THE PHILIPPINES UNDER SPANISH

RULE(1600s - 1800s)

CONTENT:• REASONS FOR SPANISH COLONIZATION• POLITICAL CHANGES• THE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT• THE AUDIENCIA• LOCAL GOVERNMENT• THE CITY AND THE GOVERNMENT • PROPAGATING THE CATHOLIC FAITH• THE UNION OF CHURCH AND STATE • THE CHURCH ORGANIZATION• THE INQUISITION • THE INTRODUCTION OF PRINTING

• THE RESIDENCIA AND VISITA • THE PLAZA COMPLEX • THE ENCOMIENDA• FORCE LABOR• THE TRIBUTE • TAXES • GALLEON TRADE • THE MEXICAN SUBSIDY• THE ECONOMIC SOCIETY • THE GOVERNMENT MONOPOLIES• THE ROYAL COMPANY • THE ECONOMIC DEVEOPMENT

CROWN COLONY• Referred specifically to those colonies

ruled directly by a Governor appointed by the Monarch.

- spain govern the philippines through the union of Church and State, introducing to a new beliefs.

REASONS FOR SPANISH COLONIZATION

When king Charles I decided to sent an expedition to moluccas, his purpose was primarily commercial.

SPANISH CLAIM THE ARCHIPELAGO (PHILIPPINES) BASE ON TWO REASON

first - since the “discovery” of the Philippines was made under the auspices of Spain, the Philippines therefore was rightfully owned by spain.

Second - since Spain, being in actual possession of the Philippines, it had a right to colonize it.

SPANISH CLAIM THE ARCHIPELAGO (PHILIPPINES) BASE ON TWO REASON

In other words Spain claimed the philippines by right of “discovery”.

Expedition +

Magellan +

Descovery =

Philppines

POLITICAL CHANGES Council of the Indies - administered the Philippines, even so the King of the Spain appointed Spanish officials to deal with the proper administration of the colony. -The most important administrative organ of the Spanish Empire for the Americas and Asia.

POLITICAL CHANGES In 1863 - in order to make the administration of the philippines efficient, as a colony, it was place under the jurisdiction of Ministry of the Colonies or Overseas Ministry (Ministerio de Ultramar) - the ministerial department in charge of the direction of Spanish colonies between 1863 and 1899. It administered the Philippines, Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Carolinas, Marianas and Palaos.

THE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT In order to make the central government of the Philippines organize under spaniard rule, they adopted their expirience in Mexico and South America, including the Law of the Indies.

Some Spanish law were likewise adopted,1. La Lovisima Recompilacion2. Leyes De Toro3. Siete Partidas

Central Government - was headed by the governor and captain - general or governor general

Captain - general or Governor- general - was appointed by the King of Spain. - He possessed vast executive, legistative, and judicial powers.

There are only two branches of government under Spanish Rule1. the executive 2. the judicialthere was no legistative or congress.

SUPERIOR DECREES - orders from governor - genral. ROYAL DECREES - orders coming from the king of Spain.

The governor-general- He is the president of Audiencia, he was also the Vice Royal Patron in the philippines.

- He can appoint minor official in the government including the parish priests.

- He is the comander in cheif of the armed forces.

THE GOVERNOR-GENERAL IS POWERFUL

• compalse - the right of the governor-general to suspend the operation of a royal decree or order relative to the Philippines if in his opinion, the said order or decree would not be benificial to the administration of the country.

• the usual formula in exercising the right of cumples was ”I obey but i do not comply”

THE AUDIENCIA• The Audiencia was established in the

philippines in 1583 to administer justice to the aggrieved people in the colony.

• Governor Santiago de Vera - first president of Audiencia.

• Audiencia was the Highest court insofar as civil and criminal cases were concerned

even political, and administrative matters.

THE AUDIENCIA• In the absence of governor the

audiencia exercised political and administrative powers.

• Audiencia was abolish by the king of spain in 1589 because of the opposition of some powerful person in colonial.

• king of Spain re-establish the audiencia

in 1595. However, its actually carried out its function in 1568 when it was inaugurated

LOCAL GOVERNMENT• Provincial Government - under by

the central government, wich were already recognizing the authority of spain.

alcalde mayor - called to provincial governor who govern provincial government, he was appoint by the governor - general. - his sallary is small but he could collect tribute to increase his income.

indulto de comercio a right given to alcalde mayor to engage in trade, what made him rich and powerful.

- it was abolished in 1844 because the alcalde mayor abuse his power to the extend of scandalizing the spaniards.

• municipal government - under the provincial government and it compose of several barrios.

gobernadorcillio(littel governor), also called capitan municipal or simply capitan . - today he is called mayor, he was elected by the thirteen electors who were prominent in the town. - six of the electors were former Cabezasde Barangay; six were Cabezas de Barangay,the thirteenth electors was the outgoing capitan.

