سلطنت مغلیہ

Mu hliyah Salṭanat (1526-1707g� )

BY-AMITA YADAV

INDEX1.THE MUGHAL EMPIRE -ESTABLISHMENT OF THE MUGHAL EMPIRE2. MUGHAL EMPIRE CLASSIC PERIOD

- BABUR - HUMAYUN - AKBAR - JAHANGIR - SHAH JAHAN - AURANGZEB -BHADUR SHAH JAFAR II3 MUGHAL ARCHITECTURE -TAJ MAHAL -RED FORT -FATEHPUR SIKRI4.RELIGION OF THE MUGHAL EMPIRE5. MUGHALS CULTURE6-CLASSES IN THE MUGHAL SOCIETY7-WOMEN CONDITION IN THE MUGHAL PERIOD -MARIAM-UZ-ZAMANI -NUR JAHAN -MUMTAZ MAHAL8- ART AND PAINTINGS OF THE MUGHALS 9. TIMLINE 10. FALL OF TE MUGHAL EMPIRE

THE MUGHALS EMPIRE

Mughal dynasty, Mughal also spelled Mogul, Arabic Mongol, Muslim dynasty of Turkic-Mongol origin that ruled most of northern India from the early 16th to the mid-18th century, after which it continued to exist as a considerably reduced and increasingly powerless entity until the mid-19th century. The Mughal dynasty was notable for its more than two centuries of effective rule over much of India, for the ability of its rulers, who through seven generations maintained a record of unusual talent, and for its administrative organization. A further distinction was the attempt of the Mughals, who were Muslims, to integrate Hindus and Muslims into a united Indian state.

ESTABLISHMENT OF THE MUGHAL EMPIRE

MUGHAL EMPIRE CLASSIC PERIOD

1526-1530 BABUR 1530-1556 HUMAYUN

1556-1605 AKBAR 1605-1627 JAHANGIR

1628-1658 SHAH JAHAN 1659-1707 AURANGZEB

BABUR

The Mughal Dynasty was founded by a Chagatai Turkic prince named Bābur (reigned 1526–30), who was descended from the Turkic conqueror Timur on his father’s side and from Chagatai, second son of the Mongol ruler Genghis Khan, on his mother’s side. Ousted from his ancestral domain in Central Asia, Bābur turned to India to satisfy his appetite for conquest. From his base in Kabul he was able to secure control of the Punjab, and in 1526 he routed the forces of the Delhi sultan Ibrāhīm Lodī at the First Battle of Panipat. The following year he overwhelmed the Rajput confederacy under Rana Sanga of Mewar, and in 1529 he defeated the Afghans of eastern Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. At his death in 1530 he controlled all of northern India from the Indus Riveron the west to Bihar on the east and from the Himalayassouth to Gwalior.

(1526-1530)

Nasir ud-din Muhammad Humayun was the second Mughal Emperor who ruled over territory in what is now Afghanistan, Pakistan, and parts of northern India from 1531–1540 and again from 1555–1556. Like his father, Babur, he lost his kingdom early, but regained it with Persian aid, with additional territory. At the time of his death in 1556, the Mughal empire spanned almost one million square kilometers.Humayun succeeded his father in 1531, as ruler of the Mughal territories in India. At the age of 23 Humayun was an inexperienced ruler when he came to power. His half-brother Kamran Mirza inherited Kabul and Lahore, the more northern parts of their father's empire. Mirza was to become a bitter rival of Humayun.

HUMAYUN (1531-1556)

AKBARAbu'l-Fath Jalal ud-din Muhammad Akbar, known popularly as Akbar also known as Akbar the Great.He was the third and one of the greatest rulers of the Mughal Dynasty in India. Akbar succeeded his father, Humayun, under a regent,Bairam Khan, who helped the young emperor expand and consolidate Mughal domains in India. A strong personality and a successful general, Akbar gradually enlarged the Mughal Empire to include nearly all of the Indian Subcontinent north of the Godavari river. His power and influence, however, extended over the entire country because of Mughal military, political, cultural, and economic dominance. To unify the vast Mughal state, Akbar established a centralized system of administration throughout his empire and adopted a policy of conciliating conquered rulers through marriage and diplomacy. In order to preserve peace and order in a religiously and culturally diverse empire, he adopted policies that won him the support of his non-Muslim subjects. Eschewing tribal bonds and Islamic state identity, Akbar strived to unite far-flung lands of his realm through loyalty, expressed through a Persianised culture, to himself as an emperor who had near-divine status.

