Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
The Journey of Sri Lanka
2
Location of Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka (SL) is an island nation located off the southern coast of India in South Asia.
It is bordered by the Indian Ocean, the Gulf of Mannar in the Laccadive Sea, and the Palk Strait.
This separates Sri Lanka from India. SL is situated to the southwest of the Bay of Bengal.
The Island has maritime borders with India. The latitude and longitude for the country are 7.5653° N, 80.4303° E.
3
Demography PROFILE
Capital | Sri Jayawardenepura KotteLargest City | Colombo
Official Languages | English & Tamil Government | UnitaryAdministration | 09 Provinces | 25 Districts
Legislature | ParliamentArea | 65,610 Sq.Km
Population | 21 Million Literacy Rate (15 Up) | 93.3%
ETHNICITYSinhalese | 74.9%
Sri Lankan Tamil | 15.4%Moor | 9.2%
Others | 0.5%
RELIGIONBuddhist | 70.2%
Hindu | 12.6%Islam | 9.7%
Christian | 7.6%Other | 0.1%
4
The Journey
The Classical
Age
Decline of the
Kingdoms
Coming of
Independence
Sinhala & Tamil
Nationalism
Economic Liberalization
Internal Conflict
Peace & Growth
Future Direction
500 B.C.
1200 A.D.
The Colonial
Era
1500 1948 1956 1978 1983 2009 2015
Independence from Britain
Portuguese1505 - 1658
The Dutch1640 - 1796
The British1815 - 1948
Elam War 11983 - 1987
Elam War 21990 - 1995
Elam War 31995 - 2002
Elam War 42006 - 2009
Election of New President and Parliament
Official Language Act
Passed
End of ConflictOffice of
Executive PresidentCreated
Ceylon renamed as
Sri Lanka
543 B.C.Prince Vijaya arrives in
Sri Lanka from India (Bengal)
Indian Peace Keeping Forces
in Sri Lanka(IPKF)
5
Sri Lanka 3000 B.C.
• The first major legendary reference to the island is found in the great Indian historical text, Ramayana (Sacred Deeds of Rama), thought to have been written around 500 B.C.
• The Ramayana tells of the conquest of Lanka in 3000 B.C. by Rama, an incarnation of the Hindu god Vishnu. Rama's quest to save his abducted wife, Sita, from Ravanna, the fierce god of Lanka, and his armies, is, according to some scholars, a poetic account of the early southward expansion of Brahmanic civilization.
6
Sri Lanka 543 B.C. – Arrival of Prince Vijaya
• The most valuable source of knowledge for scholars probing historical heritage of Sri Lanka is The Mahavamsa (Great Genealogy), a chronicle compiled in Pali in the sixth century.
• The Mahavamsa, relates the arrival of Prince Vijaya, the legendary colonizer of Sri Lanka and primogenitor of the Sinhalese people.
• Along with 700 followers, Vijaya arrived in Lanka and established himself as ruler with the help of Kuveni, a local princess.
• Kuveni, was later banished and a marriage was arranged with a princess from Madurai in south-eastern India.
7
Kingdom of Thambapanni 543 - 505 B.C. • The Kingdom of Thambapanni, was the first kingdom in
ancient Sri Lanka established by King Vijaya. It existed between 543 B.C. and 505 B.C.
• Within Sri Lanka, the legend of Vijaya is a common political rhetoric used to explain the origin of the Sinhalese, and is often treated as a factual account of historical events.
• Sinhalese scholars use the legend to propose an Indo-Aryan origin for the Sinhalese, thus distinguishing them from the Dravidian Tamils.
• At the same time, certain Sinhalese authors have used the myth to oppose Tamil secessionism, arguing that the Sinhalese and the Tamils are one race, because their ancestors included the maidens sent by the Pandyan king of Madurai in India for the followers of Vijaya.
• Some Tamil nationalists, on the other hand, have claimed that their ancestors were the locals eradicated by Vijaya on his arrival.
8
First Known Map of Sri Lanka - Taprobane
• The earliest map of Lanka is that of Greek writer Claudius Ptolemy (100 A.D. – 170 A.D.) in the first century after Christ.
• The royal city of Anurogrammon (Anuradhapura) and the metropolis of Maagrammon (Mahagrama) are noteworthy mentions on the map.