Spanish fria-curate - are the one who approve the selected gobernadorcillio. - if approve, his name was sent to the provincial governor who, in turn, submitted his name to the office of the governog general in manila for final approval. - the capitan was aided in the administration of the town by deputies called tenientes, a chief of police, and subordinate officials called alguaciles.

THE CITY AND ITS GOVERMENT

• During firs century of spanish rule, there were only two cities:

1. Cebu 2. Manila• After seventeenth century, the philppines

had six cities: 1. Cebu 4. Nueva Segovia(lal-lo Cagayan) 2. Manila 5. Arevalo(part of iloilo city ) 3. Vigan 6. Nueva caseres (Naga)

• ayuntamiento - the city government equivalent todays city hall consisted of two alcaldes, twelve regidors(counsilors), a cheif of police, a secretary, and few other lesser officials.

• cabeza - who headed the barrio or barangay he did not recieve sallary. however, he was given a portion of the taxes collect in his barrio, he is also considered a member of principalia or the aristocracy

PROPAGATING THE CATHOLIC FAITH

• Many fillipinos converted from animist religion to the catolic faith by the first Augutinians came with legazpi in 1565.

Augustinian Order - a religious order observing a rule derived from St. Augustine's writings. Animist religion - Animism is the oldest known type of belief system in the world.

The King of Spain desided tht the philippines should converted to te catholic belife.

- the missionaries spread catholicism around and in Manila, Visayas, Ilocos, Pampanga, and Pangasinan.

- In 1577 when franciscan missionaries arrived they spread catholicism in; Manila, laguna de bay,Batangas, Rizal, and Quezon they alsoestablished mission in Camarines and other parts of Bicol province.

- In 1581, the Jesuits, who were not friars, they spread Catholicism in; Manila, Leyte, Cebu, Bohol, Samar, and Mindanao.

- In 1587 the dominican came and spread catolic faith in; Manila, Cagayan region, and Pangasinan.

- In 1606 the Recollect missionaries came and propagated the fait in; Manila, Bataan,Zambales, Mindoro, Masbate, Ticao, burias,Cuyo, Romblon, Negros, and Mindanao.

- little more than twenty years from the time legazpi landed in cebu the number of converts to catholic fait was about 250,000 this number rose to a little lessthan million in the midle of eighteenth century, in 1860s it rose about four million and to about six and a half million at the end of 1898.

- Although the number of missionaries increased in between 1591 and 1898 it is not enough to convert the entire philppines.

THE UNION OF CHURCH AND STATE

• Like what the union of church and state have before the spain early King also indroduced it in the philippines by appointing the representative in the colony, were also defender of the faith.

• CHURCH OFFICIAL who became a governors-general1.Archbishop Francisco de la Cuesta(1719-1721)2.Bischop Juan Arrechederra(1745-1750)3.Bischop Miguel Lino de Ezpeleta(1759-1761)4.Archbishop Manuel Rojo(1761-1762)

THE CHURCH ORGANIZATION

• DISTRICTS - represented geographic regions that had different dialects or languages.

PARISHES - represented villages. MISSIONS - represented areas or regions that were not yet conquered to Catholicism.

In order to administer efficiently the catholic Church was Divided into districts.

THE CHURCH ORGANIZATION

• In 1578, manila became a diocese.

• Father Domingo de Salazar - first bishop of Manila.

THE INQUISITION

• The inquisition was an ecclesiastical office, whose duty was to search for heretis and those guilty of hat were preaching or practicing religios doctrines that were contrary to that of the catholic Church.

THE INRODUCTION OF PRINTING • xylography or printing by woodblock- it is

the first printing press they introduced with rectangular piece of wood say one or two inches thick was carved out with words.

• Cristian doctrine - the first books printed by this method in tagalog and chinese, they were printed in 1593.

- Dominican iproved printing by intruducing the use of movable types (this printing, a letter is joined to a small piece of wood or iron any similar material)- Father Francisco de San Jose , popularly called blancas de san Jose, Inroduced the movable type of printing (typhography)

• In 1606 , the franciscans put up a printing press in tayabas (now queszon province)

• Vocabulario dela lengua tagala - famous book of father domingo de los Santos was printed in 1703 in Tayabas.

THE RESIDENCIA AND VISTA • Residencia - was the public investigation

and trial of outgoing colonial officials in order to ascertain whether they had committed abuses in the performance of their duties

• Visita - a secret investigation of an official's conduct as a public servant.

THE PLAZA COMPLEX• The plaza complex can best illustrate this

politico - religious structure of colonial government of our country under spain. the house of the natives were situated around a plaza or a town center to bring them close to church, the convent, the municipio, the market place, and the cementery.

ECONOMIC CHANGES• Encomienda- a piece of land,but a favor

from the king.

• Encomendero- the man who recieved this favor

the size or the encomienda was determined by the number or people living in it and the value of the land on which the natives lived.

• enconmienda can held before into three generations but it was later reduced to only two generation.

• 1635-return the tenure to three generation because of the complaints or the holders of encomienda

• but in exchange the encomendero should teach the native under his jurisdiction the cristian doctrine.