(1556-1605)

JAHANGIR

Nur-ud-din Mohammad Salim, known by his imperial name Jahangir , was the fourth Mughal Emperor who ruled from 1605 until his death in 1627. Jahangir was the eldest surviving son of Mughal Emperor Akbar and was declared successor to his father from an early age. Impatient for power, however, he revolted in 1599 while Akbar was engaged in the Deccan. Jahangir built on his father's foundations of excellent administration, and his reign was characterized by political stability, a strong economy and impressive cultural achievements.

(1605-1627)

SHAHJAHAN

Shahabuddin Muhammad Shah Jahan, Shah Jahanجہاں was the fifth Mughal Emperor of India. He( (شاه

is also known as Shah Jahan . He ruled from 1628 until 1658. Born Prince Khurram, he was the son of Emperor Jahangir and his Hindu Rajput wife, Taj Bibi Bilqis Makani . He had an insatiable passion for building, and under his rule the Taj Mahal and the Great Mosque of Delhi, among other monuments, were erected. His reign marked the cultural zenith of Mughal rule, but his military expeditions brought the empire to the brink of bankruptcy. Shah Jahan was a more orthodox Muslim than his father and grandfather. His policies towards non-Muslims were less liberal than Jahangir and Akbar.

(1628-1658)

Abul Muzaffar Muhi-ud-DinMohammad Aurangzeb commonly known as Aurangzeb Alamgir and by his imperial title Alamgir was the sixth Mughal Emperorand ruled over most of the Indian subcontinent. His reign lasted for 49 years from 1658 until his death in 1707. Aurangzeb annexed the Muslim Deccan kingdoms of Bijapur and Golconda and thereby brought the empire to its greatest extent, but his political and religious intolerance laid the seeds of its decline. He excluded Hindus from public office and destroyed their schools and temples, while his persecution of the Sikhs of the Punjab turned that sect against Muslim rule and roused rebellions among the Rajputs, Sikhs, and Marathas. The heavy taxes he levied steadily impoverished the farming population, and a steady decay in the quality of Mughal government was thus matched by a corresponding economic decline. When Aurangzeb died in 1707, he had failed to crush the Marathas of the Deccan, and his authority was disputed throughout his dominions.

AURANGZEB(1658-1707)

BAHADUR SHAH II

Mirza Abu Zafar Sirajuddin Muhammad Bahadur Shah Zafar ظفر شاہ بہادر محمد الدین ج� سرا ,ظفرalso known as Bahadur Shah Zafar was the last Mughal emperor and a member of the Timurid dynasty. He was the son of Akbar II and Lal Bai, a Hindu Rajput. He became the Mughal emperor when his father died on 28 September 1837. He used Zafar, a part of his name, meaning “victory”, for his nom de plume (takhallus) as an Urdu poet, and he wrote many Urdu ghazals under it. Following his involvement in the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the British tried and then exiled him from Delhi and sent him to Rangoon in British-controlled Burma.

(1837-1857)

MUGHAL ARCHITECTURE

MUGHAL ARCHITECTURE• All the early Mughal Rulers except Aurangzeb were great bui1ders. With the

coming of the Mughals, Indian architecture was greatly influenced by Persian styles. The Mughals constructed excellent mausoleums, mosques, forts, gardens and cities. The Mughal buildings show a uniform pattern both in structure and character.

• The main characteristic features of Mughal architecture are the bulbous domes, the slender minarets with cupolas at the four corners, large halls, massive vaulted gateways and delicate ornamentation.