• The map is a part of Ptolemy’s manuscript on Geography written in 150 A.D.
9
Introduction of Buddhism to Sri Lanka 250 B.C. • Buddhism was introduced to Sri Lanka in
250 B.C. after the Third Buddhist council by Mahinda Bhikkhu, son of Indian Emperor Ashoka, during the reign of King Devanampiya Tissa of Anuradhapura.
• During this time, a sapling of the Bodhi Tree was brought to Sri Lanka and the first monasteries and Buddhist monuments were established.
• Theravada Buddhism is the main religion of approx. 70% of the population of Sri Lanka.
• During the 19th century, a modern Buddhist revival took place on the island which promoted Buddhist education and learning. There are over 6,000 Buddhist monasteries in Sri Lanka with approx. 15,000 monks.
10
2
1
34 5
6
78
9
Ancient Capitals of Sri Lanka
Anuradhapura (377 B.C.–1017
A.D.)
Sigiriya (477 – 495)
Polonnaruwa (1056–1212)
Dambadeniya (1220–1345)
Yapahuwa (1272 – 1284)
Kurunegala (I300 – 1341)
Gampola (1341–1408)
Kotte (1412–1597)
Sitawaka (1521–1594)
Kandy (1594 – 1815)
Jaffna (1215 – 1624)
11
Rise of Sinhala and Tamil Ethnic Differences • The island was divided into numerous kingdoms between 1200 A.D. – 1815. Sri
Lanka was ruled by 181 monarchs from the Anuradhapura to Kandy periods.
• There is a debate among historians as to whether settlement by Indo-Aryan speakers preceded Dravidian-speaking Tamils. But there is no dispute over the fact that Sri Lanka, from its earliest recorded history, was a multi-ethnic society.
• Ethnic peace of the island was first significantly affected in 237 B.C. when two adventurers from southern India, Sena and Guttika, usurped the Sinhalese throne at Anuradhapura. Their combined 22 year rule marked the first time Sri Lanka was ruled by Tamil people.
• In 145 B.C., the Tamil general Elara, of the Indian Chola dynasty (which ruled much of India from the 9th to 12th centuries A.D.), took over the throne at Anuradhapura and ruled for 44 years.
• The Sinhalese king, Duttugemunu, waged a fifteen-year campaign against the Tamil monarch and finally deposed him. As a result of this victory, Anuradhapura became the locus of power. The conflict became a symbol for Sinhalese nationalism and is commonly interpreted as confirmation that the island was a preserve for the Sinhalese and Buddhism.
12
Rise of Sinhala and Tamil Ethnic Differences • Tamil invaders from India had become a very real threat to Sinhala Buddhist
kingdoms in the 5th and 6th centuries A.D.. This was from the Hindu empires of southern India-the Pandya, Pallava, and Chola.
• By the middle of the 9th century, the Pandyans had risen to a position of ascendancy in southern India, and invaded northern Sri Lanka, and sacked Anuradhapura.
• In the 10th century, The Chola, dynasty, initially under King Rajaraja the Great (A.D 985-1018), sacked Anuradhapura in A.D. 993 and annexed Rajarata-the heartland of the Sinhalese kingdom to the Chola Empire. For 75 years, Sri Lanka was ruled directly as a Chola province.
• During this period, Hinduism flourished, and Buddhism received a serious setback. After the destruction of Anuradhapura, the Chola set up their capital farther to the southeast, at Polonnaruwa.
• King Vijayabahu I drove the Chola out of Sri Lanka in A.D. 1070. Considered by many as the author of Sinhalese freedom, the king recaptured Anuradhapura but ruled from Polonnaruwa.
13
Portuguese Ceylon (1505 – 1658) • Portuguese occupation of Sri Lanka lasted from 1505 to 1658. Their objectives
were to control commerce and spread the religion of Roman Catholicism. They sought to establish control over the lucrative Cinnamon trade as well.
• Direct Portuguese rule inside the island did not begin until after the death of King Dharmapala of Kotte, who died without an heir and who in 1580 bequeathed the Kingdom of Kotte to the Portuguese monarch.
• This allowed the Portuguese sufficient claim to the Kingdom of Kotte upon Dharmapala's death in 1597. Portuguese rule began with much resistance by the local population.