TRHEE KINDS OF ENCOMIENDA

• 1.the royal encomienda,wich belonged to the king.

• 2. the ecclesiastical encomienda, which belonged to the chuch.

• 3. the private incomenda which belonged to a private individual

FORCE LABOR• under the government of spaniards,

Filipino are required to render service in to the State and the Church,

• -Spanish officials in the philippines ordered the Filipinos to work in construction of;

(churches , roads, bridges, ship, and in the industries of hauling and cutting timber.)

• polo y serbiscio - some conditions set in force labor,

1. the Filipinos to be drafted for work must be paid for their work.

2. the Filipino laborers should not be made to work in distant places where they could not return in their families.

3. the drafting of laborers should not coincide with the planting and harvest season.

4. men who are physically incapable should not be overwoked.

5. force labor should be resorted to only in cases of absolute necessity.

6. the number of laborers drafted should be diminished as soon as laborers from other countries had volunteered to work- Some fillipinos are exemted from force labor they pay a fee called falla.

THE TRIBUTE• Tribute - way of spanish colonial

government in order to raise enough money to finance the administration of colony, especially the construction of churches, governmet buildings, road,bridges, and improve the trancpotration and communication it was introduce official 1570.

- its also form of recognition of the Filipino's loyalty to the king of Spain.

- person above 16 years old ad those below 60 years old they were required to pay tributes

- in 1589, the tribute was raised, of wich small portion went to the church. This was called sanctorum.

- the king abolished the sanctorum because of the opposition to the tributes and to the abuses connected with its collection.

TAXES• Dieznos prediales - a tax which

consisted of one-tenth of the produce of the land.

• Donativo de Zamboanga - it was introduced in 1635, a tax specifically used for the conquest of jolo.

• Vinta - a tax paid by the people of some province along the coast of western luzon for the defense of the coasts from muslim pirates, who raided the Visayas and luzon for”Slaves” that they need in oveseas trading.

THE GALLEON TRADE • Galleon Trade -

term used to describe the trade conducted by the Spanish from 1565 to 1815 across the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish used trading ships, known as Manila galleons.

THE MEXICAN SUBSIDY• Situado - a annual subsidy from

mexico this subsidy amounted to 250,000 pesos on the average.

• 1821 when subsidy was finally stopped when Mexico became independent.

THE ECONOMIC SOCIETY

• Economic Society of friends of the Country - establish by Jose de Basco y Vargas, the society was tasked to explore and exploit the island's natural bounties.

• - it was introduced in 1780, vanished temporarily on 1787-1819 1820-1822 and 1875-1822 and ceased to exist in the middle of 1890.

• The society divided into section;

1. factories and manufacture 2. industry and popular education 3. natural history 4. domestic and foreign commerce 5. agricultural and rural economy

THE GOVERNMENT MONOPOLIES

• 1780 king of Spain issued a decree ordering the establishment of the Tobacco monopoly .

-but however,actally established in the colony in 1782.

The following were the provisions of the decree;1. the cultivation of tobacco was prohibited except for the province selected to grow it.2. contabando sale of tobacoo was forbidden 3. the government had the wxclusive right to purchase all tobacco pruducts, to inspect and classify the tobacco plant, and to prepare manufacture cigar and cigarettes;4. the government have the right to prohibit the expotation or importation of tobacco by any agency not connected with the government.

THE ROYAL COMPANY • Compania Real de Filipinas or the

Royal Company of the Philippines was established in March 10, 1785 by Charles III a royal decree. Its' purpose was to promote direct trade between the Philippines and Spain. In addition, it was established to exploit the natural resources of the islands, with a 25 year charter, under governor-general Basco.

Inspite of incentive, the company fielded in its two-fold aims. This failure may be attributed to the following causes;

1. the Spanish merchant in the philippines, who had been accustomed to the profitable galleon trade , did not cooperate wholeheartedly with the company;2. the company wasnot able to establish direct commercial contact with Japan, China, and India, so its hard to buy commodities from these countries through the manila merchants, resulting in paying higher prices for those commodities than in the countries where they came from;

3. the company was not well managed because its officials spent their times in activities that were not not connected with the promotion of the welfare of the company;

4. foriegn vessels, instead ot the company's vesseles, brought to manila such items as groceries, canned goods, wine, an other european products. As a result of the failure of the cpmpany to implement its program for the philippines, it was abolished in 1834.

THE ECONOMIC DEVEOPMENT

• First,most spanish officials were lazy,incompetent,and inefficient.instead of developing the natural resources f the colony, the spanish officials and minor employees were interested in enriching themselves in office.there were many loafers among them who depended on government employment to earn a living

Several factor accounted for the slow development of the philippine economy.

• Second, there were frequent quarrels among the spaniards themselves,especially between the clergy and the governors-generals,on one hand,and the high-ranking ecclsiastical officials and the friar-curates,on the other.