• The few mosques and palaces built by Babar and Humayun are not of much architectural significance

• Sher Shah of the Sur Dynasty who ruled over the Kingdom of the Mughals after driving Humayun out of the country was not only a great administrator but a lover of art also. He built several forts, tombs and mosques. The monuments of Sher Shah are a continuation of the Lodi style. The mausoleums are octagonal in plan and have verandahs around them, surmounted by huge domes. The verandahs have three smaller domes on each side.

All the early Mughal Rulers except Aurangzeb were great bui1ders. With the coming of the Mughals, Indian architecture was greatly influenced by Persian styles. The Mughals constructed excellent mausoleums, mosques, forts, gardens and cities. The Mughal buildings show a uniform pattern both in structure and character.The main characteristic features of Mughal architecture are the bulbous domes, the slender minarets with cupolas at the four corners, large halls, massive vaulted gateways and delicate ornamentation.The few mosques and palaces built by Babar and Humayun are not of much architectural significanceSher Shah of the Sur Dynasty who ruled over the Kingdom of the Mughals after driving Humayun out of the country was not only a great administrator but a lover of art also. He built several forts, tombs and mosques. The monuments of Sher Shah are a continuation of the Lodi style. The mausoleums are octagonal in plan and have verandahs around them, surmounted by huge domes. The verandahs have three smaller domes on each side.

TAJ MAHALThe Taj Mahal in Agra, a dream in white marble was built by Shah Jehan as a memorial to his beloved wife Mumtaz Begum. Built on the banks of the river Jumna, it was started in 1632 A.D. and took 22 years to complete. Marble from Makrana and precious stones from different parts of the world were used in its construction. Planned by Isa, a Persian architect it is a masterpiece of architecture. The Taj is situated in the centre of a high marble terrace. A marble minaret of four storeys stands on each of the four corners of the terrace. The minarets are crowned with domes. The main structure is a square. A huge, vaulted recess with smaller arched recesses in two storeys on either side make up the facade of the building on all sides. An octagonal hall with an exquisite perforated marble screen contains the cenotaphs of Mumtaz and Shah Jehan.

RED FORT Soon after laying the foundation or his new Capital city of Shahjehanabad Shah Jahan started construction of the red sandstone Red Fort or Lal Quila in 1638 A.D. on the banks of the river Jumuna. The fort took nearly nine years to complete. Within the walled city, the fortress is in the shape of a rectangle 900 metres by 550 metres. The rampart walls are about 34 metres high. A moat surrounds the rampart. Two of the five gateways of the fort are three storeyed structures flanked by octagonal towers. These are the Lahori Gate and the Delhi Gate. Figures of two huge elephants flank the Delhi Gate. The main entrance to the fort is through the Lahori Gate. A covered passage with shops on either side leads to the palaces inside the fort. Barracks for soldiers, audience halls, horse and elephant stables, and ornamental gardens are other features of the fort.

FATEHPUR SIKRI

Fatehpur Sikri is a city and a municipal board in Agra district in the state of Uttar Pradesh, India. The city was founded in 1569 by the Mughal emperor Akbar, and served as the capital of the Mughal Empire from 1571 to 1585.After his military victories over Chittor and Ranthambore, Akbar decided to shift his capital from Agra to a new location 23 miles (37 km) W.S.W on the Sikri ridge, to honor the Sufi saint Salim Chishti. Here he commenced the construction of a planned walled city which took the next fifteen years in planning and construction of a series of royal palaces, harem, courts, a mosque, private quarters and other utility buildings. He named the city, Fatehabad, with Fateh, a word of Arabic origin in Persian, meaning "victorious." it was later called Fatehpur Sikri. It is at Fatehpur Sikri that the legends of Akbar and his famed courtiers, the nine jewels or Navaratnas, were born. Fatehpur Sikri is one of the best preserved collections of Indian Mughal architecture in India.

