scientists are the most effectie speaking actors in building communication within the news media Comparison between the frequency of occurrence of speaking actor in the news media and their influence in shaping public opinion on related forestry issues is presented in the Figure 3

Influence l J 0 -

Frequencv OtherS

Busi ncsslll Llil - Influence

aNGOsect l bull Community leaderZ Frequency

~ ~ Influence bull Scielltisti5

l bull Govcrt)lllcnt officer ( Frequency

000 200 400 600 800

Figure 3 Comparison of Speaking Actors Frequency of Occurrence in the Media and Level of Influence in Shaping Public Opinion

33 Stakeholder Perception the Role of Scientists in Setting Policy Agenda

Although news media is the source of information that mostly shapes public opinion on forestry issues however it is not the main reference for determining policy agenda setting The majority of respondents of international organizations stated that policy agenda setting is mostly affected by scientists who are requested by the concerned institutions to provide advisories in response to certain issues Meanwhile respondents at national and local institutions tend to argue that internal reports are the main reference in determining the poi icy agend~ setting in their institutions followed by input from a scientist Based on respondents perception news media is the third referral sources after internal report and scientists input in determining policy agenda setting (Table 4)

6

Table 4 The Most Influencing Information to Decision Making Process

Speaking Actors International National Local

Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank

Internal report 475 20 517 10 488 10

Scientific advisory 525 10 492 20 458 20

Scientific media Uoumals) 300 40 267 50 263 50

News media 425 30 383 30 417 30 (newspapermagazine)

Information frol~l society 275 50 342 40 354 40

Others 100 60 100 60 121 60 Source Primary data (2009) n=40 respondents

3 Conclusion and Policy Recommendation

The roles of scientists in policy making process concerning forestry especially forest fire issue in Indonesia are generally weak Referring to the number of statements found in the national news media the scientists only contributed less than 3 of statements on forest fires issues It confirms the domination of non scientists speaking actors particularly administration in the forestry discourses of Indonesian news media Although administration gave more statements in the news media than others however in term of communication effectiveness the statement of administration is less effective than scientists The communication effectiveness of the Indonesian scientists is generally better than administration and politician but less effective than NGOs and Businessmen Although the role of scientists to influence policy making process through news media is relatively low but the role of a group of scientist or seiected scientists through their direct advices to decision maker is one of the most important consideration in policy making besides the internal reports

References)

Pielke RA Jr (2006) The Honest Broker Making Sense of Science in Policy and Politics Cambridge University Press New York

Darusman 0 Nurrochmat DR Sundawati Land IZ Siregar (2009) Policy Evaluation of COM and REDD Schemes Economic and Social Considerations Paper presented at the AKECOP Meeting on REDD Bogor 14-15 October 2009

Kompas (1994-2004) Source of evaluated news media

Republika (1994-2004) Source of evaluated news media

) The substance ofthis poster is parlly taken Jronltlfe paper ofDarusman D Nurrochmat DR Sundawati Land IZ Siregar (2009) Policy Evaluation of CDM and REDD Schemes Econumic and Social Considerations and some parts ofthe draft ofPhD Thesis ofMeti Ekayani at the Chair ofForest Policy and Nature Conservation University oGoettingen

7

Table 3 shows that at the international scale NGO is the most effective actor in conducting communication within the news media Although in terms of frequency of media exposure businessmen do not often appear as speaking actors but they can establish etIective communications in the news media at a national scale Meanwhile in a local scope scientists are the most effectie speaking actors in building communication within the news media Comparison between the frequency of occurrence of speaking actor in the news media and their influence in shaping public opinion on related forestry issues is presented in the Figure 3

Influence l J 0 -

Frequencv OtherS

Busi ncsslll Llil - Influence

aNGOsect l bull Community leaderZ Frequency

~ ~ Influence bull Scielltisti5

l bull Govcrt)lllcnt officer ( Frequency

000 200 400 600 800

Figure 3 Comparison of Speaking Actors Frequency of Occurrence in the Media and Level of Influence in Shaping Public Opinion

33 Stakeholder Perception the Role of Scientists in Setting Policy Agenda

Although news media is the source of information that mostly shapes public opinion on forestry issues however it is not the main reference for determining policy agenda setting The majority of respondents of international organizations stated that policy agenda setting is mostly affected by scientists who are requested by the concerned institutions to provide advisories in response to certain issues Meanwhile respondents at national and local institutions tend to argue that internal reports are the main reference in determining the poi icy agend~ setting in their institutions followed by input from a scientist Based on respondents perception news media is the third referral sources after internal report and scientists input in determining policy agenda setting (Table 4)