• Eventually, the Kingdom of Kandy sought help from the Dutch Empire to rid the island of the Portuguese. The Dutch Empire initially entered into agreement with the Kingdom of Kandy.
• After the collapse of the Iberian economy in 1627, the Dutch–Portuguese War saw the Dutch conquest most of Portugal's Asian colonies. Eventually, Portugal's Ceylonese territories were ceded to the Netherlands.
14
Portuguese Ceylon (1505 – 1658)
Extent of Portuguese rule in Ceylon
15
Dutch Ceylon (1640 – 1796) • In 1636 King Rajasinha of Kandy turned to the Dutch for help (the power of
Portugal was declining while Dutch power was increasing). In 1637 he received Dutch envoys. In 1638 the Portuguese invaded again but were crushed at the battle of Gannoruwa. Afterwards the Dutch agreed to capture Portuguese held ports on the Sri Lankan coast in return for their expenses.
• Between 1638 and 1640 the Dutch captured certain ports but they held onto them instead of giving them to Kandy, claiming their expenses had not been paid. The Dutch and Portuguese made peace in 1640 but war resumed in 1652. Once again the kingdom of Kandy formed an alliance with the Dutch.
• The Dutch attacked Colombo and they captured it in 1656. However they refused to hand it over to Kandy. Instead they pushed inland. In 1658 they captured Jaffna. That was the end of Portuguese rule in Sri Lanka. The Dutch extended their rule and in 1665 - they captured Tincomalee on the east coast.
• Kandy remained independent and continued to exist uneasily beside the Dutch colony until 1760 when war broke out between them. The Dutch won the war and they forced Kandy to accept a humiliating treaty.
16
Dutch Ceylon (1640 – 1796)
Extent of Dutch rule in Ceylon
17
British Ceylon (1815 – 1948) • The Kandyans’ approached the British in 1762, 1782, and 1795 for
assistance to be liberated from the Dutch. In 1795, British emissaries offered a draft treaty that would extend military aid in return for control of the seacoast and a monopoly of the cinnamon trade. The Dutch without significant help in 1796.
• After the Dutch formally ceded the island to the British in the ‘1801 Peace of Amiens’, Sri Lanka became Britain's first crown colony.
• The British were keen to conquer Kandy. They gained their opportunity in 1815.
• Kandy was ruled by Sri Wickrama Rajasinha (1798-1815). He was a disliked king and was deeply unpopular with his subjects. Some of his nobles conspired with the British to get rid of him. The British army invaded Kandy and met little resistance. The king fled abroad.
• Kandyan headmen and the British signed a treaty known as the Kandyan Convention in March 1815. The treaty decreed that the Kandyan provinces be brought under British sovereignty and that all the traditional privileges of the chiefs be maintained.
18
British Style of Governance – Divide & Conquer • The British chose to identify people with social categories and to control
those people through their use of those categories. They considered the Sinhalese, Tamils, Burghers, Moors, Kandyans and others to be distinct ‘races’, and governed each separately.
• Each race was divided into ranked subcategories. The British considered these castes, or caste-like units, to be the building blocks of Lankan society.
• Castes were further divided internally into ranked grades, and the highest grades of the highest caste-the ‘First-class’ govigamas (from the Sinhalese people) and vellalas (from the Tamil people) - were chosen as collaborators in colonial rule. As they did in India, the British viewed the structure they created as a ‘caste system' among the Sinhalese and the Tamils.
• Educational opportunities and high ranking positions of leadership were given to such people.
• Most notably the British used Tamil people of high social status to govern areas populated by Sinhala majority. This set the foundation for later day Sinhala-Tamil ethnic differences in post independence politics.
19
British Ceylon: Contribution & Independence • Trial by jury was introduced in 1811 and the British built a network of roads.
Then in 1833 they introduced wide-ranging reforms. English was made the official language. Slavery was abolished in 1844. The late 19th century saw both Hinduism and Buddhism revived in Ceylon.
• In the early 19th century the British created large plantations for growing coffee. Exports of Ceylonese coffee boomed and large numbers of labourers from India were brought to work on the plantations. However in the 1870s the coffee crop was devastated by the slow spread of a fungus. In the late 19th century tea replaced coffee as the main Ceylonese crop.
• Early 20th century Sri Lankan nationalism grew. The Ceylon National Congress was formed in 1919. In 1910 the Ceylonese were allowed to elect one member of the legislative council and in 1924 the British made further concessions. However the Ceylonese were not satisfied.