ITMAD-UD-DAULA’S TOMB, AGRA

AKBAR'S TOMB, SIKANDRA

BULAND DARWAZA, FATEHOUR SIKRI, AGRA

DIWANI KHASHUMAYUN'S TOMB

TOMB OF SHEIKH SALIM CHISTI, FATEHPUR SIKRI

JAMI MASJID, FATEHPUR SIKRI

PANCH MAHAL, FATEHPUR SIKRI

RELIGION OF THE MUGHAL EMPIRE

Abu'l-Fazl one of the disciples of Din-i-Ilahi presenting Akbarnama to Akbar, Mughal miniature

The Mughal ruling class was Muslims, although most of the subjects of the Empire were Hindu.Although Babur founded the Empire, the dynasty remained unstable until the reign of Akbar. He abolished the discriminatory taxes on Hindus and even included non-Muslims in his group of advisorsThen, in 1581, he created the Divine Faith, a mixture of his own ideas and those from the debates.The Dīn-i Ilāhī (Persian: الهی lit. "Religion of God") was دینa syncretic religion propounded by the Mughal emperor Akbar the Great in 1582 AD, intending to merge the best elements of the religions of his empire, and thereby reconcile the differences that divided his subjects.The elements were primarily drawn from Islam and Hinduism, but some others were also taken from Christianity, Jainism and Zoroastrianism.Din-i-Ilahi prohibits lust, sensuality, slander and pride, considering them sins. Piety, prudence, abstinence and kindness are the core virtues. The soul is encouraged to purify itself through yearning of God.Celibacy is respected and the slaughter of animals is forbidden. There are neither sacred scriptures nor a priestly hierarchy in this religion. He increased the marriage minimum age for boys to 16 and girls to 14.

The Mughal Empire was the most powerful Islamic empire in the history of India, and it has lived for centuries in the Western imagination as a wonderland of unimaginable treasures, symbolized most clearly by the breathtaking beauty of the Taj Mahal. This richly illustrated cultural history dispels the air of exoticism and mystery with which Westerners have often viewed the Mughals, but in doing so The Empire of the Great Mughals reveals that the cultural and artistic achievements of the Mughal Empire are no less astonishing when viewed in the cold light of historical fact. The Empire of the Great Mughals explores all aspects of the culture of this mighty civilization. Annemarie Schimmel paints a detailed picture of life at court, particularly for women, and the fine gradations of rank and status in the strictly hierarchical Mughal society. She details the interplay of the various religions, languages, and literatures of the era and the role played by imperial patronage in the creation of Mughal artwork, especially the creation of the Taj Mahal, built as a mausoleum for the wife of the emperor Shah Jahan. Throughout, Schimmel shows how a clear aesthetic sensibility permeated every aspect of Mughal court culture through which the Mughals attempted to bring all facets of life into harmony.

•Society in Mughal times was organized on a feudal basis and the head of the social system was Emperor. •He enjoyed an unparallel status. He was the ultimate authority in everything. •Next in rank were the nobility along the zamindars.•The Mughal nobles monopolized most of the jobs in the country. •Socially and economically the Mughal nobility formed a privileged class. There were men of every type and nationality among the Mughal nobles.•Clan or family links were the most important considerations for recruitment and admission to the aristocratic class of the society.•Zamindars or the chieftains also constituted the nobility. They had their own armed forces and generally lived in forts or garhis which was both a place of refuge and a status symbol. •There was a large class of merchants and traders. They had their own rights based on tradition and protection of life and property. They also maintained a high standard of living.

CLASSES IN THE MUGHAL SOCIETY

WOMEN CONDITION IN MUGHAL PERIOD•Mughal rule also brought about better treatment of women. They had always played an important role in Mughal society. •Those women sometimes worked and received salaries, and were also allowed to own land. Some women even fought in wars, right beside the men. •Women of course were not treated equally, but the Mughals brought the Indian society closer to the equality of men and women than they had ever been before. •However, the Mughals imposed several Islamic laws that restricted women, such as isolating women (purdah). •Also, many of the Hindu laws remained intact, so women were clearly not treated equal to men.