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Table 4 The Most Influencing Information to Decision Making Process

Speaking Actors International National Local

Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank

Internal report 475 20 517 10 488 10

Scientific advisory 525 10 492 20 458 20

Scientific media Uoumals) 300 40 267 50 263 50

News media 425 30 383 30 417 30 (newspapermagazine)

Information frol~l society 275 50 342 40 354 40

Others 100 60 100 60 121 60 Source Primary data (2009) n=40 respondents

3 Conclusion and Policy Recommendation

The roles of scientists in policy making process concerning forestry especially forest fire issue in Indonesia are generally weak Referring to the number of statements found in the national news media the scientists only contributed less than 3 of statements on forest fires issues It confirms the domination of non scientists speaking actors particularly administration in the forestry discourses of Indonesian news media Although administration gave more statements in the news media than others however in term of communication effectiveness the statement of administration is less effective than scientists The communication effectiveness of the Indonesian scientists is generally better than administration and politician but less effective than NGOs and Businessmen Although the role of scientists to influence policy making process through news media is relatively low but the role of a group of scientist or seiected scientists through their direct advices to decision maker is one of the most important consideration in policy making besides the internal reports

References)

Pielke RA Jr (2006) The Honest Broker Making Sense of Science in Policy and Politics Cambridge University Press New York

Darusman 0 Nurrochmat DR Sundawati Land IZ Siregar (2009) Policy Evaluation of COM and REDD Schemes Economic and Social Considerations Paper presented at the AKECOP Meeting on REDD Bogor 14-15 October 2009

Kompas (1994-2004) Source of evaluated news media

Republika (1994-2004) Source of evaluated news media

) The substance ofthis poster is parlly taken Jronltlfe paper ofDarusman D Nurrochmat DR Sundawati Land IZ Siregar (2009) Policy Evaluation of CDM and REDD Schemes Econumic and Social Considerations and some parts ofthe draft ofPhD Thesis ofMeti Ekayani at the Chair ofForest Policy and Nature Conservation University oGoettingen

7

Table 4 The Most Influencing Information to Decision Making Process

Speaking Actors International National Local

Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank

Internal report 475 20 517 10 488 10

Scientific advisory 525 10 492 20 458 20

Scientific media Uoumals) 300 40 267 50 263 50

News media 425 30 383 30 417 30 (newspapermagazine)

Information frol~l society 275 50 342 40 354 40

Others 100 60 100 60 121 60 Source Primary data (2009) n=40 respondents

3 Conclusion and Policy Recommendation

The roles of scientists in policy making process concerning forestry especially forest fire issue in Indonesia are generally weak Referring to the number of statements found in the national news media the scientists only contributed less than 3 of statements on forest fires issues It confirms the domination of non scientists speaking actors particularly administration in the forestry discourses of Indonesian news media Although administration gave more statements in the news media than others however in term of communication effectiveness the statement of administration is less effective than scientists The communication effectiveness of the Indonesian scientists is generally better than administration and politician but less effective than NGOs and Businessmen Although the role of scientists to influence policy making process through news media is relatively low but the role of a group of scientist or seiected scientists through their direct advices to decision maker is one of the most important consideration in policy making besides the internal reports

References)

Pielke RA Jr (2006) The Honest Broker Making Sense of Science in Policy and Politics Cambridge University Press New York

Darusman 0 Nurrochmat DR Sundawati Land IZ Siregar (2009) Policy Evaluation of COM and REDD Schemes Economic and Social Considerations Paper presented at the AKECOP Meeting on REDD Bogor 14-15 October 2009

Kompas (1994-2004) Source of evaluated news media

Republika (1994-2004) Source of evaluated news media

) The substance ofthis poster is parlly taken Jronltlfe paper ofDarusman D Nurrochmat DR Sundawati Land IZ Siregar (2009) Policy Evaluation of CDM and REDD Schemes Econumic and Social Considerations and some parts ofthe draft ofPhD Thesis ofMeti Ekayani at the Chair ofForest Policy and Nature Conservation University oGoettingen

7