• In 1931 Ceylon was granted a new constitution. However the Ceylonese demanded complete independence. Yet another constitution was introduced in 1946 but in 1947 the British announced that India was to become independent. The Ceylonese now demanded their independence and in June 1947 the British agreed to make Sri Lanka a dominion. Sri Lanka became independent on 4th of February 1948.
20
Sri Lanka Ethnic Conflict (1983 – 2009) • Sri Lanka was ravaged by a long running conflict which was between the
Sinhalese majority Government and the terrorist organisation LTTE (Liberation Tigers of Tamil Elam). The conflict took place from 1983 to 2009.
• The LTTE acted as the self appointed representative of the Tamil minority of Sri Lanka, who they believed have been marginalized by policy of the majority. The conflict cost the lives of approx. 100,000 citizens and hundreds of thousands of civilians were displaced.
• The conflict ended in May 2009.
• Root Cause: Prior to independence in 1948, the Sinhalese felt discriminated against by their British rulers (as a result of their divide and conquer policy), leading to the development of Sinhalese political nationalism. With independence and the establishment of an electoral system, much of the power was placed in the hands of Sinhalese governments.
• These governments brought in legislation which was perceived to cause marginalisation of the Tamil people, including the 1956 Official Language Act, which made the Sinhala the official language. Such scenarios led to increasingly strained relations between the two groups and numerous violent riots.
21
Sri Lanka Ethnic Conflict – Indian Intervention (1987 – 1990) • Indian intervention in the Sri Lankan ethnic conflict was the deployment of the
Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF) in Sri Lanka intended to perform a peacekeeping role. The deployment followed the Indo-Sri Lankan Accord between India & Sri Lanka of 1987 which was intended to end the Sri Lankan Civil War between the LTTE and Sri Lankan military.
• The original intention was for the IPKF to be not involved in large scale military operations. However, after a few months, the IPKF engaged the LTTE in a series of battles. Nationalist sentiment led many Sinhalese to oppose continued Indian presence in Sri Lanka.
• These led to the Sri Lankan government's call for India to quit the island. But the LTTE and IPKF continued to have frequent hostilities - casualties among the IPKF mounted, and calls for the withdrawal of the IPKF from both sides of the Sri Lankan conflict grew, Rajiv Gandhi (Prime Minister of India) refused to remove the IPKF from Sri Lanka.
• Following his defeat in Indian parliamentary elections in December 1989, the new Prime Minister of India V. P. Singh ordered the withdrawal of the IPKF, and their last ship left Sri Lanka on 24 March 1990. The 32-month presence of the IPKF in Sri Lanka resulted in the deaths of 1200 Indian soldiers and over 5000 Sri Lankans. The cost for the Indian government was estimated at over INR 10.3 billion.
22
Sri Lanka Ethnic Conflict – Last Stages of the War
The Battle Of Puthukkudiyirippu was a land battle fought between the Sri Lankan Military, 58 Division, 53 Division and Task Force 8 and the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) for the control of the last stronghold held by the LTTE. This battle is a part of the Northern Theatre of Eelam War IV.
23
Prime Ministers of Sri Lanka
There have been 14 Prime Ministers (PM) of Sri Lanka since the creation of the position in 1947. The PM of Ceylon was the head of the government until 1978. In 1978, PM J.R. Jayewardene introduced new constitutional changes. Position of the Executive President was introduced, resulting in the powers of the PM being reduced. Under the current constitution of Sri Lanka, the PM is the leader of the Cabinet business and also functions as a deputy to the President. On 28 April 2015, the Parliament approved the 19th Amendment to the Constitution of which gives the power of the Government to the Prime Minister, while the President remains the head of state, head of the cabinet, and Commander-in-chief.