Mariam-uz-Zamani (Jodha Bai)

Mariam-uz-Zamani Begum, also known as Heer Kunwari, Hira Kunwari or Harka Bai, (October 1 1542 – May 19, 1623) was an Empress of the Mughal Empire. She was the first and chief Rajput wife of Emperor Akbar, and the mother of the next Mughal Emperor, Jahangir. She was also the grandmother of the following Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan.Mariam-Uz-Zamani was referred to as the Queen Mother of Hindustan, during the reign of the Great Mughal, Emperor Akbar. She was the longest serving Hindu Mughal Empress. Her tenure, from 6 February 1562 to 27 October 1605, is that of over 43 years.Her marriage to Akbar led to a gradual shift in his religious and social policy. Akbar's marriage with Rajkumari Heer Kunwari was a very important event in Mughal history. She is widely regarded in modern Indian historiography as exemplifying Akbar's and the Mughal's tolerance of religious differences and their inclusive policies within an expanding multi-ethnic and multi-denominational empire.

NUR JAHAN

Nur Jahan born as Mehr-un-Nissa, was Empress of The Mughal Empire as the chief consort of Emperor Jahangir. A strong, charismatic and well-educated woman, she is considered to be one of the most powerful and influential women of the 17th century Mughal Empire. She was the twentieth and favourite wife of the Emperor Jahangir who ruled the Mughal Empire at the peak of its power and supremacy. The story of the couple’s infatuation for each other and the relationship that developed between them has been inspiration to many (often apocryphal) legends

MUMTAZ MAHAL ( محل (ممتاز

Mumtaz Mahal (1 September 1593 – 17 June 1631) was a Mughal Empress and chief consort of emperor Shah Jahan. The Taj Mahal in Agra was constructed by her husband as her final resting place.

جهاں نور

ART & PAINTINGS OF THE MUGHALS

•Akbar brought his love of the arts with him to India. •His style was a mixture of Persian and Indian motifs. •He also had his artists mimic the European style art work, focusing on perspective and life-like recreation.• Also, the Islamic influence of not including humans in pictures lead to the floral motifs that are seen today in carpets, lamps and textiles.

The very mention of Mughal Paintings evokes stylized images of richly draped figures involved in various court activities.Though there is very little regard to realism, these paintings capture ones imagination because of their unique style and choice of themes. The popular perception of Mughal paintings is not altogether an unfounded one, these paintings hardly follow the dictum of realism in style but their themes are as true to their period as possible. In fact they can be seen as the most substantial specimens of their times. A blend of the Indian and the Persian style, these paintings depicted various themes.

From scenes of a Mughal court to lovers in intimate positions, the themes were both informative and provocative.

TIMELINESOME MAJOR MUGHAL CHRONICLES AND MEMOIRS

c. 1530 Manuscripts of Babur’s memoirs in Turkish-saved from a storm-become part of the family collection of the Timurids

c.1587 Gulbadan Begum begin to write the HUMAYUN NAMA

1589 Babur’s memoirs translated into persian as BABUR NAMA

1589-1602 Abu’l Fazl works on the AKBAR NAMA

1605-22 Jahangir writes hid memiors,the JAHANGIR NAMA

1639-47 Lahori composes the first Daftars of the BADSHAH NAMA

c.1650 Muhammad waris begin to chronicle the third decades of Shah Jahan’s reign

1668 Alamgir Nama a history of the first ten year of Aurangzeb’s reign compiled by Muhammad Kazim

GEETA IN POETIC FORM JHANGIR NAMA BABUR NAMA

The period of the Great Mughals, which began in 1526 with Babur’s accession to the throne, ended with the death of Aurangzeb in 1707. Aurangzeb’s death marked the end of an era in Indian history. When Aurangzeb died, the empire of the Mughals was the largest in India. Yet, within about fifty years of his death, the Mughal Empire disintegrated.Aurangzeb’s death was followed by a war of succession among his three sons. It ended in the victory of the eldest brother, Prince Muazzam. The sixty five-year-old prince ascended the throne

under the name of BahadurShah.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

NCERT text book Google Search http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_the_Moghulhttp://books.google.co.in/books/about/The_Mughal_Empire.html?id=HHyVh29gy4QCwww.mughalgardens.orgBook Name

The Mughal empire by Alex RutherfordThe Empire of the Great Mughals:History,Art,and Culture

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