24
Presidents of Sri Lanka
(First Executive President)
The President of Sri Lanka is the elected head of state and the head of government. The President is a dominant political figure in Sri Lanka. The office was created in 1972, as more of a ceremonial position. It was empowered with executive powers by the 1978 Constitution introduced by J. R. Jayewardene. The current President is Maithripala Sirisena, elected on January 8, 2015.Web address of the President: http://www.president.gov.lk/
PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION JAN 2015 President Sirisena won with a Majority of 51.28% President Sirisena is from the Blue Party (UPFA) But Contested as the Common Candidate Green Party (UNP) Backed the Common Candidate Green Party was the Opposition at the Time Former President Rajapaksa was the Leader of
Blue Party
GENERAL ELECTION AUG 2015 (15TH PARLIAMENT)- Neither UPFA [SLFP] or UNP Secured a Majority of
Seats- SLFP and UNP Decided to form a Unity
Government- Cabinet Portfolios Given to Members of Both
Parties- First Time a Unity Government was Formed- PM was Appointed from the Green Party as a
Result- Supporters of Former President formed
Alternative Opposition
25
PresidentMaithripala Sirisena
Prime Minister Ranil Wickremesinghe
Former PresidentMahinda Rajapaksa
DYNAMICS WITHIN THE UNITY GOVERNMENT- The Two Parties have Divergent Ideologies- UNP Promotes Capitalism /Free Market | SLFP Champions Principals of Socialism- SLFP Promotes PPP (Private Public Partnership) | UNP Focuses on Privatization
GEO-POLITICAL STANCE OF THE UNITY GOVERNMENT - Government Policy Supports China | India | USA & the West in Unison- Interest in Key Sectors; Power & Transportation by both India and China- Projects Started by Previous Regime with China being Continued
Political Outlook
ENTERPRISE REFORMS - All Loss | Minimal Profit-Making | Debt Burdened State-Owned Enterprises - Evaluated- Goal: Privatize Such Entities in Full, Partially or by way of
Management/Operation- Process to be Transparent with Participation of Key Stakeholders - Contrasts Against Policy of Previous Regime which Empowered SOEs
THE WESTERN REGION MEGAPOLIS PLANNING PROJECT (WRMPP) Urban Infrastructure Development Master Plan with Cabinet Approval Designed Surbana Jurong of Singapore Objective - Uplift the Western Region of Sri Lanka Sectors: Transport | Energy | Water | Township | Aero/Maritime | Waste
Management WRMPP has Mapped Out 172 Projects till 2030 | Estimated Value of US $ 62.8
Billion
FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT (FDI) & FREE TRADE AGREEMENTS Focus on Relaxation of Exchange Control Regulations | Land Ownership by Foreigners Avoidance of Policy Inconsistencies | Tackling Uncertainty in Legislation with Emphasis on
Taxes FTAs being Discussed & Negotiated - China, Japan, Singapore, Turkey, Malaysia and
Bangladesh New Economic Partnership Agreement with India Underway 26
Government Policy
27
2010
2015
2016
2018
2020
49.6
76.7
84.4
104
115
2010
2015
2016
2018
2020
8.0%
4.8%
5.8%
7.0%
7.3%
SERVICES 56.6%
GDP GROWTH 2020GDP AT MARKET PRICES 2020 (US $ BIL )
PER CAPITA GDP
2020 US $ 6,000
2015 US $ 3,925
2000 US $ 869
GDP IN SECTORS
AGRICULTURE 7.9%
INDUSTRIES 26.2%
TAXES 9.3%
Economy
28
References • Brief History of Sri Lanka. Web Link: http://www.localhistories.org/srilanka.html
• Russell R. Ross and Andrea Matles Savada, editors. Sri Lanka: A Country Study. Web Link: http://countrystudies.us/sri-lanka/
• Independence to Freedom PPT. Web Link: http://www.slideshare.net/samanga/post-colonial-ethnic-seperatism-in-sri-lanka?qid=5f65d1ca-0ea9-4de0-adbc-d67c66fe3093&v=&b=&from_search=26
• Humphry William Codrington. A Short History of Lanka. Web Link: http://lakdiva.org/codrington/\
• Indo-Sri Lanka Relation between 1950 – 1990. Web Link: http://www.slideshare.net/neelnagendra/political-33918304
• H.R. Perera. Buddhism in Sri Lanka - A Short History. Web Link: http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/perera/wheel100.html
• Colonial Voyage. Web Link: http://www.colonialvoyage.com/portuguese-ceylon-portuguese-sri-lanka-before-war-dutch/#
• K.M.A. de Silva, K.M. A History of Sri Lanka. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1981.
• Patrick Peebles. The History of Sri Lanka (Greenwood Histories of the Modern Nations) Kindle Edition.
